Soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of soil CO2 efflux before and after tillage in a wheat field of Loess Plateau, China

As a conventional farming practice,tillage has lasted for thousands of years in Loess Plateau,China.Although recent studies show that tillage is a prominent culprit to soil carbon loss in croplands,few studies have investigated the influences of tillage on the responses of soil CO2 efflux(SCE) to soil temperature and moisture.Using a multi-channel automated CO2 efflux chamber system,we measured SCE in situ continuously before and after the conventional tillage in a rain fed wheat field of Loess Plateau,Chin...     

Soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of soil CO2 e ux before and after tillage in a wheat field of Loess Plateau, China

As a conventional farming practice, tillage has lasted for thousands of years in Loess Plateau, China. Although recent studies show that tillage is a prominent culprit to soil carbon loss in croplands, few studies have investigated the influences of tillage on the responses of soil CO2 e ux (SCE) to soil temperature and moisture. Using a multi-channel automated CO2 e ux chamber system, we measured SCE in situ continuously before and after the conventional tillage in a rain fed wheat field of Loess Plateau, China. The changes in soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of SCE, denoted by the Q10 value and linear regression slope respectively, were compared in the same range of soil temperature and moisture before and after the tillage. The results showed that, after the tillage, SCE increased by 1.2–2.2 times; the soil temperature sensitivity increased by 36.1%–37.5%; and the soil moisture sensitivity increased by 140%–166%. Thus, the tillage-induced increase in SCE might partially be attributed to the increases in temperature and moisture sensitivity of SCE.     

黄土高原不同侵蚀区生物结皮土壤CO2通量日动态特征及其温度敏感性

利用LI-8100土壤碳通量自动观测系统监测了黄土高原不同侵蚀区(水蚀区、水蚀风蚀交错区、风蚀区)生物结皮土壤CO2通量的日变化,分析了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性.结果表明:以去除生物结皮为对照,具有生理活性的生物结皮降低了土壤CO2通量,其中,水蚀区、交错区和风蚀区土壤日平均CO2通量分别降低了5.0％、8.9％和20.5％.水蚀区、交错区和风蚀区生物结皮土壤CO2通量日动态均呈单峰型曲线,峰值出现在12:00-14:00左右,大小分别为1.64、1.64和1.37 μmol·m-2·s-1,但日变化幅度差异明显.土壤呼吸速率随温度的升高呈上升趋势,指数函数能够较好地描述二者的关系.生物结皮土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数Q10在空间尺度上存在一定变异,其中,水蚀区、交错区Q10值变化范围为1.93～ 2.43,而风蚀区Q10值变化范围为4.80～ 5.56,说明风蚀区生物结皮土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性大于水蚀区和交错区.本研究表明,在探求黄土高原地区土壤碳交换时,应当考虑生物结皮的影响及不同侵蚀区生物结皮土壤CO2通量的差异性.     

Turnover of dissolved organic carbon fuels nocturnal CO2 emissions from a headwater catchment reservoir, Southeastern China: Effects of ecosystem metabolism on source partitioning of CO2 emissions

Dam reservoirs in headwater catchments, as critical zones for their proximity to terrestrial sources, play important roles in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) cycling. However, the effects of ecosystem metabolism (EM) on DOC cycling are not well known. Here, in-situ diurnal and monthly observations were conducted to measure EM (including gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and heterotrophic respiration (HR)), DOC turnover and CO₂ emissions in a headwater catchment reservoir in Southeastern China in 2020. Our study showed the nocturnal CO₂ emission rate was about twice as high as in daytime, and was strongly driven by EM. The values for DOC turnover velocity ranged from 0.10 to 1.59 m/day, and the average DOC turnover rate was 0.13 day⁻¹, with the average removal efficiency of 12%. The contribution of respired DOC to daily CO₂ emissions ranged from 17% to 61%. The accumulated efficiencies were estimated to be 13% for the selected 15 reservoirs throughout the Changjiang River network, corresponding to about 0.34 Tg C/year of the respired DOC. The modified CO₂ flux was 0.75 Tg C/year, and respired DOC accounted for about 45% of total emitted CO₂ from the 15 larger reservoirs. Our research emphasizes the necessity of incorporating the effects of EM into studies of reservoir DOC removal and CO₂ emissions.     

土壤溶液和水体中水溶性有机碳的比色测定

利用紫红色络合物Mn(Na₂HP₂O₇)3在浓H₂SO₄存在时可氧化有机质使络合物颜色变浅的基本原理,系统研究了不同种类、不同浓度的有机碳化合物(脂肪族与芳香族)、比色测定的条件(温度、显色时间和比色波长)与一些干扰离子对水溶性有机碳比色测定的影响.结果表明,所用的有机碳化合物的浓度与比色测定的吸光值之间有很好的相关性,比色波长为490～500nm.当溶液中Cl-浓度>80mg/L或Fe₂+>15mg/L,会使比色测定结果显著增大,测定前需要排除它们的干扰;在所建议的最佳比色条件下,天然水体中水溶性有机碳比色法测定结果相当于TOC仪测定结果的81%.当显色液中有机碳浓度为0～5mg/L时,土壤溶液水溶性有机碳比色法测定结果相当于TOC仪测定结果的76%.研究表明,采用该方法测定土壤溶液和水体环境中水溶性有机碳含量是可行的,最突出的优点是无需价格昂贵的TOC仪,而且测定速度要比仪器快得多.     

土壤CO2浓度与地表CO2通量的季节变化及其相互关系

采用气相色谱法对贵州喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式土壤剖面CO2浓度与地表CO2通量的季节变化特征进行为期一年的观测.结果表明:土壤CO2浓度和地表CO2通量具有明显的季节变化规律,均表现为:从春季到夏季浓度和通量逐渐增加,而从秋季到冬季浓度和通量又逐渐降低,这与该区域的温度和降雨量变化趋势一致.不同土地利用方式土壤CO2...     

温度和水分对大兴安岭多年冻土区森林土壤有机碳矿化的影响

温度和水分是影响土壤有机碳矿化的重要因素,而北方高纬度地区对气候变化响应敏感.本文选取大兴安岭多年冻土区落叶松和樟子松两种森林土壤(0～15 cm)为研究对象,通过测定不同温度(5、10和15℃)及水分(设置土壤含水率分别为30%、45%和60%)处理下的土壤有机碳矿化速率,以明确多年冻土区土壤有机碳矿化对不同梯度环境变化及其交互作用的响应.结果表明:研究区土壤累积碳矿化量为0.39～2.29 mg·g~(-1),落叶松林土壤高于樟子松林土壤,且矿化率随着培养时间延长呈先降低后稳定的趋势;土壤有机碳矿化程度随温度升高而显著增加(p0.001),但其对水分的响应因林型而异,落叶松土壤有机碳矿化程度随水分增加而降低,樟子松土壤有机碳矿化程度随水分增加而增加;温度和水分的交互作用对土壤有机碳矿化程度的影响未达到显著水平;土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性以土壤含水量为30%的落叶松土壤培养时最低(2.11),以土壤含水量为60%的落叶松土壤培养时最高(2.50),水分和林型对其影响不显著.     

黄海、东海溶解有机碳的分布特征

研究了2007年秋季黄海、东海海域溶解有机碳(DOG)的空间分布情况.结果表明,该海域DOC的浓度范围为0.44～12.03 mg/L,平均浓度为(0.99±0.80)mg/L,其平面分布呈现近岸高、远岸低的特征,垂直方向上除了底层外随着深度增加DOC的浓度降低.位于南黄海中部的03断面,DOC的分布整体上比较均匀,断...     

黄绵土N2O排放的水分效应及动力学特征

通过室内模拟试验,研究湿度对西北地区黄绵土N2O排放的影响.结果表明:在试验温度下,随着土壤湿度增加,土壤N2O捧放量增加;但土壤孔隙含水量(WFPS)为20.67%时例外.此时黄绵土对空气中N2O有吸附现象,即在低含水量时,黄绵土有可能是N2O的汇.在试验设计的土壤湿度范围内,15℃条件下土壤N2O排放的最大水分效应区间在49.18%～57.86%(WFPS)之间,20℃条件下在38.14%～49.18%(WFPS)之间,25℃、30℃和35℃时累积量湿区在20.67%～38.14%(WFPS)之间,即随着温度的升高,N2O的最大水分效应区间提前.土壤N2O累积排放量(y)动力学曲线符合修正的Elovich方程(P<0.01),随着湿度的增加,表观排放速率(b)增大,25℃、300C和35℃时,N2O初始排放量(a)也随着湿度增加而增大;15℃、20℃和25℃时,土壤湿度(20.67%～57.86%WFPS)对农田土样N2O排放总量的作用表现为线性关系,30℃和35℃时表现为对数关系.     

珠江三角洲近地层CO2通量模拟分析与评估验证

利用能分别代表珠江三角洲草地、城市绿地及地带性森林植被生态系统的番禺站、东莞站和鼎湖山站CO2净通量资料对CT-2010碳源汇反演模式系统进行了验证,并利用该模式初步分析了区域净碳通量的时空分布及不同生态系统的碳汇特征.结果表明: CT-2010模式模拟的珠江三角洲城市绿地、地带性植被、以及草地生态系统碳通量与站点观测结果具有较好的一致性,其拟合相关系数(r)高于0.60(P<0.01),小时、逐日、日变化的残差均值低于2.0μmol/(m2?s);模式一定程度上能反映3种生态系统碳通量的季节分布特征,但各月的模拟值均高于观测值,其中对城市绿地生态系统的模拟最接近,残差年均值为0.964μmol/(m2?s),对草地和地带性森林植被生态系统的模拟效果相当,残差年均值分别为 2.056,2.100μmol/(m2?s);2004~2005年期间珠江三角洲地区近地层净碳通量为3.43μmol/(m2?s),其中冬季最强,为1.4μmol/(m2?s),春季次之,为1.35μmol/(m2?s),秋季和夏季最低,分别为0.51和0.18μmol/(m2?s);在冬、春两季,珠江三角洲区域为强的碳源区,而在夏、秋季,粤北和粤东大部分地区为较弱碳汇区;2004~2005年期间珠江三角洲地区陆地生态系统的碳汇为-6.5×10-3PgC,其中农作物,草地/灌木,常绿针叶/阔叶混合林是吸收CO2的主要生态系统,其净通量占陆地生态系统的比率分别为42.01%,31.46%和26.53%.     

万安水库春季二氧化碳分压的分布规律研究

为研究河道型水库二氧化碳释放特征,于2009年5月利用喷淋-鼓泡式平衡器-非分散红外检测器系统对万安水库二氧化碳分压[P(CO2)]进行了走航观测,并比较了入库水体和出库水体p(CO2)特征.结果表明,水库入库水体章水、梅江、桃江都具有很高的二氧化碳分压,分别为211.5、91.7、259.7 Pa;走航结果表明库区来...     

Responses of chlorophyll fluorescence and nitrogen level of Leymus chinensis seedling to changes of soil moisture and temperature

Controlled experiment of Leymus chinensis seedlings grown in the environmental growth chambers at 3 soil moisture levels and 3 temperature levels was conducted in order to improve the understanding how leaf photosynthetic parameters will respond to climatic change. The results indicated that soil drought and high temperature decreased the photochemical efficiency of photosystem ( Fw/Fm ), the overall photochemical quantum yield of PSIl(yield), the coefficient of photochemical fluorescence quenching(qp), but increased the coefficient of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching( q, ). Severe soil drought would decrease Fv/Fm and yield by 3.12% and 37.04% under 26% condition, respectively, and 6.60% and 73.33% under 32% condition, respectively,suggesting that higher temperature may enhance the negative effects of soil drought. All the soil drought treatments resulted in the decline in leaf nitrogen content. There was no significant effect of temperature on leaf nitrogen level,but higher temperature significantly reduced the root nitrogen content and the ratio of root nitrogen to leaf nitrogen,indicating the different strategies of adaptation to soil drought and temperature. It was also implied that higher temperature would enhance the effect of soil drought on leaf photosynthetic capacity, decrease the adaptability of Leymus chinensis to drought.     

Responses of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved nitrogen in surface water and soil to CO2 enrichment in paddy field

Increasing evidences have shown that dissolved organic components are responsible for the significant C and N exports from terrestrial ecosystems to the surrounding aquatic ecosystems and very sensitive to CO₂ enrichment. However, there is still a lack of direct evidence about CO₂-led effects on these components at the ecosystem scale, especially in wetlands. We, therefore, simultaneously investigated the contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DN) in the surface water and soil layer in a paddy field under FACE facility in Eastern China. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased the contents of DOC and DN in the surface water by 18.0% and 14.3% on average. Elevated CO₂ also increased DOC content in the soil, but decreased DN content. The contents of DOC and DN in the soil–water interface of 0–1 cm soil layer were on average 22.4% and 47.5% higher than in the 5–15 cm soil layer. Besides, significant higher DOC and DN contents existed in the soil porewater than in the surface water. Due to multiple drainage regime and rainstorm-induced runoffs in rice cropping regions, CO₂-led DOC and DN increments in the surface water may increase C and N exports from paddies to the surrounding aquatic ecosystems under future climate patterns.     

青藏高原东部生态系统土壤碳排放

在青藏高原探讨不同生态系统碳平衡规律及其影响因子并揭示其对全球含碳温室气体变化的影响与响应,有重要的现实意义和理论价值。分别在海北高寒草甸生态站、贡嘎山森林生态站和拉萨农业生态站用静态箱法进行了土壤CO₂排放的试验研究。土壤CO₂排放速率日平均值为草甸215.87～329.68mgCO₂m^-2h^-1,森林713.72～2102.56mgCO₂m^-2h^-1,农田913.05～1135.83mgCO₂m^-2h^-1。土壤碳排放速率日变化,在农田和高寒草甸区表现为单峰型,均以地方时8∶00～16∶00最高,0∶00～8∶00最低。草甸、农田土壤碳排放随着牧草、作物生长发育的加速而逐渐增加,越接近成熟(或枯黄期)其值越低,林区以6～9月的生长旺季为最高。土壤碳排放与温度之间有较好的相关性,温度是影响土壤碳排放的重要因子,全球变暖有可能引起高原土壤碳排放的增加。     

沼泽湿地N2O通量特征及N2O与CO2排放间的关系

对三江平原淡水沼泽湿地进行了连续4年的野外原位观测.结果表明,沼泽湿地冬季是N2O的汇,但从全年来看,仍为N2O排放的源.5～8月是N2O排放的主要时期.土壤温度是影响N2O通量季节变化的重要环境因素,生长季内的积水水位和土壤温度则会影响到N2O通量的年际变化;沼泽湿地N2O与CO2排放间相关性显著,促使二者间产生这种内在联系的因素包括温度、植物根系的作用、有机质分解的联系作用以及植物气孔行为的调节.     

农田土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤N2O排放通量的相关性

 以黄土高原南部旱地小麦田和空闲地为研究对象,设置6种处理,研究了耕作措施、肥料条件变化对小麦不同生育期土壤磷酸酶活性和土壤N²O排放通量的影响.结果表明,耕层土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤N²O排放通量呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.4660.在小麦生育期内,N²O排放通量在拔节期最高,苗期和成熟期最低;磷酸酶活性变化与之相反.农田种植小麦和覆膜均增加了土壤磷酸酶活性和N²O的排放.施肥可以提高磷酸酶活性,单施磷肥比同时施用氮、磷肥时N²O的排放量高.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.     

杉木幼林土壤垂直剖面CO2通量对土壤增温的响应

研究土壤垂直剖面CO_2通量的分布是了解生态系统碳循环的重要环节.本研究以亚热带杉木幼林为研究对象,于2014年5月至2015年5月,采用气井法结合Fick扩散法则和扩散系数模型计算15、30、60 cm各层土壤的CO_2通量,探讨增温对其影响.结果表明:杉木幼林土壤增温影响可至60 cm土层,增温显著降低了各层土壤含水量(p0.05).增温显著增加了杉木幼林土壤CO_2通量(p0.05),深层尤为显著;增温处理(W)后15、30、60 cm土层的土壤CO_2通量年均值分别为1.35、0.73和0.36μmol·m-2·s-1,比对照(CT)相应增加了36%、180%和192%,并且增温显著影响了土壤基础呼吸速率F10和土壤温度敏感性指数Q10(p0.05).土壤温度和含水量能够共同解释各层土壤CO_2通量季节变异的62%~87%,且增温处理后其R2增大.双因子模型拟合结果优于单因子模型.增温能够增加土壤呼吸,对全球大气CO_2浓度升高具有正反馈作用.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.     

氨氧化过程中稻壳生物炭抑制酸性农田土壤N2O排放

为探明在土壤环境有利于氨氧化作用发生的条件下,稻壳生物炭对酸性农田土壤N₂O排放的影响,将生物炭分别按质量比0%（对照）、2%、5%和10%与土壤充分混匀,开展为期17d的室内静态土壤培养实验,研究土壤N₂O排放速率的日变化以及整个培养期间的N₂O累积排放量.同时,测定了培养终态土壤样品的pH值、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N和溶解性有机碳（DOC）含量,分析稻壳生物炭对土壤N₂O排放影响的机理.结果表明,不同稻壳生物炭添加量均显著抑制了酸性农田土壤的N₂O排放（P<0.001）,且以5%和10%处理的抑制作用最明显;与对照处理相比,2%、5%和10%处理的N₂O累积排放量分别减少了87.68%、94.59%和96.90%.培养前后土壤pH值、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量的变化表明,稻壳生物炭显著促进了土壤的硝化作用,尤其是5%和10%处理.线性回归分析表明,土壤N₂O排放速率与NO₂^--N含量显著正相关（P<0.01）,且NO₂^--N含量对N₂O排放速率的解释程度为45%.由于稻壳生物炭促进了土壤的硝化作用,使NO₂^-更易转化为NO₃^-,减少了NO₂^-积累,进而减少了通过硝化菌反硝化作用途径产生的N₂O.培养结束时,5%和10%处理的DOC含量显著高于对照处理,但培养过程中,稻壳生物炭并未显著促进土壤有机碳矿化.