中国主要排放源的非故意产生六氯苯和多氯联苯大气排放清单探讨

六氯苯和多氯联苯是被列入<斯德哥尔摩公约>附件C中要求采取减排控制措施的非故意产生持久性有机污染物,目前尚没有关于它们在中国的排放清单方面的研究报道.参考日本环境省基于实测数据编制的排放因子,计算了以2008为基准年的中国主要排放源的非故意产生六氯苯和多氯联苯大气排放清单.结果表明,由主要行业产生的六氯苯年排放量为528 704 g,多氯联苯的年排放量为7 762 615 g.对于六氯苯,主要排放源依次为水泥行业(42.356%)、电炉炼钢(27.549%)、钢铁烧结过程(14.731%)和初级铜冶炼(7.774%);对于多氯联苯,水泥行业占了排放量的90%以上.上述排放源应当在制订其减排战略和行动计划时予以关注和优先考虑.     

基于情景分析的中国大陆SO_2、NO_X排放清单预测研究

采用部门分析法预测基准能源情景(BES)、政策能源情景(PES)和强化政策能源情景(SPES)下中国大陆地区2015、2020年的能源消费需求,结合分部门、分燃料的SO2、NOX排放因子,以及污染控制措施加强导致的排放因子变化,建立2015、2020年SO2、NOX排放清单。结果表明,2015、2020年BES、PES、SPES下SO2、NOX排放量依次减小;在加强污染控制措施的背景下,2020年相比于2015年各情景的SO2、NOX排放量均下降;SO2、NOX排放量在经济部门的分布极不平衡,其中供电、工业部门对SO2、NOX排放量的贡献最大,两部门对SO2排放量的贡献率在80%以上,对NOX排放量的贡献率接近60%,是污染控制的关键部门。     

中国省域工业烟粉尘排放时空分布特征及区域减排控制

利用空间统计分析方法对1998—2013年中国31个省区工业烟粉尘排放总量与人均排放量的时空演化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)工业烟粉尘排放逐年下降并存在"下降—平稳—下降—平稳"4个明显的阶段;高排放区和高人均排放量区逐渐减少;LISA集聚地图显示,西南地区烟粉尘排放控制情况良好,新疆是未来排放控制的重点。(2)工业烟粉尘人均排放量的重心总体向西北方向转移,其变化在时间上与区域间产业转移和经济发展状况密切相关。(3)建议在规划下一步的工业烟粉尘的减排路径和减排任务时,将内蒙古、黑龙江纳入减排的重点区域,同时考虑将青海、云南作为潜在的重点区域纳入规划当中。     

中国钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单管理系统研究

针对目前钢铁行业大气污染物清单编制和管理过程中存在的问题和需求,利用全国污染源排放在线监测(CEMS)数据、环境影响评价数据、环境统计数据、污染源普查数据等资料,建立了基于生产工艺的全国钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单管理系统,实现了排放清单的动态化管理和编制等功能。以山东省为例,验证了系统清单生成、输出等功能,结果显示2012年山东省钢铁企业SO_2、NO_x、烟粉尘排放量分别为15.23万、18.16万、8.97万t,其中烧结和高炉工艺是主要排污环节;从空间分布来看,莱芜、日照两市的钢铁企业污染排放量最大,SO_2、NO_x、烟粉尘排放量合计占山东省排放总量的50%左右。     

燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物控制方案研究

基于中国燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物排放及治理现状,并结合国家相关产业政策和国内外技术发展趋势,以2008年为基准年,分析测算了2015、2020年燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物排放量,提出了适合中国国情的燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物控制技术路线.依据研究的控制方案,2015年,烟尘、二氧化硫及氮氧化物排放量分别为507万、458万、230万t;2020年,烟尘、二氧化硫及氮氧化物排放量分别为491万、423万、269万t.与2008年相比,大气污染物排放量变化不大,基本上做到了增容不增污.在此基础上,提出了燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物防治建议.     

基于系统动力学模型的城市生活污水处理系统的甲烷排放特征及减排潜力分析

为全面了解我国城市生活污水处理系统的甲烷排放现状及未来趋势,根据政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)清单计算方法核算了2000—2015年我国生活污水处理系统的甲烷排放量。基于嵌入中国生活污水处理系统甲烷排放IPCC清单计算方法的系统动力学(SD)模型,模拟分析了2015—2050年基线情景和7种减排情景下的甲烷排放达峰和减排潜力。结果表明：我国生活污水处理系统甲烷排放总量从2000年的32.15×10⁴ t升至2015年64.78×10⁴ t,其中,污水处理过程中的甲烷排放量增长迅速,生活污水直接排入自然水体及经过处理后排放的甲烷排放量无明显增长;在模拟时段(2015—2050年)内,基线情景、节约用水情景、污水回用情景和节水回用情景中未出现生活污水处理系统甲烷排放峰值,在污水产生源头采取减排措施只能减缓增长速度,无法达到甲烷排放峰值;不同情景下的甲烷排放达峰时间及峰值不同,单一减排情景下的甲烷排放峰值出现在2035年后,而组合减排情景的峰值出现在2035年前,其中全程减排情景峰值出现在2024年;单一减排情景中污水回用减排潜力较好,可将其...     

基于添加尿素的铁矿烧结过程二噁英减排技术研究

铁矿烧结过程是二噁英排放的主要污染源之一。研究了铁矿烧结过程中添加尿素对烧结烟气二噁英减排的影响。结果表明,烧结料层中混匀加入0.020%、0.035%、0.050%(质量分数)的固态尿素后,二噁英的排放质量浓度分别为0.20、0.12、0.20ng TEQ/m3,与未加尿素时的二噁英排放质量浓度(0.50ng TEQ/m3)相比均有大幅度降低。尿素混匀加入对二噁英的减排效果优于定点加入,固态尿素对二噁英的减排效果优于液态尿素。最后阐述了尿素对烧结过程二噁英的减排机制。     

全球污染物排放和转移登记表

联合国曾于今年初确定一项关于全球污染物排放和转移登记录 ( PATR)的新协定 ,要求签约国污染物排放清单。该协定一旦签约生效 ,签约国必须报告大型工业企业的年污染物排放量 ,该清单包括二恶英、重金属、农药和工业化学品 ,共 86种。今后拟将清单范围逐步扩大到中小企业 ,以及交通运输和农业排放污染物。此前 ,有些国家已建立类似的报告制度 ,如美国的有毒污染排放清单 ,比上述协定要求更高 ,欧盟有欧洲污染物排放登记录 ,但仅报告污染物排放总量 ,不涉及具体化学物。但多数欧洲和北美国家尚未建立污染物排放清单。全球污染物排放和转移…     

垃圾焚烧发电厂二噁英控制方案的技术经济分析

严格控制二噁英类污染物的排放,是顺利推进垃圾焚烧发电厂建设及运行的难点和重点.对民众而言,如何最大程度地降低二噁英的排放是其关注的内容；对企业而言,如何经济有效地控制二噁英的排放是其关注的主要任务.以活性炭喷射吸附二噁英和选择性催化分解二噁英(简称催化分解方案)为主导结合常规尾气处理技术是垃圾焚烧发电厂控制二噁英排放的2种主要的末端方案.并以每天700t焚烧能力的垃圾焚烧发电厂为例,综合比较了上述2种方案,包括技术特征和处理效果；计算2种方案的设备成本、运行成本、等值年成本对垃圾焚烧发电厂运行的经济影响.指出催化分解方案的监督运行成本较低、总体减排效果更显著,因此在中国经济发达地区和环境质量要求较高的区域可试行催化分解方案.     

成都市轻型车尾气污染物排放趋势预测

机动车尾气污染物已成为影响城市大气环境质量的主要因素之一,预测未来机动车尾气污染物排放状况可以为城市机动车尾气污染防治提供有力的依据.依据成都市的经济发展趋势,设定了不同阶段的轻型车尾气污染物排放标准,并利用建立的尾气污染物排放趋势预测模型分析了该市轻型车尾气中颗粒物、NOx、总碳氢化合物、CO的排放量和变化趋势,并提出了相应的尾气污染物减排对策.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.