潍坊市环境受体中PM2.5污染特征与精细化来源解析

为掌握潍坊市PM2.5的主要来源、各排放源对PM2.5的贡献与内陆、沿海城市的差别,采集了潍坊市2017年不同季节环境受体中PM2.5样品和源样品,分析了样品中的化学组分,建立了源成分谱和受体组分数据库,基于复合受体模型和源排放量等对潍坊市PM2.5进行了来源解析。结果表明:(1)PM2.5和化学组分浓度总体表现为秋冬季较高、春夏季较低。(2)潍坊市源解析结果总体介于沿海城市和内陆城市之间。(3)精细化源解析表明:煤烟尘是首要的贡献源类,其分担率达到36.0%,其中电厂、工业、民用燃煤的分担率分别为14.4%、18.0%和3.6%;机动车尘的分担率达到25.4%,其中载客、载货、其他汽车的分担率分别为6.3%、14.0%和5.1%;扬尘中土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘的分担率分别为10.1%和11.7%;工艺过程的贡献相对较低(3.9%)。     

宁波城市扬尘化学组成特征及其来源解析

为有效制定城市扬尘的防治措施,系统研究宁波城市扬尘污染的化学组成特征和来源,选取宁波为研究区域,采集了城市扬尘、土壤风沙尘、煤烟尘和机动车尾气尘4种源类样品,进行了元素、离子和碳3大类分析,并与其他城市进行了比较。结果表明:(1)宁波城市扬尘的主量成分包括Ca、Si、Fe、Al、K、总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)和SO2-4,质量分数总和为44.14%,其中Ca、Si、Fe、Al、K等地壳元素含量较高。宁波城市扬尘化学组成与其他典型城市相差较大,其中Si、Al和Mg含量明显低于其他城市,而Na、K、Ni等元素含量总体较高。(2)分歧系数计算结果为0.471,说明城市扬尘与土壤风沙尘的化学组成相似度不高,受人为来源类的影响较大。(3)宁波的城市扬尘中Zn富集因子最大,达23.10,其次为Ca、Cu、Pb、Ni、As,且这些重金属元素的富集因子均在5之上,表明Zn、Ca、Cu、Pb、Ni、As显著富集,受人类活动影响较大。(4)土壤风沙尘对城市扬尘的贡献最大(分担率达34.88%),其次为建筑水泥尘(分担率达25.01%)、煤烟尘(分担率达20.19%)。说明城市扬尘中大部分化学组分来自土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘和煤烟尘。     

湖北孝感不同类型扬尘中黑碳的污染特征及来源分析

在湖北孝感采集5种不同类型扬尘(道路尘 、大气降尘 、堆场尘 、土壤尘和建筑尘)样品45个,并采用热光反射法测定其黑碳(BC)、焦炭和烟炱浓度.结果表明:(1)孝感扬尘中BC质量浓度为0.02～10.65 g/kg,平均值为1.45 g/kg,BC平均值表现为道路尘>土壤尘>建筑尘>大气降尘>堆场尘.(2)BC和总有机...     

呼和浩特市源成分谱特征研究

采集了呼和浩特市城市扬尘、土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘和煤烟尘4类源样品,进行形态分析和化学组分分析,建立了PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)源成分谱。研究表明,建筑水泥尘和土壤风沙尘呈不规则的块状;而煤烟尘呈现圆形。就化学组成而言,各源类PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的成分谱之间相关系数在0.8以上,具有显著相关性,各类源的标识组分一致。城市扬尘中主量成分为Si、Al、Ca、Fe和有机碳(OC);土壤风沙尘中Si占比最高,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中占比均大于20%(质量分数,下同);建筑水泥尘中Ca占比较高;煤烟尘中Si、Al、OC、SO_4~(2-)在PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中的占比均超过10%。此外,对供热、工业、电力行业排放的煤烟尘进行了对比分析,供热行业中的煤烟尘含碳量较高;工业排放的煤烟尘PM_(10)中元素占比较高,这可能与锅炉类型、除污措施等相关。     

采矿扬尘源成分谱化学组分特征研究

扬尘是颗粒物的一种重要污染源类,主要包括土壤扬尘、道路扬尘、建筑扬尘、采矿扬尘等,但是针对采矿扬尘源成分谱的分析较少见。以采矿扬尘为研究对象,进行源样品采集和化学组分分析,构建相应的源成分谱,同时还与其他典型的污染源类(土壤扬尘、建筑扬尘、煤烟尘)进行比较。结果表明:(1)采矿扬尘中主量成分为Si、Al、Ca、有机碳(OC)和Fe,其质量浓度分别为(0.13±0.01)、(0.07±0.01)、(0.07±0.02)、(0.03±0)、(0.02±0)g/g。(2)采矿扬尘中Al/Si、Al/Ca、Si/Ca与其他源中对应的比值较相似,无明显的特征,说明采矿扬尘源成分谱与其他源具有较强的相似性。(3)采矿扬尘与土壤扬尘、建筑扬尘、煤烟尘源成分谱的分歧系数分别为0.49、0.36、0.39,表明采矿扬尘与其他3类源成分谱之间可能相似。     

忻州市大气PM_(2.5)的化学组成质量平衡特征及来源解析

于2013年9月(非采暖季)、2014年2—3月(采暖季)、2014年5月(风沙季)采集忻州市3个监测点(新城区、开发区和旧城区)的PM_(2.5)样品,分析其中的39种元素、9种水溶性离子及2种碳组分,并对PM_(2.5)的质量浓度进行重构。结果表明,重构后的化学组分分为5类:矿物尘、微量元素、有机物、元素碳和二次粒子,其中矿物尘、二次粒子及有机物是忻州PM_(2.5)的主要组成,分别占到ρ(PM_(2.5))的24.0%~36.2%、19.2%~32.6%和12.9%~25.7%;化学组成质量分数具有较明显的季节变化特征,风沙季矿物尘质量分数高于采暖季和非采暖季,采暖季有机物质量分数高于其他两季,非采暖季二次粒子质量分数略高于其他两季;化学组分的空间变化显示会展中心站点的二次粒子和矿物尘质量分数明显高于其他2个站点。应用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型进行来源解析,结果显示忻州市PM_(2.5)的主要来源是扬尘(21%~35%)、二次粒子(25%~26%)和机动车尾气(21%~26%)。     

武汉市典型地区PM_(2.5)化学组成及来源解析

采集了武汉市工业区和植物园2011年10月—2012年7月不同季节的PM_(2.5)样品,测定其化学组成并解析来源。结果表明,工业区和植物园PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度分别为179.7、92.8μg/m3,其中SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4是最主要的水溶性离子。通过气团的后向轨迹模型分析,本地源与远距离区域传输共同影响武汉市空气质量。采用正定矩阵因子分析(PMF)模型对PM_(2.5)来源进行了解析,工业区PM_(2.5)来源为二次气溶胶、生物质燃烧、扬尘、冶金、燃煤和残油燃烧,春、夏、秋、冬4季贡献率最高的因子分别为生物质燃烧(45.1%)、残油燃烧(23.1%)、扬尘(56.1%)和二次气溶胶(53.4%);植物园PM_(2.5)来源为二次气溶胶、机动车排放、扬尘、冶金、燃煤和残油燃烧,春、秋两季机动车排放贡献率最高,分别为42.7%、41.3%;夏季和冬季分别为扬尘和二次气溶胶贡献最高,贡献率分别为27.3%、57.4%。     

南昌市秋季大气PM_(2.5)浓度及化学组分特征分析

2013年秋季在南昌市6个空气自动站点连续采集了10d的大气PM2.5样品,对采集的样品进行无机元素、有机碳、元素碳和水溶性离子等组分的分析。结果表明,监测期间南昌市PM2.5均值都低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值(75μg/m3)。南昌市大气PM2.5主要组成元素为S、Si、Ca、Al、Fe、Na和Mg,说明城市扬尘、建筑水泥尘和燃煤尘等源类贡献率高;SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4是最主要的水溶性离子,NO-3与SO2-4浓度比为0.63,说明相比于固定源,以机动车排放为代表的流动源对南昌市大气PM2.5浓度影响更大;有机碳/元素碳(质量比)为2.9,说明南昌市有显著的二次有机碳生成。     

杭州市空气颗粒物污染特征及变化规律研究

根据2006—2010年杭州市空气颗粒物的监测数据及2002、2006、2008年空气颗粒物来源解析结果,对杭州市空气颗粒物浓度、化学组分与污染来源等特征的变化规律进行分析,以期为空气颗粒物污染控制提供决策依据。结果表明,近年来杭州市PM10浓度有所下降,但一类功能区PM10仍超出《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—1996)的要求(≤0.04mg/m3),杭州市空气颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主,空气颗粒物的二次转化、机动车尾气尘等产生的二次粒子污染相对严重;煤烟尘对杭州市PM10的贡献率下降明显,城市扬尘、二次粒子和机动车尾气尘对PM10的贡献率有所增加,是杭州市PM10的主要来源。     

长春市供暖季办公建筑室内PM2.5中金属元素的污染特征及风险评估

对长春市供暖季某办公建筑室内PM_(2.5)进行采样,用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对其中金属元素进行检测。采用富集因子法与主成分分析法对PM_(2.5)中的金属元素进行源解析,并对其潜在生态风险和人体健康风险进行评估。结果显示,室内PM_(2.5)中金属元素来源主要有燃煤排放尘、工业过程排放尘、机动车排放尘、室内污染源排放尘及土壤扬尘,5种来源的贡献率分别为27.35%、17.57%、12.44%、8.93%、8.05%。PM_(2.5)中金属元素的综合潜在生态风险指数为1 729.63,存在极强生态危害;金属元素对成人的非致癌暴露量以呼吸摄入为主,对儿童的非致癌暴露量以手口摄入为主,对成人和儿童均具有非致癌风险,但不具有致癌风险。     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Multi-Decadal Changes in Snow Characteristics in Sub-Arctic Sweden

A unique long term, 49-year record (divided into three time periods 1961–1976, 1977–1992, and 1993–2009) of snow profile stratigraphy from the Swedish sub Arctic, was analyzed with a focus on changes in snow characteristics. The data set contained grain size, snow layer hardness, grain compactness, and snow layer dryness, observed every second week during the winter season. The results showed an increase in very hard snow layers, with harder snow in early winter and more moist snow during spring. There was a striking increase in the number of observations with very hard snow at ground level over time. More than twice as many occasions with hard snow at ground level were observed between 1993 and 2009 compared to previous years, which may have a significant effect on plants and animals. The changes in snow characteristics are most likely a result of the increasing temperatures during the start and the end of the snow season.     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.