碳酸钙和海泡石组配对水稻中Pb和Cd迁移转运的影响

为研究组配改良剂LS(碳酸钙+海泡石)对农田土壤重金属Pb和Cd的固化效果以及水稻各部位吸收累积Pb和Cd的影响,在湘南2个矿区(矿区A和矿区B)附近污染稻田中施用了不同添加量的LS(0、2、4和8 g/kg),并进行了水稻种植的田间实验。结果表明,(1)施用2~8 g/kg的LS能使矿区A和矿区B土壤pH值分别增加1.11~1.95和1.61~2.31个单位,能使矿区A和矿区B土壤中Pb和Cd的TCLP提取态含量分别降低18.6%~62.7%、15.7%~37.1%和38.6%~66.7%、0~76.6%。(2)LS能不同程度地降低水稻各部位重金属含量。矿区A糙米中Pb和Cd含量降低9.4%~35.6%、56.1%~66.8%;矿区B糙米中Pb含量降低14.4%~36.6%,而Cd含量变化不明显。(3)LS对水稻中Pb和Cd在各部位之间的转运系数均有不同程度的影响,其中Pb和Cd从茎叶到谷壳的转运系数最大,说明水稻茎叶对重金属的转运能力最强。(4)LS添加量为8 g/kg时,Pb和Cd从谷壳到糙米的转运系数最小,且糙米中Pb和Cd含量最低。     

水葱修复土壤镉污染潜力的研究

野外观察与研究发现水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani G.)可以耐受土壤中高浓度的重金属污染,并对镉(Cd)有很高的生物富集量.实验室水培试验研究了两个主要因素,营养液pH与Cd含量,对水葱生物量以及Cd富集效果的影响.结果表明,它可耐受高浓度Cd (30 mg/L)和大范围pH变化 (3.7～7.7).当营养液pH为4.7, Cd为25 mg/L时,水葱富集的Cd达到最大值:地上部分264.71 mg/kg,地下部分234.39 mg/kg,平均转运系数1.13.这显示了它用于植物修复Cd污染土壤的潜力.     

黑麦草间作对镉在小麦中积累和转运的影响

利用镉(Cd)污染土壤进行盆栽试验,设置黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)单作、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)单作和小麦与黑麦草间作3个处理,研究间作对小麦各器官Cd积累和转运的影响。结果显示,间作模式对小麦不同生育期的根、茎、叶Cd含量基本都有降低作用,但对产量几乎没有影响。与单作模式相比,间作模式降低了收获期小麦根向地上部器官的转运系数和节向籽粒的转运系数,从而使籽粒的Cd含量下降,为同时满足Cd污染土壤的植物修复与农业生产进行提供理论支持。     

重庆市郊稻米Cd风险的原位钝化削减

为筛选适合应用于重庆市郊区稻田土壤及农作物Cd污染的修复技术,采用田间小区原位钝化实验和重金属来源加密监测相结合的方法,比较了石灰、腐殖酸、硅酸钾3种常见修复剂对Cd污染稻田的土壤基本理化性质、水稻各部位Cd富集量、稻米产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,该区域土壤Cd污染的主要原因为该区域土壤Cd本底值含量高且土壤酸化严重。在土壤全Cd为0.66 mg·kg~(-1),有效Cd为0.39 mg·kg~(-1)的污染程度下,施用3种修复剂均可显著降低土壤有效Cd和稻米中Cd含量。其中,施用腐殖酸可显著提高土壤有机质含量,收获期种植2种水稻的土壤中有效Cd含量比CK处理分别减少了32.1%和34.8%,稻米中Cd含量比CK处理分别较少了53.3%和48.2%,同时低于国家食品污染物限量标准0.2 mg·kg~(-1),其作用机理主要通过提高土壤有机质含量,降低水稻根系对土壤中Cd的富集量及向茎叶部Cd的运输量。同时,相比于其他修复剂,施加腐殖酸可降低稻米直链淀粉含量,提升稻米品质,但会降低稻米产量。施用石灰可显著提高土壤pH和稻米产量,但水稻收割后稻米中Cd含量高于腐殖酸处理,低于硅酸钾处理。     

添加造纸污泥对土壤-白萝卜系统中镉迁移的影响

采用盆栽实验方法研究了红壤、紫色土母质发育的水稻土(红壤、紫色土)添加不同量的造纸污泥对土壤-白萝卜系统Cd迁移的影响。结果表明:添加造纸污泥能提高土壤的pH、有机质、N、CEC,降低紫色土有效态Cd含量;添加造纸污泥显著降低了白萝卜叶、地下茎中Cd含量,显著降低土壤-白萝卜系统中Cd的转运系数及富集系数;Cd的转运系数和富集系数与土壤pH、有机质存在显著负相关关系;红壤和紫色土中造纸污泥最适添加量分别为5%、10%时,白萝卜根茎中Cd含量以及Cd的转运系数和富集系数可达到相对最低值。造纸污泥农用能够在一定程度上降低重金属有效性,阻止其在土壤-作物系统中的迁移,可以为造纸污泥资源化和安全利用提供新途径。     

过磷酸钙与石灰混施对污染农田低累积玉米生长和重金属含量的影响

通过田间实验,研究了过磷酸钙和石灰混施对重金属污染农田上低累积玉米产量以及籽粒、茎叶重金属含量的影响,并分析了施用过磷酸钙和石灰后土壤pH和有效重金属含量的变化。结果表明,与单施过磷酸钙和单施石灰相比,过磷酸钙和石灰混施更能显著提高玉米生物产量,且过磷酸钙和石灰均有一定的后效。单施石灰处理、石灰与过磷酸钙混施处理都均显著降低玉米籽粒Cd、Zn和Cu含量,其中以中量(0.4 kg/m2)、高量石灰(0.6 kg/m2)+中量过磷酸钙(0.2kg/m2)处理效果最佳,其玉米籽粒Cd、Zn和Cu含量降低到了国家食品卫生标准允许的含量水平。石灰处理均不同程度地提高了玉米籽粒Pb含量,配施过磷酸钙也不能明显降低玉米籽粒Pb含量,但仍低于饲料卫生标准允许的含量水平。另外,单施石灰处理和石灰与过磷酸钙混施处理均显著降低了玉米茎叶Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量,可以安全用作有机肥。     

水旱轮作原位钝化削减技术修复土壤镉污染

为筛选适用于西南地区水旱轮作土壤Cd污染的修复技术,采用水稻-油菜轮作模式和原位钝化实验相结合的方式,比较了施用石灰、生物炭和羟基磷灰石(HAP)3种常见修复剂对土壤基本理化性质、作物产量及籽粒吸收积累镉的影响。结果表明:3种处理均能显著提高土壤pH,与CK相比,使用石灰、生物炭和HAP后,水稻收获期土壤pH分别提高了1.18、 0.51和0.91个单位,油菜收获期土壤pH分别提升了0.29、0.81和0.63个单位,但在油菜收获期施用石灰和HAP处理的土壤pH出现明显回落,降幅为0.91个和0.30个单位,施用生物炭处理的土壤pH则进一步提高了0.28个单位;3种处理在水稻收获期均能提高土壤有机质含量,其中生物炭效果最佳;3种处理均能显著降低水稻收获期土壤有效Cd含量,与CK处理相比,分别降低了21.84%、34.08%和20.12%,但在油菜收获期施用石灰和HAP处理的土壤有效Cd含量较相同处理在水稻收获期时有所回升,而生物炭则进一步降低了41.76%;石灰、生物炭和HAP处理对作物产量影响不大,但与CK处理相比,稻米中Cd含量分别降低了30.00%、43.33%和38.00%,油菜籽中Cd含量分别降低了21.00%、53.57%和55.90%,施用生物炭和HAP处理效果较佳。综上所述,生物炭修复水旱轮作模式下农田Cd污染效果最佳。     

不同纳米修复剂对污染土壤中胡萝卜吸收、转运Cd的影响

通过盆栽实验研究不同纳米修复剂(羟基磷灰石HAP、赤泥RM、Fe3O4、胡敏酸-Fe3O4)对2种不同污染土壤Cd吸收、转运的影响。结果表明,上述纳米修复剂均可显著增加胡萝卜植株生物量,显著提高植株Cd胁迫的耐受指数;不同土壤施用不同纳米修复剂均显著降低胡萝卜植株Cd的含量,并且随着修复剂施加浓度的增加而显著降低;与对照相比,植株茎叶Cd含量最大降低达78.8%,根中Cd的含量最大降低67.8%;添加不同修复剂能不同程度地降低了土壤中Cd的转运系数和富集系数,这可能与施用不同纳米修复剂促进了土壤中非残留态Cd向残留态Cd的转化有关,总体而言,不同纳米型修复剂对降低Cd的有效性顺序为:RM～HAP>胡敏酸-Fe3O4>Fe3O4。     

根施钙镁磷肥与叶喷硅/硒联合调控水稻镉吸收

南方水稻镉(Cd)污染是我国当前面临的主要环境问题之一。以中稻丰两优1号为材料,采用大田小区实验,研究了根区施加钙镁磷肥(P1:1 800 kg·hm~(-2)、P2:3 000 kg·hm~(-2))、叶面喷施硅/硒(LS:2.0 mmol·L-1Na_2SiO_3、LX:25μmol·L~(-1)Na_2SeO_3、LSX:1.0 mmol·L~(-1)Na_2SiO_3+12.5μmol·L~(-1)Na_2SeO_3)以及根区与叶面联合处理(P_1LS、P_1LX、P_1LSX、P_2LS、P_2LX、P_2LSX)下水稻对Cd的吸收。结果表明:1)根施钙镁磷肥显著降低了土壤有效态Cd含量(p0.05),P1、P2较对照分别降低16.1%和29.5%;单独的根施钙镁磷肥或叶喷硅/硒处理后,稻米Cd含量较对照均显著降低(p0.05),各处理降幅分别为P140.8%、P257.2%、LS 42.3%、LX 35.0%、LSX 39.2%;根施钙镁磷肥与叶喷硅/硒联合调控对降低稻米Cd含量表现出显著的协同效应(p值显著性),其中P_1LS、P_1LX和P_1LSX较单独的P1分别降低了61.2%、59.5%和68.2%,P_2LS、P_2LX和P_2LSX较单独的P2分别降低了75.0%、54.2%和75.7%。2)Cd从秸秆向籽粒转运系数(SS)大于从根向秸秆转运系数(RS),根区与叶面联合处理明显降低RS和SS,并有显著的协同效应(p0.05),其中P1与Si/Se联合,RS和SS平均降低了7.4%和22.0%,P2与Si/Se联合,RS和SS平均降低了16.0%和19.6%。3)从食品安全来说,单独的根施钙镁磷肥或叶喷硅/硒,大米Cd含量多数超标(国标0.2 mg·kg~(-1)),而根区与叶面联合处理几乎都能实现Cd含量不超标,其中降幅最大的为P2LS和P2LSX,稻米Cd含量不到0.09 mg·kg~(-1)。因此,根施钙镁磷肥与叶喷硅/硒联合处理可显著降低水稻Cd吸收、保障稻米质量安全。     

撒施阻控材料快速去除上覆水Cd对的室内模拟研究

湘中矿区塘、水库等灌溉水体及其底泥重金属超标问题日益凸显,研究选取石灰、水稻秸秆生物炭和人造沸石等3种环境友好型土壤重金属阻控材料,通过室内玻璃柱模拟静止水体实验探讨水面缓慢撒施阻控材料对上覆水重金属Cd去除与底泥Cd有效性影响。为期60 d的实验结果显示,1%(0~20 cm表层底泥质量分数)的单一石灰、生物炭、沸石与石灰+生物炭+人造沸石配方(质量比1∶1∶1)4种处理均可明显快速去除上覆水中水溶态Cd质量浓度,其中石灰效果最佳,沸石效果最差,石灰与3种阻控剂组配处理均可使上覆水中水溶态Cd质量浓度由20μg·L~(-1)以上降至10μg·L~(-1),符合我国灌溉水Cd的限定标准。阻控材料自然沉积在底泥表面后对5 cm处底泥水溶液Cd质量浓度具有一定的消减效应,沸石效果优于石灰、生物炭处理,其中"石灰+生物炭+沸石"的不同粒径阻控材料组配方式效果最佳。石灰、生物炭、沸石及3种阻控剂组配处理60 d后底泥pH值依然略高于对照,差异不显著,但可交换态Cd含量明显低于对照。结果可为塘库型水体上覆水及底泥Cd等重金属污染的生态风险降低及控制措施研究提供科学参考与方法指导。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.