外源DOM条件下K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+对湿地苔草吸收Cu的影响

文章在重金属Cu胁迫下,通过水培实验探究了外源溶解性有机质(DOM)存在下不同浓度K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对鄱阳湖湿地优势植物苔草(Carex cinerascens)吸收Cu的影响。在苔草的生长完全受到抑制的30 mg/L Cu~(2+)浓度和缓解Cu胁迫效果最佳的1 mg/L DOM条件下,通过设置培养液中不同浓度的K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)水化学特性,观察苔草水生根形态,分析苔草体内和水培液中Cu~(2+)浓度水平。研究表明,K~+、Mg~(2+)、Na~+浓度为20 mg/L,Ca~(2+)浓度为1 mg/L时能有效缓解Cu胁迫,使苔草水生根恢复生长。20 mg/L Mg~(2+)与不同浓度的K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)对苔草水生根形态的影响存在显著差异(P0.05)。苔草根系部分的Cu富集能力明显高于茎叶部分,富集能力顺序为浓度水平10 mg/L K~+5 mg/L Mg~(2+)10 mg/L Ca~(2+)20 mg/L Na~+,转运能力为浓度水平10 mg/L K~+5 mg/L Mg~(2+)20 mg/L Na~+10 mg/L Ca~(2+)。在不同水化学特性下苔草地上部分与地下部分的Cu富集无显著差异(P0.05)。K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)可能在水培液中与游离Cu~(2+)竞争,影响Cu-DOM的结合,从而改变溶液中剩余Cu~(2+)浓度。     

共存离子对ZVI/S.oneidensis还原U(Ⅵ)的影响研究

研究零价铁(ZVI)与奥奈达希瓦氏菌(S.oneidensis)协同还原去除水相中U(Ⅵ)时,共存离子Cr~(6+)、Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)分别存在时对U(Ⅵ)还原效果的影响。结果表明:溶液中共存的Cr~(6+)和溶解态的Fe~(3+)对ZVI与微生物协同还原U(Ⅵ)均存在显著的抑制作用,且当溶液中共存Cr~(6+)的含量超过10.0 mg/L时,U(Ⅵ)的还原几乎被完全抑制。在共存金属浓度为20 mg/L时,Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)对U(Ⅵ)的还原均具有抑制作用,且Cu~(2+)的影响大于Zn~(2+);Mn~(2+)对U(Ⅵ)的还原有微弱的促进作用。共存阴离子SO_4~(2-)对U(Ⅵ)的还原有微弱的促进作用,且作用大小与其浓度成正相关;在0.5~5.0 mmol/L浓度范围内,12 h时,共存阴离子NO_3~-对U(Ⅵ)的还原有明显的抑制作用。     

微纳米气泡体系对NO氧化吸收效果的研究

微纳米气泡比表面积大,气泡内部压力远高于外部压力,在液相中停留时间长,具有强氧化等特性。利用微纳米气泡发生器将水、空气和NO混合产生微纳米气泡气液体系用于NO的吸收。结果表明,NO体积浓度为1 250×10~(-6),pH=7,NO的氧化吸收效率可以达到50.1%。在水相中加入Fe~(2+)后,NO体积浓度为3 750×10~(-6),pH=5,NaCl质量浓度为0.5 g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)质量浓度为6 mg/L时,Fe~(2+)摩尔浓度为2 mmol/L,NO的吸收效率可以达到82.1%。加入Mn~(2+)后,其他条件不变,当Mn~(2+)摩尔浓度为2 mmol/L时,NO吸收效率可以达到92.3%。     

包埋固定化海洋硅藻吸附材料的制备及其对水中铅离子的吸附特性研究

采用海藻酸钠(SA)凝胶包埋法对海洋硅藻藻粉进行固定化,考察了藻粉用量、海藻酸钠浓度、Ca Cl2质量分数、交联时间及小球粒径对固定化小球吸附铅离子性能的影响,并研究了这种吸附材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附特性.结果表明,固定化海洋硅藻生物吸附剂的最佳制备条件为:藻粉用量5.0 g/100 m L SA、海藻酸钠浓度20 g·L~(-1)、Ca Cl2质量分数0.5%、交联时间1 h、小球粒径2.8 mm左右.Langmuir等温吸附模型能够较好地描述固定化小球吸附对Pb~(2+)的等温吸附特征,R2为0.9983,最大理论吸附量为833.33 mg·g~(-1).准二级动力学模型能够较好地拟合固定化小球吸附Pb~(2+)的动力学过程,理论平衡吸附量为714.29 mg·g~(-1),与实验所得平衡吸附量706.55 mg·g~(-1)较为接近.固定化小球吸附Pb~(2+)的适宜初始p H值为4~5.Na Cl、Ca(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2对固定化小球的吸附性能有一定的促进作用.本研究所制固定化海洋硅藻球形吸附材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附容量明显优于大部分研究所报道的固定化生物吸附剂,是一种很有潜力的生物吸附材料.     

HAP结晶类介稳区特性及其在低磷污水处理中的应用

该研究综合均相与诱导结晶法构建羟基磷酸钙(HAP)结晶类介稳区,借助类介稳区特性分析,寻求优化的HAP结晶条件,以期提高HAP结晶除磷技术对低磷污水的适应性能。结果表明,HAP类介稳区的分布,与诱导结晶条件如初始Ca~(2+)浓度和终态PO_4~(3-)-P、OH-浓度,以及晶种类型、粒径、投加量相关。优化上述结晶条件可增加类介稳区宽度,提高对低磷污水适应性,并达到抑制均相结晶、改善结晶产物固液分离性能的效果。优化条件下,HAP诱导结晶可将典型低磷污水——污水厂二级出水中PO_4~(3-)-P浓度由1.0 mg/L降至0.5 mg/L甚至0.3 mg/L以下,同时出水pH值控制在9.0以下。去除的磷以HAP形式进行回收利用。     

理化因素对脱氮硫杆菌自养反硝化的影响

从连续运行的UASB反应器厌氧污泥中分离得到一株脱氮硫杆菌T.d.a,采用分批摇床试验,采用脱氮硫杆菌标准培养基,以硫代硫酸钠为硫源,研究pH值、温度、氮源(NO3--N,NH4+-N)、能源(S2O32-)、碳源(HCO3-)、葡萄糖、无机盐(P, Mg2+, Fe2+)对该菌株自养反硝化的影响.结果表明,在pH6.5~8.0,温度20~35℃的范围内,T.d.a对NO3--N均有较高的去除速率,其最佳反硝化pH值为7.04,温度为27.40℃.T.d.a对554mg/L的NO3--N对T.d.a有一定的抑制作用;T.d.a反硝化所需NH4+-N的限制浓度为2.62mg/L;S2O32-浓度对T.d.a反硝化的影响主要取决于其与NO3-的比例关系,在NO3-过量的情况下,NO3--N去除率与加入的S2O32-量成近似的正比关系.T.d.a以HCO3-作为无机碳源时其限制浓度为29.05mg/L;0~2000mg/L的葡萄糖对NO3--N去除率没有明显影响.P和Mg2+的限制浓度分别为0.034,0.059mg/L,Fe2+的限制浓度低于0.058mg/L.     

Fenton+重捕剂处理锌镍合金电镀废水工程实例

江苏某电镀有限公司每天产锌镍合金电镀废水约300m~3/d,采用Fenton预处理+重捕剂工艺进行处理。进水Ni~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、COD分别为9 mg/L、12 mg/L、180 mg/L,PH:11~12,出水Ni~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、COD可分别控制在0.3 mg/L、1.0 mg/L、70 mg/L以下,PH:6~9。Ni~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、COD去除率可达97%、93%、59%以上,出水可稳定达到《电镀污染物排放标准》(GB21900-2008)表2标准。     

共振散射光谱法测定部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的水解度

在1.0 mol/L醋酸介质中,部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)与次氯酸钠溶液作用生成疏水性的氯酸胺微粒,该微粒体系在480nm处产生强的共振散射峰。HPAM的酰胺基团浓度在1.12~56.0 mg/L范围内与480nm处共振散射光强度成线性关系,检出限为0.21 mg/L。研究了共存物质对共振散射光谱法测定HPAM酰胺基浓度的影响,该方法的选择性较好,应用于样品中HPAM水解度的测定,结果满意。     

用1-(2-吡啶偶氮)—2-萘酚改性硅胶富集天然水中痕量铜

用螯合剂改性硅胶富集和分离痕量金属铜离子已有报道。本文报道了用吸附1-(2—吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚(PAN)的改性硅胶(PAN-SG)富集并测定天然水中痕量Cu~(2+)的工作。 实验部分 1.试剂和仪器 Cu~(2+)标准溶液(1.018mg/ml,0.500mg/ml);PAN的乙醇溶液(3.407×10~-_3mol/L,2.5×10~(-3)mol/L);Britton-Robison(B.R.)缓冲液(0.02mol/L,pH1.8     

催化剂生产中的污水处理

苏联梁赞炼油厂生产催化剂排污所形成的污水,主要含硝酸钠、氢氧化物悬浮物以及溶解性差的阳离子Ca~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Fe~(3+)、Mg~(2+)碱性盐等。其pH为8～9。悬浮物浓度与污水pH有关,pH为6.7～7.7时,分离出2％～2.5％(V)悬浮物,其中固相为1.8％(m)。当悬浮物浓度为50～440mg/L时,为加速沉降所加絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(ПAA)的最佳     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.