中国资源管理模式的发展历程与改革思路

研究资源管理模式对实现自然资源可持续利用具有重要意义。中国在开发利用自然资源的过程中，经过了供给管理、需求管理、资源化管理、资产化管理等几个不同的管理模式，在分析比较这些管理模式的产生背景、主要内容和优缺点的基础上，借鉴国外发达国家资源管理模式的成功经验，认为中国应该采用资源化管理与资产化管理相结合的资源管理模式，提出了部分对策建议。     

废水资源化是解决水资源紧缺的有效途径

我国水资源人均占有量少,污染严重,综合利用程度低,水资源的短缺已成为制约区域经济社会发展重要因素。本文结合实例分析,提出了提高水资源的综合利用程度,推行废水资源化是解决这一问题的有效途径。     

论玻璃生产企业废水资源化

本文从介绍玻璃生产企业废水来源及水质入手,探讨了玻璃生产企业废水资源化的方式,阐述了玻璃生产企业废水资源化的意义。     

粉煤灰在重金属废水处理中的应用

粉煤灰是一种可再资源化的工业固体废弃物。利用粉煤灰对重金属废水进行处理可谓是一种以废治废、变废为宝、实现废物综合利用的有效途径。综述了粉煤灰吸附法在重金属废水处理中的国内外研究现状,展望了该方法的应用前景。     

苏里格气田钻采废物集中处理实践

针对苏里格气田钻采作业废物产生量大且较为分散的问题,对产生的钻采废水、废钻井液等进行集中处理,最终产物进行资源化利用。介绍了三者的处理工艺流程,钻采废物集中资源化处置技术在苏里格气田的应用表明,钻采废水处理后,出水可以达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A类标准及GB 18920—2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》中绿化用水标准。产出的中水在井场部分回用后其余全部用于灌溉园区植被;对以废钻井液和岩屑无害化处理产物为原料制作的免烧砖、烧结砖成品浸出液进行了检测,浸出液CODCr、石油类、氨氮、重金属等指标可以达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。减少了水资源的浪费,每口井可以节约6%～10%的井场土地面积,环保效益显著。     

洗车废水的污染与环境管理研究

本文分析了洗车所造成的水资源的浪费、对环境的污染以及对道赂交通、居民、行人的影响，介绍了我国对洗车废水管理的现状，并从法制建设、执法监督、废水处理，先进洗车技术推广、宣传教育等方面提出了针对我国洗车废水污染的环境管理对策建议。     

长庆油田作业废水的处理与回用

介绍了长庆油田石油开发过程中的井场措施作业废水处理与回用技术应用现状和管理制度,并对下一步节水和资源化利用的研究方向进行了展望,通过技术引领和管理创新,促进石油开发与水资源利用的可持续发展。     

焦化废水治理现状分析

通过对焦化企业性质、废水回用用途、废水处理技术、废水治理投资等方面的调研分析,结果表明,在废水资源综合利用方面,联合型的焦化企业跟独立焦化企业相比,优势非常明显;从节约水资源的角度考虑,必须加大废水资源化利用方面的研究力度,提高废水处理水平。     

澳大利亚矿山酸性废水的管理与处理

本文简要介绍了澳大利亚矿山含酸废弃物及酸性废水的管理与处理方法 ,将为我国的矿山环境保护提供借鉴作用。     

加拿大水管理符合可持续发展

加拿大在世界水资源排行榜上名列前茅,尽管如此,加拿大政府还是非常重视水资源的利用,并取得了可喜的成果。据悉,加拿大在水的利用方面经历了开发、管理和可持续水管理3个阶段。1970年前是水开发阶段,重点强调开发水资源工程建设;1970～1987年期间是水管理阶段,当时的水管理理念是只将水作为一种消费性资源,主要着眼于如何向当代社会提供足够的水资源;1987年世界环境与发展委员会发表了“我们的共同未来”的报告,报告提出了水资源“可持续发展”的概念,从而使加拿大的水务事业进入了一个崭新的阶段———可持续水管理阶段。为实现水资源的可…     

Sustainable wastewater management for small communities in the Middle East and North Africa

Accelerated expansion of wastewater services to small communities in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is essential in order to address serious concerns over water scarcity and pollution in addition to meeting the demand for convenience and protecting public health. Centralized and conventional wastewater systems are currently the preferred choice of planners and decision-makers in MENA. Water and funding are not available to provide these centralized conventional services to small communities. This paper presents an integrated approach to sustainable wastewater management for small communities in MENA under the severe water resources crisis. The approach calls for a paradigm shift from centralized conventional wastewater systems to decentralized wastewater systems. Management of wastewater in MENA should start at home. Wastewater generation should be reduced through a combination of domestic water conservation measures. On-site systems must be improved and monitored to control pollution and to recover water for non-potable water uses. Should the circumstances not allow the use of on-site systems, wastewater should be transported and managed through a community system applying the principles of decentralized wastewater management and using the settled sewers for wastewater transportation where appropriate. This approach will facilitate the accelerated and sustainable extension of environmentally responsible wastewater services to MENA's small communities. It offers great potential for cost reduction, accommodates the necessary domestic water conservation efforts, reduces freshwater inputs in wastewater transportation thus eliminating unnecessary demand on freshwater, reduces associated environmental risks and increases wastewater reuse opportunities.     

Rethinking urban water management in Addis Ababa in the face of climate change: An urgent need to transform from traditional to sustainable system

Urban water management in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is of significant concern to the city government owing to the growing demand for water, poor urban water management practices, insufficient and ineffective infrastructures, and climate change. The objective of this study is to review current water resources and management practices, consider the sustainability of the urban water cycle in relation to climate change, and devise a feasible strategy for a sustainable urban water management system. The results of this study show that the situation as it is now is not sustainable at current levels of demand and supply, either in terms of the systems’ management practices, or in terms of the challenges posed by climate change. An Integrated Urban Water Management strategy that covers the entire urban water cycle, including diversification of water sources, protection and conservation of water, sustainable exploitation, distribution, and consumption and wastewater management, water recycling, nutrient reuse, and safe wastewater disposal, should be implemented as soon as practicable.     

对我国水资源可持续利用的一点思考

按照“认识——规划——建设”的思路,分析了我国水资源开发利用中所面临的主要问题和挑战,提出水资源可持续开发利用的策略和对策,特别提出分质供水和中水回用相结合的供水方式,作出了各地区重点建设项目的构想。     

The role of satellite and decentralized strategies in water resources management

Existing and projected water shortages and related factors have helped focus attention on the need for water reuse. With recent technological advances in wastewater treatment, it is now possible to produce reclaimed water of any quality. Thus, the use of reclaimed water will depend on the reuse opportunities and the cost of the required infrastructure. Historically, centralized wastewater treatment facilities have served the needs of organized societies since the mid 1800s. However, as there are limited options for expansion of most existing centralized facilities, the use of satellite and decentralized wastewater management systems offers significant advantages including being close both to the source of wastewater generation and to potential water reuse applications. The comparative advantages of satellite and decentralized wastewater management systems for a number of water reuse applications are presented and discussed in this paper. Selected case studies are presented to demonstrate the utility of satellite and decentralized wastewater management. Specific issues associated with the application of such systems in existing and in new developments are examined and discussed.     

Quantification of potable water savings by residential water conservation and reuse - A case study

To demonstrate the benefits of water conservation at the household level in regional Victoria in Australia, a family house “Sharland Oasis” was designed and built according to an ecologically sustainable design for improved water and energy efficiency. This study has demonstrated that the combined use of alternative water supplies together with water efficient appliances can save up to 77% of total potable water use compared to the average 1990s household water use in the same region considering the location and differing in water use approach. The use of rainwater inside the home alone saved up to 40% of potable water use. In addition to the water savings, there is a significant wastewater discharge saving achieved through the use of water conservation strategies and greywater reuse. A community survey undertaken in regional Victoria revealed that community receptivity for reusing greywater is highest for uses, such as watering gardens and flushing toilets; but it progressively decreased with increasing personal contact with greywater. Positive perception of greywater reuse needs to be encouraged through programs targeted at developing resources, skills and motivation for new water reuse practices and technologies, across a diverse range of social groups.     

炼化污水“零排放”技术现状与发展趋势

在节能降耗、节水减排已成为国策的背景下,炼化污水集中处理达标排放的末端治理已经不能满足炼化行业发展,炼化污水"零排放"的实施将是大势所趋。在实施炼化污水"零排放"过程中,应深化开展水系统优化、技术创新集成等工作,将节能、节水、减排有机结合,突破制约污水"零排放"的技术瓶颈,并将技术成熟化、管理制度化,形成完整的炼化污水"零排放"技术体系,促进我国炼化企业的可持续发展。     

Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation for Agricultural Irrigation: The situation in Morocco and Palestine

As freshwater becomes increasingly scarce due to population growth, urbanisation and, probably, climate change, the use of wastewater in agriculture, aquaculture, groundwater recharge and in other areas will increase. In some cases, wastewater is the only water resource available to poor, subsistence-level farming communities. Although there are benefits to using wastewater in agriculture—such as better nutrition and food security for many households—uncontrolled use of wastewater is frequently associated with significant negative human health impacts. These health impacts can be minimized when good management practices are implemented. In this paper the existing situation, in relation to water resources availability, wastewater treatment and reuse in Morocco and Palestine, is presented.     

Emergy evaluation of an integrated livestock wastewater treatment system

Wastewater treatment practices should pay more attention to their environmental performances due to their resources consumption and emissions’ impact. While reclaimed water reuse seems to have become a promising practice, is it always feasible in any condition? To address this issue, this study carried out an extended emergy evaluation of a holistic wastewater treatment system. On one hand, this method was extended to include the emissions’ impact. On the other hand, this study integrated a wastewater treatment plant, its excess sludge disposal system and treated water disposal system into an integrated wastewater treatment system (IWTS), so as to evaluate its performances more completely. And then several indicators, including cost per unit pollutant eliminated (CUPE), ratio of positive output (RPO), environmental load ratio (ELR), and sustainability index (SI), were proposed for evaluating the performances of an IWTS. Two scenarios (scenario A: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + treated water discharges; scenario B: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + reclaimed water reuse) for a livestock wastewater treatment plant in Sichuan Agricultural University located in Ya’an City in Southwest China, as cases, were researched. The results show that scenario B has lower positive output efficiency and greater environmental load than scenario A. Meanwhile, the reclaimed water reuse raises cost per unit pollutant eliminated compared with the treated water being discharged directly; emissions’ impact enhances the environmental load of the two scenarios to different degree; emissions’ impact has decisive effect on the sustainability of the two scenarios. These results mean that the reclaimed water reuse should not be advocated in this case. This study provides some policy implications: (1) wastewater treatment process should be comprehensively evaluated from its resources consumption and impact of emissions; (2) reclaimed water reuse should be carefully evaluated from its pros and cons simultaneously; (3) the local conditions should be considered when implementing reclaimed water reuse, such as local water body conditions, market demands, the related laws and regulations, corporations’ economic conditions, etc.     

中国城市污水集中处理的现状与对策研究

随着我国城市的迅速发展，城市普遍面临着水资源缺乏和水环境恶化的问题，已影响到城市的可持续发展。城市污水集中处理是解决城市水危机的有效方法，也是保护城市水环境的重要防线。分析了当前我国城市污水处理业的现状以及存在的问题，提出了加快污水处理厂技术革新，建设城市污水管网，加快城市污水回用产业化和完善污水处理厂的运营模式等解决办法，以保证我国城市实现可持续发展。