火灾后空间混凝土框架结构的受力性能模拟

为了分析火灾后空间混凝土框架结构损伤、修复和加固后的力学性能,基于纤维单元模型和分层壳单元模型,将梁、柱构件截面划分成多个纤维,将板沿截面厚度方向划分成多个层,可以考虑各个构件截面的不均匀温度场分布以及受火损伤或修复、加固后材料力学性能的变化。以ABAQUS通用有限元软件为开发平台,利用Python脚本语言对其进行二次开发,建立混凝土框架火灾受损分析系统(ASFCF)。进一步以一个多层多跨空间混凝土框架结构为例,利用该系统对框架在受火损伤、修复和加固后的力学反应进行了研究和对比分析。结果表明,ASFCF系统可以较为准确地进行火灾后空间混凝土框架的损伤、修复与加固后的力学性能分析。研究成果可作为评估混凝土整体框架结构火灾后的残余力学性能及修复、加固后的力学性能的理论参考。     

廊桥壁式桥墩的数值分析模型对比研究

以一座梁式廊桥的壁式桥墩为例,基于有限元分析软件OpenSees,分别采用分层壳单元和纤维梁单元对其进行弱轴方向上的低周反复加载下的数值分析,对比研究了2种数值模型的滞回曲线和骨架曲线,并在位移延性比的基础上,给出了壁式桥墩各破坏状态的指标临界值。结果表明：分层壳单元模型和纤维梁单元模型均能很好地模拟壁式桥墩的承载力变化、剪切效应以及损伤累积,但前者可以更明确地表征不同侧向荷载加载方式下局部位置的抗震性能。同一损伤状态下,分层壳单元模型和纤维梁单元模型得出的壁式桥墩位移延性比差异较小。文中壁式桥墩基于位移延性比的损伤状态划分的临界值,可分别取为0.27,1.00,2.33,5.33,验证了采用普通柱式桥墩的损伤状态极限值作为壁式桥墩的各面外损伤指标值的可行性。     

土-结构动力相互作用几种计算模型的比较

针对目前在土-结构动力相互作用分析中基础常采用实体单元、结构采用梁单元,建模过程中经常遇到的基础和结构不同单元的连接问题,通过在基础表面添加刚臂连接单元的方法来模拟基础和结构的连接,并分析对比了实体单元、实体单元-刚臂-梁单元、实体单元-梁单元3种模型在考虑土-结构相互作用时的动力反应,计算结果显示:采用刚臂连接单元方法的计算结果精度与实体单元的相同,但计算效率高.     

整体结构混合火灾试验原理及数值仿真分析

火灾下建筑结构的力学分析分为2个层次:1受火作用的结构基本构件的力学分析,如受火梁、柱、楼板分析;2受火构件力学状态的变化对整体结构影响的力学分析,如火灾下建筑结构的连续性倒塌分析。为考察整体结构在火灾下的力学反应,Mostafaei提出了混合火灾试验方法,即对原结构部分构件进行耐火试验,剩余子结构则采用数值分析。通过构件火灾试验与子结构数值模型间的数据交互反馈,模拟整体结构火灾下的力学反应,进而避免直接进行大型结构整体火灾试验。理论上,如果受火构件与无该构件的子结构模型,在任意火灾时刻时的内力、位移均相等,则该结果与整体结构实际火灾下的反应相同。但实际上,由于无法保持任意时刻受火构件与子结构模型的荷载、位移一致,混合火灾试验简化为每间隔时间Δt或温度ΔT对这些参量进行一次同步。给出了构件试验和子结构数值模型间的数据交换路径,并以基本构件的数值试验代替真实火灾试验,通过混合火灾数值试验与子结构模型的交互分析结果,验证了混合火灾试验方法的准确性。     

基于纤维模型的受火后混凝土框架的有限元分析

为了分析受火后混凝土框架结构的残余力学性能,基于纤维模型的思路,将梁、柱构件截面划分成多个纤维,可以考虑构件截面的不均匀温度场分布以及受火损伤后材料力学性能的变化。以ABAQUS通用有限元软件为开发平台,利用Python编程语言对其进行二次开发,将SAP2000建立的模型文件导入到ABAQUS中,对基于纤维模型的混凝土框架进行受火后的温度场分析和非线性力学分析。通过一个多层多跨三维混凝土框架火灾反应的实例,对该框架在受火后的力学反应进行了分析,可为评估混凝土框架结构受火后的残余力学性能提供参考。     

多高层钢结构耐火性能的子结构分析模型与分析方法

基于整体钢结构在局部火灾下的反应规律,将高层钢结构的初始倒塌破坏类型进行了分类(中间柱初始倒塌、边柱初始倒塌以及梁柱同时倒塌),根据整体结构约束影响和荷载影响,提出局部火灾下多高层钢结构耐火性能分析的相应子结构分析模型及其分析方法。子结构模型的边界充分考虑周围约束的影响,尤其是周围梁和上层柱构件以及层数的影响。针对不同类型的子结构模型,通过建立相应的具体子结构有限元模型,合理考虑边界条件的影响。最后基于建立的数值模型,研究了子结构的火灾反应规律与破坏机理,并与整体结构的分析结果进行了比较,结果表明:子结构分析模型与分析方法可以合理准确地分析整体结构的耐火性能。     

上海环球金融中心大厦弹塑性时程分析

在材料应力-应变关系的层次上，进行了高层钢筋混凝土结构的弹塑性时程分析。采用两种非线性宏观单元——梁柱单元和墙单元，单元截面分析采用纤维模型。在计算单元刚度矩阵时，采用子结构技术，从而实现了一根柱或一根梁采用一个非线性梁柱单元来模拟。编制了高层钢筋混凝土结构弹塑性时程分析程序，且用该程序对上海环球金融中心大厦振动台模型结构进行了分析，并与试验数据进行了对比。最后对该大厦原型结构进行了弹塑性时程分析和抗震性能评价。     

方钢管混凝土柱-钢梁平面框架耐火性能研究

建立了局部火灾下多层多跨矩形钢管混凝土柱-钢梁平面框架温度场和力学性能分析的有限元模型。在考虑楼板影响的基础上,研究了保护层厚度不同时钢管混凝土框架结构的温度场分布规律。研究了不同受火工况条件下钢管混凝土框架结构的变形和破坏规律、耐火极限状态、受火梁的内力状态以及结构耐火极限的规律。分析表明,梁保护层厚度影响钢梁温度分布形式;火灾下,框架结构发生了受火梁的整体屈曲破坏。     

基于数值模拟的多高层钢结构火灾反应规律与破坏机理

为了分析火灾下多高层钢结构的破坏机理,考察多高层钢结构在火灾下的反应规律,基于ABAQUS建立了整体钢结构的火灾反应数值模型,对不同层数的钢结构以及相同结构不同火场位置的钢结构进行了数值模拟分析,计算了局部火灾条件下钢结构的变形与破坏过程,分析了钢结构在火灾和荷载共同作用下的破坏机理,探讨了局部火灾对整体结构的影响范围与因素,给出了钢结构在高度和荷载变化时的破坏规律并分析了引起这种破坏规律的原因。     

基于OpenSees的火灾下钢结构连续性倒塌分析

主要研究了火灾下平面钢框架的连续性倒塌模式和机制。应用OpenSees软件,对某5跨8层平面钢框架结构模型进行数值分析,研究了荷载比、梁柱刚度比和火灾场景对结构倒塌模式的影响。结果表明,随着荷载比的增大,结构倒塌模式由侧向倾倒式倒塌变为整体下沉式倒塌;当梁柱刚度比较小时,由于梁的悬链性效应,使结构发生偏向受火开间的侧向位移直至倒塌(弱梁机制),当梁的刚度比较大时,破坏首先发生在框架底层柱,结构呈整体下沉式倒塌(强梁机制);火灾中水平和竖向分布易分别引起结构局部和整体的倒塌。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。