Analysis of Catenae in the Kivach Reserve: Structure,Succession State,and Potential Composition of Forest Vegetation

Types of catenae of the moraine landscape of the Kivach Reserve have been described, and five ecotopes have been distinguished in their composition. The analysis of ecological ranges of the main forest-forming species has made it possible to predict the potential composition of a tree synusia that included five to seven species in the greater part of the catenae and three species in depressions with stagnant moistening. The population demographic approach has been used to determine the succession status of communities in the study area. Six variants of phytochores have been distinguished in the herb-dwarf shrub layer; the main ecological and succession factors of distribution have been determined for them.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 252–258.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Platonova.     

Runoff variation affected by precipitation change and human activity in Hailiutu River basin,China

For recent years,runoff generation and hydrological processes in Hailiutu River basin have been greatly changed by climate change and human activity,especially water and soil conservation construction.In this study,the trends in precipitation,evapotranspiration(ET)and river runoff as well as the effects of precipitation change and human activity on runoff variation have been studied.The results showed that during 1960-2000,annual precipitation and river runoff,monthly precipitation and ET in September and October as well as monthly runoff in all months showed a significant decrease.In addition,peak flow and base flow had a large decrease.Under the joint influence of precipitation change and human activity,the mean annual runoff decreased by 35 million m3 from the baseline period(1960-1985)to the change period(1986-2000),which accounted for 60.9%and 39.1%of the total runoff decrease,respectively.Precipitation change played a primary role in the decrease of annual runoff whereas human activity,particularly water and soil conservation construction,also had remarkable impacts on runoff variation.     

Runoff variation affected by precipitation change and human activity in Hailiutu River basin,China

For recent years, runoff generation and hydrological processes in Hailiutu River basin have been greatly changed by climate change and human activity, especially water and soil conservation construction. In this study, the trends in precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET) and river runoff as well as the effects of precipitation change and human activity on runoff variation have been studied. The results showed that during 1960–2000, annual precipitation and river runoff, monthly precipitation and ET in September and October as well as monthly runoff in all months showed a significant decrease. In addition, peak flow and base flow had a large decrease. Under the joint influence of precipitation change and human activity, the mean annual runoff decreased by 35 million m³ from the baseline period (1960–1985) to the change period (1986–2000), which accounted for 60.9% and 39.1% of the total runoff decrease, respectively. Precipitation change played a primary role in the decrease of annual runoff whereas human activity, particularly water and soil conservation construction, also had remarkable impacts on runoff variation.     

Ecogenetic features and functions of solods in transural forest-steppes (within Sverdlovsk Oblast)

Specific ecogenetic features of solods in the forest-steppe zone has been studied, and the role of biotic and abiotic factors of soil formation has been estimated. Differentiation of soil horizons with respect to the physical clay fraction accounts for specific features of their moistening, which is reflected in the ratio of strongly and weakly crystallized forms of iron. Periodic changes in redox conditions results in iron segregation, and a high content of fulvic acids accounts for its eluvial migration. These processes are controlled by soil geochemical barriers.     

Composition of plant communities in natural and technogenically disturbed ecotopes on watersheds of the Yamal Peninsula: Floristic diversity

Specific features in the overgrowing of technogenically disturbed areas with completely destroyed soil and plant cover (a sand pit, a causeway, and an off-road vehicle trail) have been studied in the environs of the Bovanenkovo Oil-Gas Condensate Field. It is shown that the vegetation of natural ecotopes and ecotopes disturbed approximately 20 years ago is characterized by a relatively high similarity in the composition of vascular plants. The total species composition of plant communities (including mosses and lichens) and their structure show a considerable loss of floristic and phytocenotic diversity.     

环洱海地区气候变化特征研究

环洱海地区是云南省具有高原湖泊生态脆弱区、民族文化多元融合区和乡村经济发展活跃区等多重叠合特征的典型区域,是全球气候变化影响的敏感区和脆弱区。以环洱海地区1951~2014年6个基本站点的逐年平均气温、极端最高气温、极端最低气温、降水量、最大日降水量和日降水量≥0.1 mm日数资料为基础。采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Morlet小波分析和R/S分析等方法,研究了环洱海地区气候变化规律。结果发现:自1951年以来,环洱海地区年均气温和极端最低气温呈现出升高的趋势,而极端最高气温则呈现降低的趋势,变化速率分别为0.07℃/10 a、0.03℃/10 a和–0.14℃/10 a,对于年降水量、最大日降水量和降水日数而言,三者均为减少趋势,速率分别为–12.85 mm/10 a、–1.09mm/10 a和–1.73 d/10 a;环洱海地区年均气温、极端最高和极端最低气温均没有发生突变,年降水量和降水日数在2010年发生了一次减少突变,而最大日降水量则没有检测到突变的年份;环洱海地区年平均气温和年降水量在长时间尺度上的周期性变化最为显著,分别存在30 a和33 a左右的周期变化,并贯穿整个研究时段,而短时间尺度上的周期变化局域性特征突出;从未来演变趋势来看,年平均气温和极端最低气温将维持升温趋势,而极端最高气温则将持续降低趋势,年降水量继续减少的趋势未来将会逆转,但最大日降水量和降水日数两者将持续减少的概率更大。     

流域气候变化和人类活动对长江径流量影响的辨识

利用1956~2011年的流域气温、降水量、径流量及有关文献所载蒸发量、水库修建、用水量、水土保持等资料,探讨气候变化和人类活动对长江径流量的影响。结果表明：（1）流域气温明显上升,且上升速率大于全球平均上升速率;（2）流域平均降水量下降了约1%,年降水量与年均气温之间无显著相关性;（3）年径流量随降水量频繁振荡,最大和最小值之比达19;（4）太阳净辐射量和风速下降导致流域自然蒸发作用减弱,而水库修建、耗水增多和水土保持等人类活动则使蒸发作用加强。两方面的影响相互削弱;入海年径流量下降1%;（5）流域内分区间存在差异,北域（岷江、嘉陵江和汉江）人类活动的影响居主导地位,径流量下降约15%;中域（金沙江以下干流两翼“未测区”）则以气候变化的影响占优,径流量上升约9%;西域（金沙江流域）径流量减少4%;南域（乌江、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖流域）径流量上升2%。推断今后几十年气候要素仍将主导径流量的年际波动,而南水北调、新建水库、耗水增多和水土保持加强将可能使径流量再下降约10%     

三峡库区王家桥小流域土壤侵蚀因子初步研究

通过对王家桥小流域土壤，降雨，植被和地形等因子的分析，探讨了土壤抗侵蚀性能，分析了坡面侵蚀与各影响因子间的关系，建立了基于降雨基础上的全流域输沙幂函数回归方程。结果表明，本地区土壤因具有较强的渗透性，抗冲，抗蚀和抗剪切破坏的能力，而使其保持较小的可侵蚀性；坡面侵蚀中的主要影响因素是雨强和径流量（或降雨量）的大小；流域内土壤侵蚀的形式主要表现为暴雨作用下的重力侵蚀，在影响土壤侵蚀的诸多因子中降雨是关键性的，它的强度和年分布对年侵蚀模数的大小具有决定性作用。同时，通过分析各种雨强（平均雨强，最大雨强，最大15分钟雨强，最大30分钟雨强，最大60分钟雨强）对土壤侵蚀量的影响，结果表明，虽然最大60分钟雨强具有最优相关性，但在多元回归方程中，采用最大30分钟雨强回归效果最佳。     

2003~2009年鄱阳湖流域土壤水分时空变化特征及影响因素

鄱阳湖流域水文过程是区域研究的热点问题,但相对于其它水文要素而言,土壤水分的时空分布特征及其影响因素尚缺乏系统研究,成为流域水文过程研究不确定性的主要来源之一。采用AMSR E土壤水分数据,从流域、子流域及地表覆被等不同的空间尺度,阐明了鄱阳湖流域2003～2009年土壤水分的年际与年内变化特征,并分析其影响因素。研究表明：在流域尺度上,土壤水分总体呈现中心低、周边高的“漏斗式”空间分布形态,但夏、秋季节空间差异性减弱,年际土壤水分呈现较强的下降趋势,其中以湖区下降速度最大;在地表覆被尺度上,林地土壤水分最高、年际下降速度最低,表明其在年际尺度上对干旱具有较强的调节作用,不同地表覆被类型的土壤水分年内差异较明显,但在6、7及10月差异较小,地表覆被对土壤水分的调节作用减弱;在影响因素方面,降水是土壤水分的主要影响因素,气温、灌溉等则一定程度上影响了土壤水分的变化特征。研究结果不仅有利于加强对流域水文过程的理解与认识,同时可为水资源管理及防旱抗旱等提供科学的辅助依据     

Effect of temperature and precipitation on linear increment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphagnum fuscum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. magellanicum</Emphasis> in Western Siberia

The linear increment of Sphagnum fuscum and S. magellanicum in ombrotrophic mires of Western Siberia has been measured during two years over a transect about 2500 km long extending from forest–steppe to forest–tundra. Along the latitudinal gradient, the increment of both species has proved to be correlated with annual average air temperature and, in S. magellanicum, also with annual precipitation. The determinants of their growth differ between the southern, central, and northern parts of the study region. At the regional level, the annual and summer precipitation plays a more important role than the average air temperature. The increment of S. fuscum in the southern part is positively correlated with the amount of precipitation and negatively correlated with summer temperature, whereas the situation in the central part is inverse. In S. magellanicum, the linear increment is directly dependent on the annual average temperature and annual and summer precipitation in the south and on the annual and summer precipitation in the north of Western Siberia. The dynamics of linear growth of both species in bog pine forests during the growing season are similar: its rate is the highest in June, when the linear increment of S. fuscum and S. magellanicum amounts to 60 and 85% of the annual total, respectively.     

2000～2015年江汉平原区域植被NPP时空特征及其对气候变化的响应

植被NPP对气候变化的响应是全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环研究的重要核心内容之一。利用CASA模型估算了2000~2015年江汉平原植被NPP,并利用线性回归与逐像元相关性分析方法定量研究了江汉平原植被NPP的时空变化特征及其与气候因素的相关性。结果表明：（1）16年来江汉平原植被NPP的年总量在25.43~29.76 TgC之间,呈波动增加趋势;（2）江汉平原NPP的空间分布格局具有明显的不均匀特征,形成一系列的高值中心和低值中心,符合“丘陵-平原-河流-城市”的衰减趋势;（3）江汉平原NPP与年降水量、年均温的相关系数分别为0.183 7和0.498 5;经显著性检验可知,江汉平原NPP的产量与年降水量相关性较弱,而与年均温则呈较强的正相关关系;（4）植被NPP与年降水量、年均温呈正相关的像元面积分别占总面积的69.19%和83.41%,主要分布在江汉平原腹部的农耕区域,说明江汉平原农耕区NPP的产量对年降水量与年均温的依赖性较强。     

苏州城市化进程对降雨特征影响分析

城市化的发展过程中,城市下垫面的改变以及人类的生产生活共同作用使大气边界层的特性发生变化,从而影响了城市地区的降雨。位于太湖流域平原水网地区的苏州城市化发展迅速。在分析了苏州城市化发展进程的特点及1953~2000年降雨时间序列特征基础上,采用同时期城区（苏州站）与郊区（望亭站）雨量横向对比、城市化发展不同时期同一站雨量纵向对比的方法,研究了城市化对该地区降雨量、降雨年内分配、降雨发生次数等的影响。通过研究发现：城市化对年雨量、汛期雨量和最大日雨量都有不同程度的增加作用,其中对最大日雨量的影响最显著;受城市化影响,降雨年内分配有集中的趋势;城市化使不同类型降雨发生次数均增加,其中对暴雨发生次数的影响最大。     

云南不同量级降雨下的降雨侵蚀力特征分析

为研究云南省及5个子区域年降雨侵蚀力和各量级降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征,基于云南120个站点近43a逐日降水资料,利用Man-Kendall趋势检验、Morlet连续复小波变换分析等方法进行系统分析。结果表明:各区域大雨侵蚀力在年降雨侵蚀力中起主导作用;年内各月降雨侵蚀力滇西北基本以大雨侵蚀力为主,其余区域干季以中雨侵蚀力为主,雨季以大雨侵蚀力为主;各量级降雨侵蚀力表现出降雨量级越大,季节性越强,集中程度越高的特征;各区域中雨侵蚀力相对变化呈减少趋势,其余量级降雨侵蚀力变化趋势以减居多;暴雨侵蚀力相对变化程度最强,大雨和中雨侵蚀力相对较缓;滇西北年降雨侵蚀力、大雨和中雨侵蚀力以9a左右时间尺度为主震荡周期,其余区域主震荡周期多为18~21a左右,暴雨侵蚀力主震荡周期在各区域存在一定差异。     

近40年阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及影响因素研究

利用1961—2000年近40a的气温、降水、冻土深度等逐月资料及年蒸发量资料和20世纪50年代初或中期建站起到90年代中期径流逐月实测资料．分析20世纪下半期阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及其与气候变化的关系．同时分析人类活动对径流变化的影响作用。研究表明：阿克苏河流域普遍存在升温的变化趋势，尤其是冬季升温明显；同时导致冻土层温度的升高和冻土退化；流域内降水增加趋势明显。1990年以后径流增加趋势更加明显．从年内变化分析来看。流域内各水文站春、夏季径流有明显的增大趋势；秋、冬季径流减少明显；分析径流的变化特点．主要还受到流域地表状况变化、大面积开荒及上游水库调节等人类经济活动作用的影响。     

大别山北坡典型区域降水年内分配不均匀性特征研究——以安徽省六安市为例

研究大别山北坡降水年内分配时空特点,对指导区域内科学防灾减灾及水资源管理、调配具有重要的现实意义。利用六安市6个气象站1956~2010年逐日降水资料,基于降水集中度和集中期,探讨近55 a来六安市年降水集中程度的时空特征。结果表明:六安市年降水集中度变化于012~057,多年平均值037,多年平均降水集中期在37~38候。年降水量空间分布由西南向东北减少,集中度呈由南向北递增,集中期由南向北推迟。年降水总量无明显趋势变化,但集中度和汛期降水量的增加趋势显著,汛期发生洪涝灾害的风险加大。年降水量分别在1972、1990年发生一次增多和减少突变,集中度序列在1970年发生了增多突变。年降水量与集中度呈全区一致的正相关,即年降水量越大,降水越集中,相关系数分布由西南山地区向东北岗地圩畈区增加。对降水集中度与汛期旱涝的分析说明,汛期降水异常偏多,集中度偏大,易发洪涝灾害,反之易发旱灾     

近60年中国持续极端降水时空变化特征及其环流因素分析

极端降水具有较强的持续时间不确定性，持续多天的极端降水事件往往具有较大的致灾性，但目前从极端降水持续性角度进行极端降水变化及其环流因素的研究还非常缺乏。利用1961~2018年中国逐日降水格点数据集以及大气环流指数数据，定义持续了2天及以上的极端降水为持续极端降水事件，研究其在中国不同区域发生频次、持续日数以及持续极端降水总量、持续极端降水最大降水量的时空变化和影响因素。结果表明：（1）近60年来，中国持续极端降水事件在较为干旱的地区(蒙新地区、青藏地区)高发且持续时间长，但在较湿润的地区（东部地区）持续极端降水事件强度更高。（2）中国持续极端降水事件的频率和强度均呈现出增加的趋势，但在区域尺度上，东部地区没有明显的变化趋势，越干旱的地区增加趋势越大。各个指数变化趋势的空间分布格局相似。（3）持续极端降水事件对总降水的贡献率呈现出缓慢的增长趋势，东部地区增长趋势不明显。（4）西太平洋副高、南海副高、西太平洋暖池、亚洲区极涡、北半球极涡和中国持续极端降水事件有着显著的相关关系。区域尺度上，西太平洋副高对蒙新地区和青藏地区的影响最大，东部地区则受到西太平洋副高和西太平洋暖池的较大影响。总体上西太平洋副高对于中国持续极端降水事件影响最大，西太平洋副高强度的加强往往会引起中国持续极端降水增多。     

上海市降雨变化与灾害性降雨特征分析

降雨是引发城市内涝的关键因素,与公众安全密切相关,分析其特征,能够为内涝防治提供一定参考和依据。上海地区气候条件复杂,深受暴雨、台风等水情灾害影响。依据国家基本气象站-宝山站数据,对上海市近40 a降雨变化和灾害性降雨特征进行了分析。结果表明上海年均降雨量以509 mm/10 a的速率递增。同时,降雨天数的减少较为显著,以3 d/10 a的速率递减。从降雨量和降雨强度的角度,灾害性降雨多为暴雨和短历时强降雨。上海年均暴雨天数为3 d,但雨量可占全年的1/5,大范围暴雨通常由台风引起。近年来,高于排水标准的短历时强降雨出现频次有增多的趋势。汛期作为灾害性降雨的高发期,可作为城市防涝的重点     

Impact of woody encroachment on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in abandoned agricultural lands along a rainfall gradient in Italy

Land use changes represent one of the most important components of global environmental change and have a strong influence on carbon cycling. As a consequence of changes in economy during the last century, areas of marginal agriculture have been abandoned leading to secondary successions. The encroachment of woody plants into grasslands, pastures and croplands is generally thought to increase the carbon stored in these ecosystems even though there are evidences for a decrease in soil carbon stocks after land use change. In this paper, we investigate the effects of woody plant invasion on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks along a precipitation gradient (200?C2,500?mm) using original data from paired experiment in Italian Alps and Sicily and data from literature (Guo and Gifford Glob Change Biol 8(4):345?C360, 2002). We found a clear negative relationship (?0.05%?C?mm^?1) between changes in soil organic carbon and precipitation explaining 70% of the variation in soil C stocks after recolonization: dry sites gain carbon (up to +67%) while wet sites lose carbon (up to ?45%). In our data set, there seem to be two threshold values for soil carbon accumulation: the first one is 900?mm of mean annual rainfall, which separates the negative from the positive ratio values; the second one is 750?mm, which divides the positive values in two groups of sites. Most interestingly, this threshold of 750?mm corresponds exactly to a bioclimatic threshold: sites with <750?mm mean annual rainfall is classified as thermo-mediterranean sites, while the ones >750?mm are classified as mesomediterranean sites. This suggests that apart from rainfall also temperature values have an important influence on soil carbon accumulation after abandonment. Moreover, our results confirmed that the correlation between rainfall and trend in soil organic carbon may be related to nitrogen dynamics: carbon losses may occur only if there is a substantial decrease in soil nitrogen stock which occurs in wetter sites probably because of the higher leaching.     

汉江上游金水河流域近50年气候变化特征及其对生态环境的影响

利用5年滑动平均距平分析、线性回归分析、相关分析及Autoregression 模型等统计分析方法,分析了近50年（1957~2004年）汉江上游金水河流域年度和春、夏、秋、冬4季气温和降水变化特征及其对流域生态环境的影响。结果显示：近50年来金水河流域气候变化呈现气温升高、降水量减少的暖干化趋势。年平均气温总体上升了111℃,同时在上世纪90年代到本世纪初,年平均气温增幅最大,达到06℃;季节变化中,冬季增温最显著（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<001）。年平均降水量总体下降了1196 mm,在1985~1997年间,降水量呈现显著波动下降趋势,最大降幅为3452 mm;而季节变化中,夏季下降最明显。在未来10年,流域内气温将持续增加,年平均气温将增加013℃,降水量将逐年减少,年平均降水量将减少78%。金水河流域过去近50年的气候变化对流域内的生态环境产生了较大的影响,从而加剧了流域生态系统的脆弱性,从一定程度上对南水北调中线工程的水资源安全构成了威胁。     

汉江上游金水河流域近50年气候变化特征及其对生态环境的影响

利用5年滑动平均距平分析、线性回归分析、相关分析及Autoregression 模型等统计分析方法，分析了近50年（1957~2004年）汉江上游金水河流域年度和春、夏、秋、冬4季气温和降水变化特征及其对流域生态环境的影响。结果显示：近50年来金水河流域气候变化呈现气温升高、降水量减少的暖干化趋势。年平均气温总体上升了111℃，同时在上世纪90年代到本世纪初，年平均气温增幅最大，达到06℃；季节变化中，冬季增温最显著（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<001）。年平均降水量总体下降了1196 mm，在1985~1997年间，降水量呈现显著波动下降趋势，最大降幅为3452 mm；而季节变化中，夏季下降最明显。在未来10年，流域内气温将持续增加，年平均气温将增加013℃，降水量将逐年减少，年平均降水量将减少78%。金水河流域过去近50年的气候变化对流域内的生态环境产生了较大的影响，从而加剧了流域生态系统的脆弱性，从一定程度上对南水北调中线工程的水资源安全构成了威胁。