输油管道弯头穿孔泄漏数值模拟

我国在役输油管道经过多年冲刷及腐蚀后,存在安全隐患,使得对输油管道泄漏事故的研究具有重要的现实意义。基于计算流体力学方法,采用有限容积法,建立管道泄漏控制方程,研究不同输送速度及泄漏孔径对泄漏后管内压强分布及泄漏量的影响。结果表明:泄漏孔径一定,输送速度分别与管内压强和泄漏量成正、负相关,泄漏口下游存在局部高压区;输送速度一定,泄漏孔径分别与管内压强和泄漏量成负、正相关,局部高压区的强度降低、范围减小。实际工作中可以采用一定方法增大管内输送速度或增大泄漏口径,从而减少实际的原油泄漏量。     

基于VPL的输油管道实时泄漏检测系统

针对现有管道泄漏检测技术在管道微小泄漏检测和油品泄漏损失计算方面存在的不足,基于流体动力学和容量守恒原理,开发基于VPL（Visual Pipeline）的输油管道实时泄漏检测系统。建立管道模拟平台,通过组态编辑器、图像界面、管道工作室和SCADA 接口,开展输油管道实时泄漏检测、定位与分析,实现管道实时泄漏检测、报警,以及泄漏量的定量计算。现场测试结果显示,所开发的输油管道泄漏检测系统最小泄漏检出率为0.7%,泄漏点定位精度为96.96%,泄漏量计算准确率为94.42%。研究结果表明:基于VPL的输油管道实时泄漏检测系统漏报、误报率低,检测定位精度较高,尤其对于微小泄漏优势明显;同时,该系统能够实时定量计算油品泄漏损失,可以用于输油管道泄漏检测与应急辅助决策。     

浅谈输油气企业安全生产

长距离输油管道是国家能源输送的重要动脉,点多线长,任何管理过程中的不慎或其他原因,都有可能给管道留下事故隐患或导致泄漏、中毒、污染、爆炸、火灾等重大安全事故,给国家和企业造成重大的经济损失.因此,如何应用科学合理的方法强化企业安全管理,防止和消除事故的发生,确保长距离输油管道的安全运行是各输油气企业工作的天字号大事.……     

输油管道泄漏发生池火灾影响分析

正输油管道输送的液体多具有易燃、易爆的特性,一旦发生泄漏,极易导致火灾爆炸事故,造成财产损失和人员伤亡,以及对周围环境造成破坏。因此在进行输油管道设计及进行在营输油管道附近新建工程时,应考虑输油管道泄漏对周围设施的危害,确保重要设施与输油管道有合理的安全距离。输油管道发生泄漏,若泄漏后液体流淌到地面或水面上,由于重     

建立全国油气输送管道“一张图”

青岛＂11·22＂输油管道泄漏爆炸事故之后,油气输送管道事故引起社会广泛关注。如何让油气输送管道不再＂受伤＂？国家正在建立全国统一的油气输送管道地图系统,以全面掌握管道运行情况,避免各种不利因素伤害油气输送管道。自2013年青岛＂11·22＂事故以来,为避免油气输送管道再次发生重特大事故,     

架空及埋地天然气管道泄漏扩散数值研究

天然气在管道运输过程中,由于含硫等腐蚀性气体对管道内壁的腐蚀作用,在管内其他压力的作用下,会引起穿孔泄漏。泄漏后的天然气扩散后,可能会引发火灾、中毒或爆炸。因此,进行天然气管道泄漏扩散及数值模拟研究,对管道输送安全运营和保障人生财产安全意义重大。该文利用CFD软件对架空及埋地含硫天然气管道穿孔泄漏后的甲烷、硫化氢气体的扩散进行了数值模拟。结果表明,受土壤毛孔阻力的影响,埋地天然气管道泄漏爆炸范围比架空天然气管道泄漏要小,但其在地面的影响时间长,硫化氢的中毒范围比架空要低30m左右。为天然气的安全输送及环境保护提供了理论依据。     

液氯厂间长距离管道输送系统危险性

相对于液氯道路运输方式而言,厂间液氯管道长距离输送的方式具有方便、快捷、经济等优点。但厂间液氯管道长距离输送存在着泄漏、中毒、火灾爆炸等事故风险。为了保障厂间液氯管线系统的安全,必须采取相应的安全措施。厂间液氯管线系统的安全措施应包括设备与管线安全设计、系统安全监控措施、系统安全联锁与自动控制措施、系统安全运行保障措施、异常处置方案措施等。     

基于贝叶斯网络的输油管道泄漏事故情景推演

为提高输油管道企业应急管理水平,采用情景分析和动态贝叶斯网络(BN)相结合的方法,研究输油管道泄漏事故情景演化过程。通过分析典型输油管道泄漏事故案例,选取事故情景状态、应急措施、驱动因素和应急目标为关键要素,结合动态BN构建输油管道泄漏事故情景推演模型,研究输油管道泄漏事故情景演化的特征与路径;将该模型运用到我国某油气管道公司发生的一起输油管道泄漏事故中,计算情景状态概率,从而推演情景发展趋势。结果表明:引起事故发生风险概率较高的情景状态依次为"第三方施工开挖导致管道破损,原油泄漏"、"地面出现明火"、"地面残火"、"路面残油燃烧"。     

基于Fluent的埋地原油管道泄漏事故后果分析

埋地输油管道一旦发生泄漏,一方面会造成土壤污染,另一方面当原油泄漏量过多时会上渗到地面形成油池,进而引发池火灾,对人员、环境、设备均会造成危害。为了研究埋地输油管道泄漏事故的后果,为事故救援及处理提供参考,提出了一种针对此类事故的土壤污染、池火灾后果定量分析方法。方法以Fluent软件为工具模拟原油被点燃前的泄漏扩散情况,分析原油在土壤及地面上的扩散规律及范围,并结合危害模型得到池火灾造成的热辐射危害范围。利用该方法对不同管道压力和泄漏孔径的6种工况下的事故进行了分析,结果表明,原油管道泄漏时的压力及泄漏孔径对原油扩散速度影响较大,进而影响避免事故的难易程度。     

输油管道的风险识别及其评价方法的研究

输油管道是石油运输的主要组成部分,在输送油气过程中存在很多的风险。应用科学分析方法,识别管道输油生产作业危害及其影响和事故隐患,并对危害因素进行正确的评价。同时,对输油管道安全评价方法进行研究,从而选择合理的评价方法。     

Quantitative assessment of environmental risk due to accidental spills from onshore pipelines

The transport of hazardous materials by pipeline is widely used for the transfer of significant quantities of oil and chemicals. Due to the extremely low frequency of spills, pipelines are considered the safest mode for the land transportation of hazardous substances. Accident records, while confirming that Loss of Containment (LOC) events are rare, also point out the major-accident hazard of pipelines, due to the extremely severe potential consequences of spills. Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) techniques have been applied to pipelines since many years with the aim of evaluating risk for workers or exposed population. However, releases of liquids, as oil and oil products, also create an hazard to the environment, due to the potential of extensive soil and groundwater contamination. An integrated model was developed for the environmental Risk Analysis of spills from pipelines. Specific environmental risk indexes were defined, expressing the risk of soil and groundwater contamination, both in physical and economic terms. A case-study is presented and discussed to illustrate the features of the methodology. The results confirmed that the proposed model may be considered an important tool within a comprehensive approach to the management of risk related to onshore pipelines.     

黄岛石化区消防安全初评估

黄岛石化区是一个集油品储运、原油炼制、芳烃加工为一体的大型石油化工基地。目前,区域内拥有原油炼制能力达到1000多万吨,危险化学品存储能力接近1000万吨,危化品码头吞吐能力接近6000万吨,并且危化品项目的规模还在不断扩大中。鉴于危化品项目的危险性较高,石化区域的消防安全就成了企业生产安全的重要保障,而消防安全是否有保证则与区域内企业的生产存储装置的危险程度、安全设施配置、消防设施的配置以及消防队伍和车辆的配置等有直接的关系。笔者通过对区域内上述各方面信息的详细了解,并在参阅了大量技术文献资料的基础上,分别以生产装置火灾和存储装置火灾为对象进行了消防安全的初步评估,同时对区域内消防方面存在的问题提出改进建议。     

变电站内危险废物临时贮存现状及设计探讨

变电站内主要危险废物为废矿物油、含矿物油废物,以及废铅酸蓄电池。结合危险废物临时贮存管理要求,分析了变电站内危险废物贮存现状及存在的环保问题。从环境保护角度提出了危险废物临时贮存设施事故油池、危废贮存间设计建议。     

Fire and explosion risk assessment for large-scale oil export terminal

Now in Russian Federation and other countries large-scale oil terminals (volume of one tank exceeds 100 000 m³, total volume of tanks exceeds 300 000 m³) are designed and constructed. Therefore fire safety of such objects becomes a very important task, solution of which is hardly possible without detail fire risk assessment. This study is aimed to a solution of this problem. Potential, individual and social risks were calculated. The potential risk was defined as a frequency of occurrence of hazardous factors of fires and explosions in a given point of space (the so-called risk contours). The individual risk was defined as a frequency of injuring a given person by hazardous factors of fires and explosions. Time of presence of this person in hazardous zones (near the hazardous installation) is taken into account during calculations of the individual risk. Social risk was defined as a dependence of frequency of injuring a given number of people by hazardous factors of fires and explosions on this number. In practice the social risk is usually determined on injuring not less than 10 people.

The oil terminal under consideration includes the following main parts: crude oil storage consisting of three tanks of volume 100 000 m³ each, input crude oil pipeline of diameter 0.6 m, crude oil pumps, output crude oil pipeline of diameter 0.8 m, auxiliary buildings and facilities. The following main scenarios of tank fires have been considered: rim seal fire, pool fire on a surface of a floating roof, pool fire on a total cross-section surface of the tank, pool fire in a dyke, explosions in closed or semiclosed volumes. Fires and explosions in other parts of the terminal are also taken into account. Effects of escalation of accidents are considered.

Risk contours have been calculated both for the territory of the terminal and for the neighbouring space. The potential risk for the storage zone is near 10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵ year⁻¹, and at a distance 500 m from the terminal the potential risk values do not exceed 10⁻⁶ year⁻¹. The values of the individual risk for various categories of workers are in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻⁶ year⁻¹. Because of low number of the workers on the terminal and large distances to towns and villages the social risk value is negligible. These risk values are consistent with practice of the best oil companies, and fire hazard level of the terminal can be accepted as tolerable.     

石油储罐油气蒸发损耗的成因、危害及对策

油气蒸发威胁安全,蒸发的油蒸气易引发爆炸,从而导致油罐爆炸着火。油蒸气是气相烃类,属有毒物品,漂浮地面易致人窒息。油蒸气还易形成光化学烟雾的二次污染物。由于油蒸气的蒸发损耗,全世界每年散失于大气中的油气约为１×１０８吨,折合人民币２４００亿元。因其所蒸发的都是油料中的最轻组分且油气蒸发还严重影响成品油质量。笔者分析了油气蒸发损耗的危害、产生原因及各种影响因素,并提出了降低油气蒸发损耗的对策     

液化天然气燃料动力船舶定量风险分析

近年来航运耗油产生的CO2排放量很大,发展液化天然气替代原有船舶动力成为需要。在中国天然气开发应用较晚,试点改造船舶存在安全隐患。分析了危险事件的一般导致原因,确定危害影响因子对改造船舶的设计和操作有指导作用。基于个人风险,分析了各类事故发生概率,选择了合适的后果模型,考察了长江气象条件,以芜湖某试点改造船进行了定量风险计算,得到了个人风险等值线,确定船体距离河道两边高敏感或特殊高密度场所不应小于20m,指出改用天然气作为船舶燃料后满足安全推荐标准要求。     

硅烷的危险特性及安全操作

硅烷作为一种提供硅组分的气体源 ,广泛应用于微电子、光电器件以及高纯度多晶硅生产 ,潜在应用前景更为广阔。随着硅烷应用领域的扩大 ,硅烷安全使用和处理已成为首要的问题。通过对硅烷着火的研究和事故分析表明 ,硅烷的危险特性在于它与氧反应的极强活性 :自燃 ,着火下限低 ,燃烧能量大。由于硅烷的自燃特性 ,对它的安全防范 ,与一般的易燃易爆物质相比 ,除一些共同点之外 ,还有显著的不同之处。在操作中必须预防高浓度硅烷与氧接触发生自燃着火。同时还必须防止硅烷泄漏在有限的空间内与氧混合 ,形成不稳定爆炸性气团。笔者综合分析和研讨了硅烷着火和爆炸的最新进展和成果 ,在实践经验和分析典型硅烷事故的基础上 ,提出了处理和使用硅烷的安全操作要点。     

铁路油罐车充装过程火灾爆炸危险性分析

铁路油罐车在成品油充装过程中,由于油品本身的易燃易爆特性以及静电等危险因素的作用,极易发生火灾爆炸事故. 通过对静电等危险因素产生的过程及原因进行分析,阐述了在充装工艺过程中,防止静电等危险有害因素产生的控制方法,并提出了在铁路油罐车成品油充装过程中,防止火灾爆炸事故发生的技术对策措施.     

Real-time response system for the prediction of the atmospheric transport of hazardous materials

Human urge of exploiting earth resources has resulted into unprecedented industrial development in the last century resulting into production of large quantities of hazardous chemicals. Chemical, petrochemical, nuclear, biomedical and pharmaceutical industrial accidents release large quantities of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere. The accidental discharge during production or storage or transportation have subjected the population to be exposed to exceptionally high concentration levels of hazardous chemicals, taking them by surprise, unprepared with fatal consequences. An emergency planning organization has to be trained to combat this situation in the shortest possible time to minimize the number of causalities. The present paper focuses on computation of dispersion model, using emission source, accident location and online metrological data near to the sources, to provide necessary and accurate results swiftly. The predicted ground level concentrations with the hazardous nature of the chemical, speed and direction of plume, the emergency team will be supplied with all the information in graphical easy to grasp form, superimposed over a GIS map or the latest satellite image of the area.

The emergency team has to be trained for all past scenarios and their preparedness, response and actions must be practiced regularly to be able to abate chemical releases accidentally or intentionally.

Accidental releases of chlorine and ammonia gases in residential and industrial areas are simulated. The predicted ground level concentrations in the effected areas are shown after different time intervals. For low vapor pressure chemical, the dispersion time is large and concentration levels are low but persist for prolonged time while for volatile chemical, the concentrations are high in short time and recovering to safe environment is quick.     

基于文献计量的国内危险化学品信息化监管主题与热点分析*

为提升危化品安全信息化监管建设能力与本质安全水平,通过文献计量法和CiteSpace软件,采用关键词共现和聚类归纳对危化品领域及技术研究趋势进行分析。结果表明:危化品安全信息化监管研究自1998年共经历萌芽、发展、摆动3个阶段,但高质量成果较少;在当前新兴信息技术和传统评价分析技术相结合的新型研究模式下,着重突出物联网、大数据、人工智能、区块链等智能技术占比,是未来危化品信息化监管发展重要途径。