盐胁迫下硅对黄瓜叶片抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化物的影响

采用无土盆栽试验方法,研究了轻度和重度盐(NaCl)胁迫下,硅对黄瓜Cucumis sativus L.叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量的影响.施硅量设置5个水平,分别为0.0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 g SiO2·kg-1基质;钠盐(NaCl)胁迫设置轻度(每kg基质2.0 g)和重度(每kg基质5.0 g)胁迫两个水平.结果表明:硅显著提高了黄瓜叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,与不施硅的盐分胁迫处理相比,SOD活性提高了3.65%～130.1%,POD活性提高了11.7%～85.9%,CAT活性提高了44.6%～117.1%;MDA含量显著降低了1.0%～25.8%.施硅量相同,重度盐分胁迫处理SOD、POD、CAT活性低于轻度盐分胁迫,MDA含量高于轻度胁迫处理.相同盐分胁迫下,施硅量愈大,SOD、POD、CAT活性愈高,MDA含量愈低;轻度盐分胁迫条件下,硅对SOD、POD、CAT活性的提升作用大于重度盐分胁迫.以上结果说明硅对黄瓜叶片抗氧化酶活性和膜质过氧化物的影响与施硅量和盐分胁迫程度密切相关.     

Effect of phytohormone pretreatment on metabolic changes in Vigna radiata under salt stress

Efficiency of pretreatment as foliar spray of indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid and kinetin (6-furfuryl aminopurine) each ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M in restoring the metabolic alterations imposed by NaCl salinity (E.C. value 4.0 m mhos/cm) was investigated in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Application of NaCl resulted in about 7% and 9% decrease in phenol content in mung bean leaf and root respectively. In leaf, NaCl caused 40% increase in polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity over the control set. This effect was accentuated in root, where salinity caused 200% increase in the enzyme activity. In leaf and root of mung-bean plant, ascorbic acid content decreased about 29% and 31% respectively under salinity stress as compared with control. Ascorbic acid oxidase enzyme activity increased under stress by about 55% and 23% respectively in leaf and root. It was noted that all the three growth regulators used in the present study were able to overcome to variable extents the adverse effects of stress imposed by NaCl solution.     

Effect of heat stress on polyamine content and protein pattern in Skeletonema costatum

In the present paper we investigated the polyamine content and protein expression pattern in laboratory-reared Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve under temperature stress conditions. Putrescine, spermidine and to a lesser extent spermine were present in this alga. Free putrescine and spermidine increased after heat shock while a concomitant decrease in trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble bound putrescine and spermidine occurred. After 40 min of 30 °C stress both were no longer detectable, whereas TCA-soluble bound spermine was present. The appearance of 83, 42, 40.7 and 35 kDa polypeptides was observed when S. costatum cells were subjected to heat treatment. Western blotting experiments revealed the presence in this diatom of ubiquitin and ubiquitin conjugates. Heat stress strongly increased the number of ubiquitin conjugate polypeptides of high molecular weight. No variation in the carbohydrate content was observed in response to stress. A possible role for these different metabolic events in the adaptive response of S. costatum to rapid temperature shifts has been hypothesized.     

盐胁迫下弗吉尼亚栎生长和生理生化变化

弗吉尼亚栎(Quercus virginiana)是美国沿海地区重要的绿化树种,具有较强的耐盐性.文章采用Hoagland溶液水培方法,研究了美国引进树种-弗吉尼亚栎(简称弗栎)在3.0 g·L-1、5.0 g·L-1和7.0 g·L-1 NaCl胁迫下的生长状况以及叶片脯氨酸含量和对Na 、K 选择性吸收的动态变化.结果发现,在经过不同质量质量浓度NaCl处理21 d后,随着NaCl质量质量浓度的增加,弗栎植株生长受到抑制,其中茎叶生物量减少的幅度较根系大,表明弗栎地上部生长比地下部对盐胁迫更加敏感,从而导致根冠比增加.同时发现,盐胁迫处理不同时期对叶片脯氨酸含量和Na 、K 含量的影响各不相同,在处理7 d和21 d时,叶片对Na 和K 的吸收量均有增加,使K /Na 维持相对稳定的比值,而脯氨酸含量随NaCl质量质量浓度的增加减少;在处理第14 d时,对Na 吸收增加的同时,抑制了对K 的吸收,导致K /Na 比值随NaCl质量质量浓度的增加而迅速下降,而此时叶片脯氨酸含量随着盐质量质量浓度的增加而迅速增加,表明在盐胁迫早期和晚期,弗栎可能通过增加对K 的吸收以减轻Na 离子毒害效应,而在盐胁迫中期,叶片积累脯氨酸是适应盐胁迫的方式之一.     

Effect of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides on salt stress alleviation and seed germination

Effectof exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by a consortium of cyanobacteria on germination of three crops wheat, maize and rice was studied at different salt concentrations. Production of EPS was found to be stimulated by salts, which in turn had a significant Na+ removal capability from aqueous solution. Seed germination, vigor index and mobilization efficiency in all the three crops remarkably improved when cyanobacterial EPS was applied. While germination improved significantly by 13 to 30%, mobilization efficiency increased marginally by 1.03 to 1.1 times and vigor index increased by 1.15 to 2.4 times in these crops in response to EPS under non-saline conditions. Salinity had an inhibitory effect on seed germination of all the species showing 18 to 54% reduction. However, in the presence of EPS, the salt induced inhibition diminished to 13 to 18%. Inhibitory effect of salt on chlorophyll concentration, vigor index and mobilization efficiency of the seedlings was much less in these crops in the presence of EPS, indicating the latter's role in salt stress alleviation.     

逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展

介绍了逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展。在逆境下,植物的叶片形态、解剖构造和内含物质等方面产生变化或特化,以保证植物正常的生命活动。解剖构造与树木的抗旱性关系密切,渗透调节是一个重要的抗旱性和抗盐性机制。植物为了减少虫害的发生,采用防卫和逃避相结合的策略保护自己。叶片中午受到强光胁迫时存在明显的＂避光运动＂,栅栏组织的叶绿体通过不同的运动排列方式来调整对光辐射的吸收,减少光胁迫。植物在阴蔽的环境中,通过大的叶面积等方式保证在弱光条件下充分利用光能。在干旱和盐胁迫下,叶片变小或消失,叶片表皮角质化,在叶片或细胞外形成一些机械组织,叶肉质化,白天叶片气孔关闭等方式增加耐盐性。多年生落叶树木和不落叶的植物通过不同的方式增加抗寒力。基因对叶性状的影响尚有争议。叶性状的差异可能是对不同环境的反映,或者是它们的年龄和基因引起的。最后,对叶性状的研究前景作了展望。     

Effect of water stress on carbon isotope discrimination and its relationship with transpiration efficiency and specific leaf area in Cenchrus species

Carbon isotope discrimination (CID) has been proposed in estimating transpiration efficiency (TE) in plants indirectly To identify variations for TE and specific leaf area (SLA) and their association with CID, a glasshouse experiment was conducted using six prominent species of Cenchrus. A significant increase in TE (3.50 to 3.87 g kg(-1)) and decrease in SLA (219.50 to 207.99 cm2 g(-1)) and CID (13.72 to 13.23% per hundred) was observed from well watered to stress condition. Results indicated a direct relationship of SLA with CID (r = 0.511* and 0.544*) and inverse relationship between TE and CID (r = -0.229 and -0.270) However the relationship of TE with CID was insignificant. A positive and significant relationship was visualized between TE and dry matter production in both control (r = 0.917**) and stress (0.718**) treatments. Relationships of total dry matter with SLA and CID were monitored insignificant and negative in control and positive in stress treatment indicated difference in dry matter production under two treatments. It seems that, in Cenchrus species, CID was influenced more by the photosynthetic capacity than by stomatal conductance, as indicated by its positive relationship with SLAin both control (r = 0.511) and stress (r = 0.544) conditions and negative relationship with root dry matter production under control (r = -0.921**) and stress (r = -0.919***) condition. Results showed good correspondence between CID and SLA, indicating that lines having high TE and biomass production can be exploited for their genetic improvement for drought.     

Response in germination and seedling growth in Phaseolus mungo under salt and drought stress

The effect of salt and drought stress at the water potentials of-2, -4,-6and -8 bars induced by NaCl and PEG 6000 (Polyethylene glycol 6000) each, on germination and early seedling growth, were investigated for two varieties (PU-19 and Type-9). Electrical conductivity (EC) value of the NaCl solutions were 4.5, 8.8, 12.7 and 16.3 dS m(-1). Germination percentage, root and shoot length, and seedling fresh and dry weight were measured in the study. The objective was to determine genotypic differences among P. mungo varieties in terms of salt and drought stress and to determine factors (salt toxicity or osmotic stress due to PEG) inhibiting seed germination. The germination results revealed that the genotypes significantly differed for salt and drought stress. PU-19 appeared to be more tolerant to salt and drought stress comparable to var Type-9. Both NaCl and PEG inhibited germination and seedling growth in both the varieties, but the effects of NaCI compared to PEG was less on germination and seedling growth. All varieties were able to germinate at all NaCl levels without significant decrease in germination, while a drastic decrease in germination was recorded at -6 and -8 bars of PEG. It was concluded that inhibition in germination at equivalent water potential of NaCl and PEG was mainly due to an osmotic effect rather than salt toxicity.     

水杨酸对铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响

以黄瓜幼苗为材料,研究了外源水杨酸对铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明:水杨酸使铅胁迫的黄瓜幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,可溶性蛋白质含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低;在0~1 mmol.L-1范围内的外源SA对铅胁迫的黄瓜幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量下降量和超氧化物歧化酶活性增加量与水杨酸处理浓度呈正相关,与外源水杨酸处理浓度呈正相关,而过氧化物酶活性增加量与外源水杨酸浓度呈负相关。外源水杨酸的作用可能是通过提高黄瓜叶片对膜脂过氧化的抗性来提高黄瓜幼苗对铅毒害的耐受力。     

PBS共聚物对蚯蚓的蛋白质含量和纤维素酶活性的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓Eisennia foetida为研究对象,在滤纸接触法的基础上,采用自然土壤法进行急性毒性试验,研究了不同相对分子质量的PBS-co-PCL共聚物对蚯蚓蛋白质含量和纤维素酶活性的毒性效应。研究结果表明：随着暴露时间的增长,蚯蚓蛋白质含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势;第7天时,数均相对分子质量（Mn）为8.0×103的聚合物对蛋白质的影响较明显;第14天时,相对分子质量（Mn）为1.6×104和2.8×104的聚合物对蛋白质的影响较明显。聚合物相对分子质量（Mn）为8.0×103处理组中,纤维素酶活性受到的抑制作用较明显,聚合物含量为2.5%时,抑制作用达到最大。但是随着暴露时间的增长,这种抑制作用逐渐减小,即影响是暂时性的,纤维素酶活性变化比蛋白质含量变化更敏感。以上结果表明蚯蚓在实验过程中没有出现致病或致死现象,即聚合物对蚯蚓的影响较小。     

Amelioration of mercurial toxicity by manganese. I. A case study in mung bean seedling

Mercury, a non essential element renders inhibitory effect on many physiological activities of plants even at a low concentration. Plants absorb "Hg" from soil through root system. Manganese, an essential element has been found to counter the inhibitory effect of mercury mostly by preventing it's uptake from soil. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) cv. Pusa Baisakhi grown in individual (1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm) solution of Hg and Mn showed varied uptake of these heavy metals. However, in combined solutions (1 : 1, 10 : 1 and 1 : 10 ppm Hg : Mn), mercury uptake was mostly prevented in presence of 10 ppm Mn, indicating it's ameliorating effect.     

盐胁迫对海滨锦葵生长及Na~+、K~+离子积累的影响

大面积的沿海滩涂湿地及盐渍化的土壤是我国的土地后备资源,但由于其盐碱化严重,正常的作物不能生存,筛选耐盐能力强的经济植物是治理与改良盐碱地的最经济最有效的途径。海滨锦葵Kosteletzkya virginica原产于美国东部特拉华州至得克萨斯州的盐海岸带,近年来,其优良的经济利用价值备受关注。为更好地引种及开发利用海滨锦葵,了解其盐胁迫下的生物学特性是首要的课题。在自然生长条件下,通过设置5个NaCl盐梯度(0、2、4、8、15 g·L-1)对盆栽的海滨锦葵幼苗(具3～4片真叶)盐胁迫处理,研究了不同盐梯度胁迫下海滨锦葵的生长特性及根、叶中的Na、K含量。结果表明,15 g·L-1NaCl处理显著降低了株高、主根直径和叶面积(P<0.05),分别是对照的61.78%、57.73%和67.81%;主根干质量、须根干质量、茎干质量和叶干质量也分别下降了41.67%、50%、54.17%和26.19%;15 g·L-1NaCl处理并没有显著改变根质量比、茎质量比和根冠比,却显著提高了叶质量比,比对照增加了40%,同时对比叶面积和SPAD值也没有显著的影响(P>0.05)。和对照相比,15 g·L-1NaCl处理显著增加了主根、茎和叶中的Na+含量,降低了主根和茎中的K+含量,而叶中的K+离子含量却增加了46.37%,相关分析表明,叶中的K+和叶中的Na+没有明显的相关性(P>0.05),而与根、茎中的Na+极显著正相关,与K+含量极显著负相关(P<0.01)。     

Rice seedlings under cadmium stress: effect of silicon on growth,cadmium uptake,oxidative stress,antioxidant capacity and root and leaf structures

In this study, the effect of silicon (Si) addition on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rice seedlings was investigated. After a series of screening experiments, 50 μmol·L^?1 of Cd and 10 μ mol·L^?1 of Si were selected. Treatment of rice seedlings with Cd (50 μ mol·L^?1) resulted in significant accumulation of this metal in roots and shoots. The data revealed that accumulation of Cd resulted in oxidative stress in rice seedlings as evidenced by increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA; a peroxidation product of lipids). However, addition of Si (10 μ mol·L^?1) together with Cd prevented accumulation of Cd, H₂O₂ and MDA. Antioxidant capacity was decreased by Cd but enhanced by Si addition. Cd decreased the length and frequency of root hairs, stomatal frequency, and distorted leaf mesophyll cells and vascular bundles. However, addition of Si together with Cd reduced these abnormalities. The results showed that addition of exogenous Si protected rice seedlings against Cd toxicity by preventing Cd accumulation and oxidative stress (H₂O₂ and MDA accumulation) by increasing Si accumulation and antioxidant capacity, which maintained the structure and integrity of leaf and root.     

Effect of curacron toxicity on the total serum protein content of Cyprinus carpio

An experiment was conducted on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to study the effect of the pesticide curacron on total serum protein. Curacron is an organophosphate pesticide and used by the farmers to protect their crops. This pesticide reaches the aquatic ecosystem by direct or indirect means and affects aquatic fauna. LC50 for curacron for C. carpio was calculated by the log-dose/probit regression line method and found to be 0.38?ppm at 96?h. Three sub-lethal concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.001?mL?L^?1) were selected to expose the fish for 1, 7, 14, and 21days. Changes in total serum protein were observed at all pesticide concentrations and exposure periods. Total serum protein was decreased from control. At 1 and 7 days, the decrease was quantitative at all concentrations, while at 14 and 21 days, the fall was significant at all concentrations. Hence, human population may be at risk by consuming these contaminated fish.     

Effect of cadmium on germination, coleoptile and root growth of barley seeds in the presence of gibberellic acid and kinetin

Effect of cadmium on barley seeds treated with kinetin and gibberellic acid was investigated. As usual, cadmium has inhibited seed germination, and showed important inhibitory effects on roots and coleoptile growth after germination. In general, increase in cadmium concentration caused a greater inhibition of germination, root and coleoptile growth. The adverse effect of cadmium on root and coleoptile growth was more pronounced than that on germination. While testa was pierced by radicle (an indication of germination), no root or coleoptile development was observed above at concentration of 3-9.5 mM CdCl2xH2O. Low concentrations of cadmium have inhibited the root growth more than it did on coleoptile growth. Treatment of seeds with gibberellic acid and kinetin did not show any significant difference on the effect of cadmium in germination. However, inhibition of coleoptile elongation by cadmium has decreased a very much after kinetin application. The same result, although with lower rates when compared to kinetin, has been obtained for GA3 as well. In addition, the inhibitory effect of cadmium on root growth increased even more after kinetin application. The results have been found statistically significant through the least significant different (LSD) test at levels ofp < 0.05 and p < 0.01.     

水分胁迫下内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内保护酶系统活力的影响

比较了两种不同的水分胁迫方式（田间干旱迫和温室渗透胁迫）下,内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内SOD、POD和CAT活性以及MDA含量变化的影响,结果表明,当植物未遭受水分胁迫时,感染植株叶内SOD和POD活性明显高于非感染植株,在温室渗透胁迫下,随着胁迫强度和胁迫时间的增加,感染植株叶内SOD活性明显高于非感染植株,MDA含量大大低于非感染植株,而在田间干旱胁迫下,感染植株的这种优势表现得并不明显,图2表2参23     

湖南烟区烤烟锌含量与土壤有效锌的分布特点及关系分析

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了湖南烟区烤烟锌含量与土壤有效锌含量的分布特点及关系。结果表明,(1)湖南烟叶锌含量总体适宜,平均为(36.30±14.05)mg·kg-1,变幅为10.50~100.50mg·kg-1;调查区域内有92.58%的烟叶样本锌含量落在20.00~80.00mg·kg-1区间内;不同等级烟叶锌含量的规律是:B2F>C3F>X2F。(2)湖南植烟土壤有效锌含量适中,平均为(2.27±3.74)mg·kg-1,变幅为0.13~62.59mg·kg-1,变异系数高达155.09%;有22.41%的土壤样本在不同程度上缺锌(≤1.00mg·kg-1),有7.36%的样本的有效锌含量超过4.00mg·kg-1,满足优质烟生长的土壤样本达到70.23%;不同土壤类型有效锌含量的变化规律是:鸭屎泥>黄泥田>黄灰土>黄壤土。(3)烟叶锌含量与土壤有效锌含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.312;与土壤有效铜、有效铁和有效硫均呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH值、有效钾和水溶性氯均呈显著负相关。(4)在土壤有效锌含量分组后,不同等级烟叶锌含量均随着土壤有效锌含量的增加,而呈现先增加后下降的趋势,且各等级烟叶锌含量在组间差异达到5%的显著水平。     

盐碱胁迫对水稻主要生育性状的影响

对7个水稻品种(品系)和苏打盐碱土(pH6．5～19．81)进行盆栽试验，探讨了盐碱胁迫对水稻株高、秆长、分蘖和抽穗期等主要生育性状的影响。结果表明，盐碱胁迫使水稻株高降低、秆长缩短，且盐碱度越大，降低幅度越大；盐碱胁迫使水稻单株分蘖力明显下降，使分蘖高峰明显推迟或不出现分蘖高峰；水稻抽穗期随着盐碱度的提高，其延长的天数越长，并且发现不耐盐碱的早熟品种比耐盐碱的中晚熟品种抽穗晚；水稻成熟期的株高或秆长不宜作为衡量其耐盐碱强弱的主要指标，只能作为一般参考指标。水稻单株分蘖力(茎蘖数)和抽穗期存在明显的基因型差异，是衡量水稻耐盐碱强弱的良好指标。盐碱地种稻应重视选择单株分蘖力较强的耐盐碱品种，这对提高单位面积的有效穗数具有十分重要的意义。     

盐胁迫对沙棘幼苗生K与光合生理特征的影响

用不同浓度的NaCl处理沙棘(Hippophea rhamnoides)2 a生幼苗,研究盐胁迫对其生长、叶片水分、光合生理特征以及叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明,随着盐浓度的增加,沙棘幼苗鲜重、干重、比叶重(LMA)和单株总叶面积均明显下降.盐胁迫下,沙棘叶片出现严重的缺水现象,导致叶水势()、叶片相对含水量(RWC)逐渐下降,而叶片水分饱和亏缺(WSD)、组织密度(TD)逐渐升高.同时,叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、总叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量和叶绿索a/b(Chl a/Chl b)与对照相比均极显著降低.随着盐浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,沙棘幼苗叶片净光合速率(pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均明显下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先降后升,气孔限制值(Ls)和水分利用效率(唧)则先升后降.研究表明,Pn下降的原因短期内以气孔限制为主,长期则以叶片生理代谢紊乱、光合色素降解导致的光合能力下降等非气孔限制因素为主,且盐浓度越高,由气孔限制转为非气孔限制的时间越早.     

盐胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草生长的影响

冷季型草坪草在不同盐离子含量的胁迫下生长,其各项生理指标都会发生相应的变化,这些变化可以反应出不同草坪草抗逆性的强弱.本实验所用的品种为早熟禾P.Pratensis L.、黑麦草L.Perenne L.、高羊茅F.Arundinacea Schreb..3种草均为冷季型草坪草.将氯化钠溶液设为5个处理,其质量分数分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和一个对照,每个处理3次重复.将处理后3种草坪草的种子,播于营养钵中,实验室内培养.每日浇灌相对应的盐溶液,浇灌量为约2/3的溶液流出.待幼苗长到5～7 cm时,进行测定.在盐胁迫条件下,通过对黑麦草、高羊茅、早熟禾的发芽率、POD酶活性、质膜相对电导率等生理指标测定的研究,结果表明黑麦草抗盐性较强,早熟禾的耐盐性较弱.为在盐碱地上种植草坪提供了参考依据.