亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落叶分解过程中氮和磷在不同雨热季节的释放动态

为理解植物—土壤之间的养分联系,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究季节性降雨期间常绿阔叶林区最具代表性的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)等6种凋落叶第一年不同雨热季节分解中氮(N)、磷(P)动态及释放与富集特征.结果显示,凋落叶的N浓度随雨季的变化动态取决于树种,但除红椿以外的其它5种凋落叶在分解初期N浓度变化不明显,在雨季时期显著升高(P<0.05);6种凋落叶P浓度动态比较一致,表现为分解初期P浓度稍微下降,在雨季时期显著升高(P<0.05).历经一年的分解,红椿N、P释放率最大(分别为81.79%、54.19%),香樟N富集率最大(131.45%),马尾松的P富集率最高(268.75%),且6种凋落叶N、P释放/富集率动态均在雨季最明显.凋落叶分解过程中C/N、C/P呈现下降趋势,而N/P变化规律不一致.这些结果均表明,季节性降雨显著(P<0.05)影响凋落叶N、P动态,雨季温湿度的改变可影响N、P释放过程.     

凋落物质量和分解对中亚热带栲木荷林土壤氮矿化的影响

用控温、控水室内培养方法,研究了中亚热带栲木荷常绿阔叶林和邻近柳杉人工针叶林凋落物的分解及其对栲木荷林土壤氮矿化的影响.结果表明:栲木荷阔叶林的凋落物失重率大于针阔混合凋落物的失重率,大于柳杉针叶纯林凋落物的失重率.所有凋落物失重率都与其初始氮含量呈显著负相关,和初始碳含量呈显著正相关,而与凋落物C/N比的相关性不强.不同凋落物处理下的土壤NO3--N含量差异显著(P＜0.05,N=18),NH4 -N含量差异不显著(P＞0.05,N=18),混合凋落物处理下的土壤NO3--N和NH4 -N含量最高,分别是224.21 mg kg-1和56.77 mg kg-1,其氮转化速率也最高,硝化、氨化、氮矿化速率分别为1.74 mg kg-1 d-1、0.36 mg kg-1 d-1和1.90mg kg-1 d-1.各凋落物处理下的土壤氮含量随时间变化的规律不一致.土壤氨化速率与土壤全氮呈显著正相关(r=0.843,P＜0.05,N=21),与栲木荷林凋落物的失重率呈显著负相关(r=-0.997,P＜0.05,N=21).图3表4参29     

华西雨屏区几种乡土树种不同物候关键时期凋落物的有机组分特征

凋落物的有机组分含量可随着植物生长节律及物候期变化而改变.以华西雨屏区喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)、枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera)、柏木(Cupressus funebris)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortune)为研究对象,通过定点动态收集萌芽期、展叶期、盛叶期和落叶期凋落物组成,分析其水溶性组分(Water soluble component,WSC)、有机溶性组分(Organic solvent soluble component,OSC)、酸溶性组分(Acid-soluble extractive,ASE)和酸不溶性组分(Acid-insoluble residue,AIR)的差异.结果显示,相同树种中,各器官凋落物的WSC相对含量呈现逐渐减小的趋势,OSC相对含量在一年中总体呈现盛叶期增加、落叶期降低的趋势,ASE相对含量在各物候期间变化不显著,AIR相对含量则表现出增加的变化趋势,凋落叶、枝木质纤维素指数(LCI)表现出上升的趋势,凋落果则为下降趋势;同一物候期,凋落物中的WSC相对含量表现为喜树高于其他树种,AIR相对含量表现为针叶树种高于阔叶树种;4个树种凋落叶在盛叶期均表现出较高的WSC和OSC相对含量,凋落枝则有较高的OSC相对含量;萌芽期和盛叶期的凋落枝呈现出较高的ASE相对含量和较低的AIR相对含量与LCI值.本研究表明,关键时期、物种类型、器官类型及其相互作用对凋落物中WSC、OSC、ASE和AIR相对含量具有不同程度的影响;结果可进一步丰富对生态系统碳的归还等特征的认识.     

川西亚高山/高山森林凋落物分解过程中土壤动物群落结构及其多样性动态

为进一步了解土壤动物对高寒森林凋落物分解的影响,于2011年11月至2012年10月在凋落物分解的不同时期即冻结前期、冻结期、融化期、生长季节初期、生长季节中期以及生长季节末期,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了川西亚高山/高山森林代表性物种康定柳(Salix paraplesia)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)、红桦(Betula albosinensis)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落物中土壤动物的群落结构及其多样性动态.结果显示:(1)共捕获土壤动物7 082只,隶属2门9纲15目57科(类),不同物种凋落物中土壤动物捕获量差异显著,依次为岷江冷杉(36.01%)红桦(29.19%)康定柳(19.59%)方枝柏(15.21%).(2)冻融季节土壤动物捕获量显著小于生长季节,但仍占到总捕获量的17.69%.(3)凋落物分解的不同时期,土壤动物优势类群差异显著,但主要以弹尾目和甲螨亚目为主.(4)土壤动物功能类群以菌食性(64.17%)最多,其次是捕食性(23.89%),植食性(8.94%)次之,腐食性(3.00%)最少.(5)土壤动物多样性受温、湿度影响显著,其Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与水热条件变化趋于一致.这些结果表明凋落物质量及水热条件综合作用于川西亚高山/高山森林凋落物分解过程中土壤动物群落结构及其多样性.     

季节性冻融期间土壤动物对高山草甸两种凋落叶木质素降解的影响

高山草甸冻融季节强烈的冻结作用和频繁的冻融循环可促进凋落叶木质素降解,进而影响凋落叶分解及其相关的物质循环过程,但严酷环境下仍然活跃的土壤动物是否具有明显的作用尚无定论.因此,以高山草甸代表性植物黄花亚菊(Ajania nubigena)和黑褐苔草(Carex atrofusca)凋落叶为研究对象,采用不同孔径凋落叶袋排除土壤动物的方法,探讨冬季不同冻融时期(冻结前期、冻结期和融化期)土壤动物对凋落叶木质素降解的贡献.结果显示,整个季节性冻融期间,土壤动物对凋落叶中木质素的降解具有明显的贡献.土壤动物作用的凋落叶木质素降解率(Cfau)为19.41%(黄花亚菊凋落叶)和2.02%(黑褐苔草凋落叶),总贡献率(Pfau)为32.47%(黄花亚菊凋落叶)和2.33%(黑褐苔草凋落叶).然而不同时期土壤动物具有不同程度的影响.相对于其他时期,冻结初期土壤动物作用于黑褐苔草凋落叶木质素降解率最大(13.59%),而融化期最小(-0.27%).与黑褐苔草不同,融化期土壤动物作用于黄花亚菊凋落叶木质素降解率最大(17.59%),而在冻结期最小(-5.12%).土壤动物作用于凋落叶木质素的降解率和贡献率均与负积温显著正相关(P0.05),与凋落叶初始质量无显著相关性.可见,高寒草甸土壤动物在严酷的冬季环境下仍然对凋落叶木质素降解具有积极的作用,但相对于凋落叶质量,温度及其相关冻融环境的改变对土壤动物作用于木质素降解过程的影响更大.     

亚热带森林凋落物层土壤酶活性的季节动态

凋落物分解是森林生态系统养分循环中至关重要的过程。凋落物的分解与凋落物中的分解酶的活性直接相关。本研究调查了亚热带常绿阔叶林与针叶林中与土壤碳氮元素循环有关的β-糖苷酶(β-glucosidase)、内切纤维素酶(endocellulase)和几丁质酶(chitobiase)活性的季节变化规律。结果表明:在两个群落中,3种土壤酶活性与温度之间都有一定相关性,最高值均出现在温度较高的七月份;阔叶林中三种酶的活性在各个季节中大小顺序都为未分解凋落物层(L)>半分解层(F)>腐殖质层(H),而针叶林中则是半分解层(F)>未分解凋落物层(L)>腐殖质层(H);在每个取样时间点β-糖苷酶和几丁质酶的活性最高值都在阔叶林L层,显著高于针叶林L层,而内切纤维素酶的活性最高值是在针叶林H层。两林型下酶活性动态的差异,可能是导致两林型下凋落物层残存量差别的一个重要原因。     

亚热带6种针叶和阔叶树种凋落叶分解比较

针叶和阔叶树种分别代表了不同的生活型,其凋落叶片具有不同的分解速率.应用分解网袋法,在中国亚热带地区,选取了具有代表性的3种针叶树种(马尾松Pinus massoniana、水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata)和3种阔叶树种(木荷Schima superb、乐昌含笑Michelis chapensis和青冈Cyclobalanopsisgtauca)的凋落叶,放置于样地杭州千岛湖的林地中,经过1 a的分解实验,分析不同类型树种凋落叶的分解特征.6种树种凋落叶质量损失过程基本符合Olson指数模型,其中,3种针叶树种(马尾松、水杉和杉木)凋落叶的分解系数k值(分别为0.51、0.30和0.44),明显小于3种阔叶树种(木荷、乐昌含笑和青冈)凋落叶的分解系数k值(分别为0.55、1.12和0.66);同时,针叶树种(马尾松、水杉和杉木)凋落叶分解50%和95%所需时间(分别为1.36、2.31、1.78 a和5.87、9.99、7.68 a),大于阔叶树种(木荷、乐昌含笑和青冈)凋落叶的分解时间(分别为1.26、0.62、1.05 a和5.45、2.68、4.54a).多元回归分析表明,凋落物分解系数与初始钾元素含量显著相关(P<0.05).一元线性回归分析表明,凋落物的分解系数与初始钾元素和初始木质素含量均具有显著性差异(P<0.05).亚热带地区针、阔叶树种凋落叶分解的差异与自身质量密切相关,其中初始木质素与钾元素含量是控制凋落物分解的主要因素.图2表2参23     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

森林凋落物是指森林生态系统内由生物组分产生,然后归还到林地表面的所有有机物质的总称。森林凋落物在促进森林生态系统正常的物质循环和养分平衡,维持生态系统功能中具有重要作用,其分解受多因素影响,且各因素之间相互交错。不同情况下,各因子的重要性可能不同。温度和湿度被认为是影响凋落物分解主要的气候因子。凋落物随着温度升高分解速率加快,增加土壤湿度对凋落物分解有积极作用。凋落物的化学性质中,C、N比和木质素含量被认为是最重要的指标。凋落物分解前期的分解速率受到养分含量、水溶性碳化合物和结构碳化合物含量的强烈影响,而后期则更多地受到木质素及纤维素/木质素比值的支配。土壤动物可以粉碎凋落物,土壤微生物也是促进凋落物分解的重要因素,人为活动也影响凋落物分解。N沉降、全球变暖和臭氧层破坏等全球变化对森林凋落物分解的影响已逐渐成为研究热点。未来凋落物分解的研究方向是统一研究方法,开展长期定位监测,加强对分解过程中有机碳含量和释放量的研究,以及N沉降对凋落物分解作用机理的研究。     

施氮与凋落物去除影响下中亚热带阔叶林土壤氮素矿化潜势和硝化潜势研究

氮沉降影响土壤氮循环,而凋落物是土壤有机氮的主要来源,因此,为了探讨氮沉降和凋落物是否去除作用下,亚热带森林土壤潜在的氮素矿化与硝化作用,选择已进行8年模拟氮沉降试验的亚热带罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)常绿阔叶林土壤为研究对象,野外样地氮添加设置3个水平:对照(CK,0 kg·hm?2·a?1)、低氮(...     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

森林凋落物是指森林生态系统内由生物组分产生,然后归还到林地表面的所有有机物质的总称。森林凋落物在促进森林生态系统正常的物质循环和养分平衡,维持生态系统功能中具有重要作用,其分解受多因素影响,且各因素之间相互交错。不同情况下,各因子的重要性可能不同。温度和湿度被认为是影响凋落物分解主要的气候因子。凋落物随着温度升高分解速率加快,增加土壤湿度对凋落物分解有积极作用。凋落物的化学性质中,C、N比和木质素含量被认为是最重要的指标。凋落物分解前期的分解速率受到养分含量、水溶性碳化合物和结构碳化合物含量的强烈影响,而后期则更多地受到木质索及纤维素／木质素比值的支配。土壤动物可以粉碎凋落物,土壤微生物也是促进凋落物分解的重要因素,人为活动也影响凋落物分解。N沉降、全球变暖和臭氧层破坏等全球变化对森林凋落物分解的影响已逐渐成为研究热点。未来凋落物分解的研究方向是统一研究方法,开展长期定位监测,加强对分解过程中有机碳含量和释放量的研究,以及N沉降对凋落物分解作用机理的研究。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.