交通荷载作用下非饱和土的动力特性试验研究

通过泥浆固结法制备大量均一试样,基于改进的可控制吸力式非饱和土C.K.C循环三轴仪进行了动三轴试验,研究了非饱和粉质粘土在交通荷载长期作用下的动强度和变形特性,同时分析了在饱和条件下反复干湿循环对其动强度的影响。结果表明:基质吸力的增加提高了土体抵抗变形的能力,相同动应力及振次条件下,土体的累积塑性应变随着基质吸力的增加而减小;土体的临界循环动应力以及动强度随着基质吸力的增加而增大,但动强度随基质吸力增加而增大的速率随基质吸力的增加而减小;干湿循环对粉质粘土的动强度有显著影响,使得土体的动强度提高。     

GDS三轴仪的非饱和土试验操作方法

与传统三轴仪相比,GDS三轴仪有着显著的优势。对GDS三轴仪的组成部分、工作原理和试验过程中的具体操作进行了详细介绍,并应用GDS三轴仪研究了某高心墙堆石坝非饱和土填料的强度特征,得到了该土样的抗剪强度参数。     

吸力在非饱和强度理论计算中的探索性试验分析

为探讨南宁非饱和弱膨胀土强度,寻求一种基于物理力学参量简化的强度方程。以弱膨胀土非饱和特性变化规律为依托,开展击实试验、自由膨胀率试验,三轴试验和膨胀力试验等一系列室内试验,获得了不同含水率下的吸附强度与膨胀力间的变化关系。结果表明:抗剪强度随含水率增加而减小,膨胀力与吸附强度变化关系可用指数函数形式表征。基于试验成果,从土的含水率与吸力出发,以膨胀力为变量,建立吸力作用下的预测模型,探索出一种改进的南宁弱膨胀土的强度预测方程。该方程能很好的预测抗剪强度,为非饱和强度理论分析提供一条新途径。     

非饱和土边坡三维稳定性分析方法及考例

为了同时考虑边坡的饱和状态和三维尺度,根据非饱和土Barcelona模型进行了三维有限元数值模拟,确定了非饱和土边坡的应力位移分布。结合稳定性分析理论,将吸力对强度的贡献嵌入安全系数公式中,研究了非饱和土边坡的三维稳定性分析方法,并通过标准算例边坡的稳定性分析,确定了吸力对安全系数的贡献,并证明了该方法能够很好地退化到常规稳定性分析。     

非饱和黄土土水特征及其强度指标

以多种理论模型对非饱和土三轴仪实测数据进行了拟合评价;并在此基础上,引入非饱和土最新理论,反演和解析了土体脱湿与吸湿条件下的边界土-水特征曲线、渗透系数函数以及吸应力特征曲线;进一步从强度本构入手,结合不同基质吸力的三轴剪切试验结果,探究了基于吸应力的强度特性。研究结果表明:非饱和土三轴仪所测数据点及其三种模型拟合曲线均落在水力边界曲线(SWCC、HCF、SSCC)范围之内,表明了试验结果的正确性和合理性,以及非饱和土中水分的能量和数量的关系因路径差异而具可变性,即基质吸力不再是含水率的单值函数,而是一个范围体系;同时采用吸应力特征曲线的统一有效应力原理来描述土体在非饱和条件下的抗剪强度性质是合理的、普遍有效的,并且验证了土体处于饱和或者无基质吸力时,吸应力不为零,此时的吸应力对应的是土体在剪切破坏时的表观粘聚力这一结论。     

压力板仪法测土-水特征曲线试验研究

非饱和土土-水特征曲线(SWCC)表示了土中含水量与吸力之间的关系。针对非饱和土干-湿循环过程中的吸力变化特征,开展试验研究。采用体积压力板仪实现非饱和土的脱湿和吸湿过程。试验成果显示:(1)土-水特征曲线是不稳定的,它与土体含水率的变化路径有关;(2)在干湿循环过程中,相同的基质吸力具有不同的含水量。     

基于非饱和土力学的地质灾害灾变机制探讨

随着全球灾害性气候加剧,工程建设活动中与非饱和土力学有关的地质灾害问题也日益突出,主要表现为如下4个方面:胀缩性、稳定性、流动性和对围护结构影响。基于非饱和土力学理论和已有研究,分析总结和探讨了地质灾害的灾变机制,认为降雨致使膨胀土含水量增大,基质吸力减小,土粒间作用力下降,膨胀应力超过基质吸力的束缚作用,胀缩变形引发地质灾害;降雨入渗引起斜坡土体基质吸力降低,导致岩土体强度以及稳定性下降引发崩滑灾害;泥石流灾变过程即降雨时物料从非饱和状态转变为超饱和状态的过程,基质吸力在此过程中起到了"催化剂"作用;基质吸力变化会引起非饱和土体应变和位移,由此与围护结构产生相互作用,且其力学性态的变化及大小与基质吸力衰减速度密切相关。     

千将坪滑坡非饱和土土-水特征曲线试验研究

利用能控制吸力的四联非饱和土直剪仪，进行三峡库区千将坪滑坡非饱和土的试验，得到在不同正应力和不同基质吸力条件下土的质量含水量，并根据试验结果，绘制非饱和土的土一水特征曲线，对相应的土一水特征曲线模型进行了拟合，得出其拟合函数。分析得到了应力状态影响了土的进气值，土一水特征曲线随应力的增大而变得平缓。     

非饱和土体变试验研究及其在地面沉降中的应用

地下水位降低将导致非饱和土体中净平均应力和基质吸力发生变化,从而引起土体体积变化。针对重塑非饱和砂土、粉土、黏土和软土,结合土水特征曲线和收缩曲线,考察了土体在干燥收缩过程中基质吸力与孔隙比的关系;运用固结曲线分析了土体在经受净平均应力下的变形特性。基于试验结果,根据Fredlund弹性体变本构模型估算了不同的地下水位降低情况时非饱和土区域的沉降量。结果表明,在总沉降量中非饱和土区域的沉降量是不可忽略的,随着地下水位的降低,非饱和土区域的沉降量在总沉降量中所占比例逐渐增大。     

粉煤灰改良膨胀土的动强度试验研究

环境污染以及矿物资源的枯竭等因素强烈地激发了粉煤灰利用的研究和开发。粉煤灰改良作为地基的一种处理方法,越来越广泛地应用于公路路基的建设中。随着车辆速度的提高、车辆荷载的增加,动载对路基的影响引起人们的关注。本文以粉煤灰改良的膨胀土为研究对象,通过压实非饱和试件的动三轴试验,考察了粉煤灰掺入量确定的条件下,循环次数、动荷大小、围压等对土体动强度的影响。由试验结果绘出振次—轴向应变、动强度破坏振次关系曲线。结果表明:粉煤灰改良的非饱和膨胀土没有显著的屈服特征,可采用常规应变标准对应的振次作为破坏振次。     

无锡马山抽水蓄能电站堆石料工程特性平行试验研究

通过马山抽水蓄能电站坝体堆石料平行试验研究,认为三种堆石料两次大型三轴剪切试验、侧限单向压缩试验和渗透试验的结果都很接近;堆石料的应力应变关系符合邓肯-张双曲线模型,低围压下会发生剪胀;其压缩性比较低,卸荷回弹量很小,基本都是塑性变形;堆石料的渗透规律基本满足达西定律。堆石料平行试验结果验证了材料的性质能满足工程设计的要求,也说明材料性质的稳定性、试验方法的可行性和试验仪器的准确性均比较令人满意。     

油页岩地下开采巷道围岩的流变特性及工程应用

为研究油页岩巷道围岩的流变特性,采用岩土SJ-1B三轴蠕变仪对油页岩进行了三轴蠕变试验。根据试验结果,建立了油页岩非线性蠕变方程。根据上述非线性蠕变方程,以吉林桦甸油页岩矿一井运输大巷为工程背景,分析了围岩的应力场和位移场,并对不同支护强度和应力状态下的蠕变变形进行了系统的分析。研究结果表明,油页岩蠕变具有非线性,控制油页岩巷道围岩过量变形的根本途径是改变围岩的应力状态,以及适当提高锚杆、锚索的初始预应力。本文为有效控制油页岩开采时巷道围岩的有害变形提供了理论依据。     

宽级配砾质土应力路径试验研究

对某土石坝工程的宽级配砾质土进行了三轴等应力比应力路径试验,试验分别模拟了土石坝施工填筑期及蓄水期可能的应力路径,研究了宽级配砾质土在复杂应力状态下的应力应变特性。研究表明,砾质土心墙料在等主应力比和等主应力增量比应力路径作用下,应力应变表现出较好的线性关系;在竣工期,其平均主应力p(或剪应力q)与体应变ε_v及剪应变ε_s的曲线关系都为幂函数形式,ε_v—ε_1、ε_3—ε_1关系均可用线性函数来表示,而在蓄水期,各应力与应变之间的曲线关系则基本上都可以用线性关系来表示。本文研究明确了复杂应力路径下宽级配砾质土的应力应变关系,为建立宽级配砾质土的应力应变本构模型提供了一个重要线索。     

堆石料强度和变形性质的大型三轴试验及模型对比研究

在饱和试样大型三轴试验成果基础上,对两种堆石料(垫层料、次堆石)的变形与强度特性变化规律进行了总结。认为围压是影响堆石料强度和变形特性的最重要因素;堆石料的非线性应力应变关系用邓肯张模型和指数模型来拟合都基本令人满意,但指数模型会高估初始剪切模量;堆石料的径向应变与轴向应变关系可以分成两段,并能够依次用双曲线和直线来模拟;随着围压的升高,堆石料的剪胀性会急速降低,颗粒破碎可能性会增加,因此相应的最大主应力比和内摩擦角会随之发生明显的减小,并且可以用幂函数关系很好的拟合它们与围压的关系。     

软土等向固结与K_0固结条件下的三轴试验研究

对某软土重塑样分别进行等向固结和K0固结条件下的三轴试验,研究了不同固结条件、不同围压下软土的强度和应力应变特性,并对试验结果进行了分析和对比。结果表明:低围压下,等向固结三轴压缩试验和K0固结三轴压缩试验土样破坏时的主应力差差别不大,随着围压增大,K0固结条件下试验土体的主应力差要明显大于等向固结条件下的试验土体;与等向固结相比,K0固结条件下的土体粘聚力c值减小,而内摩擦角增大;土体呈现剪缩特性。运用等向固结三轴压缩试验确定的邓肯模型参数模拟K0固结条件下土体的试验曲线,吻合较好,初步验证了邓肯模型参数对K0固结土体的适用性。     

饱和南京细砂孔压增量模型的普适性研究

循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的孔压增长规律是土动力学的核心内容之一。基于笔者在给定相对密度、均等固结条件下饱和南京细砂的不排水等幅循环三轴试验结果建立的孔压增量模型,进一步进行了不同相对密度、不同固结比务件下饱和南京细砂的不排水等幅循环三轴试验,将上述均等固结的孔压增量模型拓展为适用于不同相对密度、均等和非均等固结条件的孔压增量模型。采用拓展后的孔压增量模型对试验结果进行分析的结果表明:通过该孔压增量模型预测验证试验的孔压与验证试验测试的孔压具有较好的一致性,说明该孔压增量模型具有普适性。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.