首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
为调查百色市大气颗粒物PM2.5中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,于2013年冬、夏两季采集了百色市城、郊2个不同采样点的大气样品,采用HPLC分析了16种US EPA优控PAHs的质量浓度、组分特征,运用同分异构体比率法揭示其污染来源.结果表明:百色市大气PM25中∑PAHs质量浓度为4.7~ 142.3 ng/m3,低于我国制定的PM2.5中PAHs的年均值(35 μg/m3);百色市城区、郊区2个采样点大气PM2.5中PAHs的质量浓度分别为6.9~ 142.3 ng/m3和4.7~ 109.6ng/m3,平均值为37.2 ng/m3和24.7 ng/m3,不同环数PAHs质量浓度从大到小为4环、5环、3环、6环、2环,4环、5环PAHs分别占∑PAHs的42.9%~ 50.7%和18.4%~22.4%;主要的单种PAHs为茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝、(苊)、苯并[b]荧蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽.冬季∑PAHs质量浓度高于夏季.PM2.5中苯并[a]芘等效毒性(BEQ)为2.3~7.4,与其他城市相比,BEQ属于中下等水平.PM2.5中的PAHs源自煤及机动车辆燃油的燃烧.  相似文献   

2.
使用GC-MS法测定了201 3年昆山市不同地区大气PM2.5中PAHs的污染水平,并用比值法进行了来源简析.研究发现2013年昆山地区一共可检出13种PAHs,年平均浓度范围在0.12 ~ 4.59ng/m3之间,浓度最高的为BghiP.从季节变化看,PAHs季节变化明显,大部分PAHs和∑PAHs浓度值大小为春季>冬季>夏季>秋季.从空间分布来说,城郊的∑PAHs最低,年均值为16.05 ng/m3,其余地区数值较为接近.从PAHs环数分布情况看,从高到低依次为4环>5环>6环>2环>3环.通过比值法发现,机动车尾气的排放是昆山市PAHs的主要来源.  相似文献   

3.
主要研究中国大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况,对多环芳烃的浓度水平、时间和空间分布、组成及在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征进行了综述.北方城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度普遍高于南方城市.大气颗粒物中多环芳烃以4~6环为主,占多环芳烃总量的60%~ 80%.大多数多环芳烃分布于细粒子中,且多环芳烃在PM2.5中的分布占在PM1o中分布的70%以上.多环芳烃质量浓度有明显的季节变化特征,多数研究中多环芳烃浓度从高到低的季节变化规律为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季.不同功能区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染,城区高于郊区,交通区和工业区高于商业区、居住区和文化区.  相似文献   

4.
以静电纺丝法自制的尼龙6纳米纤维膜为吸附材料,建立了快速测定水体痕量多环芳烃(PAHs)的固相表面荧光光谱法(SSF)。将直径为5 cm的尼龙6纳米纤维膜作为滤膜用于抽滤菲、芘、荧蒽的水溶液,将膜自然晾干后置于可变角粉末样品池上,利用荧光分光光度计测量膜表面PAHs的三维固相表面荧光光谱特征,确定最佳激发发射波长,考察荧光强度随溶液初始质量浓度的线性变化关系。结果表明,菲、芘、荧蒽的最大激发发射荧光中心分别位于Ex/Em=255nm/368 nm、Ex/Em=340 nm/376 nm和Ex/Em=290 nm/437 nm处。当抽滤水样体积为500 m L时,菲、芘、荧蒽荧光强度与初始质量浓度之间的标准曲线分别为y=9432.4x+261.1,线性范围为5~500ng/m L;y=753480x+805.51,线性范围为0.2~10 ng/m L;y=9946.06x+603.48,线性范围为10~400 ng/m L,检出限分别为0.973 ng/m L、0.016 2 ng/m L和0.089 6 ng/m L。当质量浓度分别为100 ng/m L、10ng/m L和50 ng/m L时,7次测量的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为7.1%、2.6%和5.1%,平均值相对误差分别为1%、2%和-0.2%。自来水低中高3个质量浓度的平均加标回收率分别为87.2%~98.2%、101%~120%、85.8%~92.3%。本方法具有简便、经济、灵敏度高等优点,适合于水体痕量PAHs的快速测定。  相似文献   

5.
为探究保定市PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及其健康风险,于2017年1月和7月采集了保定市城区5个地点的PM_(2.5)样品,利用气质联用仪测定了16种优控PAHs的质量浓度。结果表明,保定市夏季和冬季PAHs平均质量浓度分别为(7.16±2.23) ng/m~3和(629.73±338.53)ng/m~3。特征比值分析表明,机动车燃油排放、生物质和煤燃烧排放是保定市环境空气PM_(2.5)载带PAHs的主要来源。终生致癌风险(ILCR)评估结果表明,成人夏季和冬季ILCR分别为4.59×10-6和6.47×10-4,提示具有较高的健康风险,需要采取措施进行防控。  相似文献   

6.
采用液相色谱法对三峡库区重庆段9个断面沉积物样品的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。结果表明,三峡库区重庆段沉积物中ΣPAHs质量比范围为68.6~4 226 ng/g,平均质量比为685 ng/g;7种致癌单体Σ7PAHs质量比范围为23.7~1 265 ng/g,平均值为261ng/g,属中等污染水平。沉积物中ΣPAHs质量比最高点位于化工园区下游,其余断面质量比较低且变化较小;化工园区下游以2~3环为主,占总量的50.66%,其余断面以5~6环为主,占总量的25.90%~67.01%。沉积物中PAHs来源主要为木柴、煤燃料的高温燃烧。沉积物质量基准法和质量标准法评价结果表明,化工园区下游沉积物存在生态风险,有必要开展PAHs污染来源调查和底质生态修复研究;其余断面存在潜在生态风险,需加强监测。  相似文献   

7.
通过超声波萃取和高效液相色谱方法,对炼焦过程粉尘中富含的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。数据显示,炼焦一车间环境粉尘中PAHs的质量浓度最高,达12.00μg/m3。从粉尘中PAHs单组分的分布特征来看,5个点位粉尘样品中共检出14种PAHs;通过对不同粒径的粉尘中多环芳烃的分布特征分析发现,粉尘中PAHs主要集中在10μm以下的粉尘中即PM10中,均超过了75%;环境粉尘中苯并[a]芘的浓度超过了国家规定的污染物排放标准,会对职工的健康产生较大影响。  相似文献   

8.
北京市交通扬尘对大气环境质量的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用中尺度气象模式ARPS与空气质量模式Models-3/CMAQ的耦合模式,模拟2002年4个季节代表月份(1月、4月、8月和10月)北京市PM10浓度的时空分布.与监测数据对比分析表明,该耦合模式有很好的可靠性.设计了2种污染源情景方案,分析了北京市2002年4个季节代表月份交通扬尘对市区大气PM10的影响.结果表明,在4个代表月中,交通扬尘对北京市PM10的逐时贡献率波动较大,最高可达33%,最低为3%;交通扬尘对北京市大气PM10影响显著,4个月平均贡献率分别为16.73%、12.92%、18.56%和18.17%,平均贡献浓度分别为27.61 μg/m3、32.80 μg/m3、25.20 μg/m3和24.40 μg/m3.此外,依据模拟结果,结合交通扬尘污染特征与治理现状,提出了北京市交通扬尘的初步治理方案.  相似文献   

9.
苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)是VOCs中重要的一类芳香烃化合物,其在大气化学中扮演着重要的角色,且具有强致癌性,对人体健康危害极大.文献调研显示,城市大气中BTEX平均质量浓度基本在100μg/ m3以下,其中甲苯和间/对二甲苯的含量相对较高.大部分研究发现BTEX浓度呈现工业区和交通区高于商业区、居民区和乡村的一般分布规律,且具有明显的季节和日变化趋势.苯/甲苯(B/T)浓度比和Pearson相关系数结果表明机动车排放、涂料和溶剂使用是城市大气BTEX的主要来源.此外,研究指出城市大气中芳香烃类物质光化学反应活性较高,尤以二甲苯和甲苯的臭氧生成潜势最大.因此,应加大VOCs特别是苯系物的排放控制力度,减缓城市大气臭氧污染.  相似文献   

10.
三峡库区城市给水厂多环芳烃分布变化评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
多环芳烃PAHs(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)是广泛存在的典型持久性有机污染物,了解三峡库区城市供水中PAHs的分布和变化具有重要的理论和现实意义.本文选用EPA推荐的3510c液-液萃取前处理方法和GC/MS 8270c测定方法,对三峡库区6个城市自来水厂(重庆主城3个,库区3个)原水与出厂水的多环芳烃物质的种类和含量进行了测定,并对主城某水厂两套常规处理工艺各工段PAHs的分布和水平进行了分析评价.结果表明,6个水厂的原水和出厂水中检出了萘、菲、蒽、芘、荧蒽、二氢苊共6种PAHs,其中萘、蒽、荧蒽检出率较高,枯水期含量水平在1~40 ng/L.PAHs经2种常规的水处理工艺后,浓度有所降低.但滤后水经加氯消毒等工序后,PAHs浓度有所增加.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.  相似文献   

12.
13.
OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.  相似文献   

14.
从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析,分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距,最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.  相似文献   

16.
The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.  相似文献   

17.
Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.  相似文献   

18.
我国化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)的管理现状研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
从分析我国化学品安全技术说明书的监管现状出发,研究对比了我国和国外在SDS覆盖化学品的范围、审核监督制度以及信息保密机制等管理技术方面的不同做法;指出我国对化学品安全技术说明书的监管在这三方面存在缺陷和不足;提出加强和完善化学品安全技术说明书的监管是提高我国化学品安全监管水平的重要手段;认为借鉴欧盟、美国和加拿大等国家的先进做法拓宽需要编制SDS的化学品范围、建立化学品安全技术说明书第三方检测制度、加强监督、完善信息保密机制将对促进我国的化学品安全监管水平具有重要意义。  相似文献   

19.
In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H2S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].  相似文献   

20.
The study deals with working conditions in small private enterprises in Poland. Data come from 50 small enterprises from the Warsaw area. Information about the evaluation of working conditions and the existence of programmes for their improvement was gathered with the help of questionnaires addressed to employees and employers. The results constitute a ‘photograph’ of the Polish reality at the beginning of its transition from planned to market economy. The study revealed a lack of programmes for the improvement of working conditions in a significant number of the enterprises studied as well as little interest in occupational safety on the part of employers (owners).

The study also revealed that all decisions—including those about the improvement of working conditions—were made by employers. Hence, the need for the widest possible dissemination of knowledge on occupational safety and the protection of human in the working environment with particular stress put on employers. Employers who are knowledgeable in this field and who are aware of its importance can significantly influence the improvement of working conditions in small enterprises.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号