PSAF-DMDAAC复合絮凝剂的制备及含铊废水的处理

将自制聚硅酸铝铁（PSAF）与二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）复配,制备了复合高分子絮凝剂PSAF-DMDAAC,并将其用于含铊废水的处理。表征结果显示：PSAF与DMDAAC先利用氢键形成聚合体后脱水,然后DMDAAC链上的烯基双键与PSAF中的聚铁、聚铝基团发生桥联反应,以配位键形式将基团引入DMDAAC链,形成一种新型复合絮凝剂。实验结果表明：复合絮凝剂制备的最优条件为（Al+Fe）与Si的摩尔比2∶1、Al与Fe的摩尔比1∶2、60%（w）DMDAAC溶液加入量0.8%（w）;废水处理的最优条件为絮凝剂投加量0.8 g/L、废水pH 9.5、沉降时间10 min;在上述优化条件下,废水的色度、浊度、铊的去除率分别达到95.0%,96.4%,95.6%,处理后废水的色度、浊度、铊质量浓度分别为10度、6 NTU、13 μg/L。     

Converting Waste Polystyrene into Adsorbent: Potential Use in the Removal of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution

Waste of polystyrene was converted into a cation exchange resin and was used for the removal of lead and cadmium metals from aqueous solution. Wastes consisting of coffee cups were crushed into small pieces and immersed into a solution of sulfuric acid in order to attach sulfonic group to polymer chain, these groups are responsible for the exchange properties of the modified plastic. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was determined and was comparable to commercial exchangers. The adsorption isotherms of resin with synthetic wastewater containing lead and cadmium ions were tested. Adsorption analysis results obtained at various concentrations showed that the adsorption pattern on the resin followed Langmuir isotherms.     

采用两级物化法去除黄磷废水中的氟化物

采用向含氟废水中加入适量石灰和聚合氯化铝，然后投加适量钙盐、磷酸和聚丙烯酰胺的二级处理工艺除氟，通过控制合适的pH、钙盐和磷酸的投加量、反应时间、反应温度、搅拌强度和絮凝剂的投加量，可使黄磷废水中氟的质量浓度降至5mg/L，氟的去除率达到99％以上，出水中氟的质量浓度达到GB8978－1996一级排放标准。     

CaCl2与纳米SiO2-聚硅酸铝铁复合混凝剂

采用CaCl₂和纳米SiO₂-聚硅酸铝铁复合混凝剂对含氟废水进行两步除氟。实验结果表明：ρ（ F^–）为 420.0 mg/L、pH为8.5的含氟废水经CaCl₂处理后ρ（ F^–）降至26.5 mg/L;在二级除氟pH为11.5、复合混凝剂加入量（复合混凝剂与废水体积比）为0.50%的最佳条件下处理60 min后废水中ρ（ F^–）降至5.7 mg/L,而采用聚合氯化铝（PAC）进行二级除氟时,ρ（ F^–）可降至8.7 mg/L,表明复合混凝剂比PAC的除氟效果更佳。复合混凝剂中自由离子和单体羟基配合物形态Al和Fe的含量相对较高,分别占76.5%和92.5%,而低聚合度的多核羟基配合物及高聚物形态Al和Fe的含量相对较低。     

壳聚糖的絮凝性能及其在废水脱色处理中的应用

介绍了壳聚糖的理化性质及其作为絮凝剂的优点,探讨了壳聚糖的絮凝机理,分析了壳聚糖絮凝效果的影响因素(包括废水p H、絮凝温度、搅拌转速及时间、壳聚糖投加量、壳聚糖脱乙酰度及相对分子质量、废水浊度),总结了壳聚糖改性和复合后在废水脱色处理中的应用。指出:未来还需更深入地研究絮凝机理,同时也需进一步研究影响絮凝效果的因素;新型壳聚糖絮凝剂将向更高效、成本更低且环境友好的方向发展。     

聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂处理油井压裂废水

制备了聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂,并用于处理油井压裂废水。制备聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂的优化实验条件为：聚硅酸活化pH1~2,活化温度25~30℃,活化时间2.0h。在此条件下制备的聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂对油井压裂废水浊度和COD的去除率分别可达到97％和58％。与聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂相比,聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂在浊度及COD去除方面有着更佳的处理效果,并且处理后废水的总溶解性固体含量较低。     

铁-镁-铝无机复合脱色絮凝剂的制备与应用研究

以铁、镁、铝盐为原料制备出一种高效新型复合絮凝剂(PFMA)。研究了该絮凝剂对染料溶液的脱色效果。试验结果表明,PFMA是一种性能优良的无机高分子絮凝剂,对多种染料溶液均具有很强的脱色效果,其脱色性能优于传统的絮凝剂——聚合氯化铝、聚合硫酸铁和硫酸铝。絮凝机理研究结果表明,PFMA的絮凝既有羟基架桥作用,也有压缩双电层和吸附电中和作用。     

分子筛生产废水中悬浮物的絮凝与回用

对分子筛生产废水进行了絮凝沉降分离试验，确定了絮凝剂、助凝剂及絮凝敢分离条件。试验结果表明，絮凝沉降所得到的絮凝物料的化学组成、结构、性能与絮凝前原废水中的悬浮物基本一致，可返回原生产工序中使用。     

Recycling extruded polystyrene by dissolution with suitable solvents

The amount of extruded polystyrene (XPS) waste has increased in recent years due to the increase of its use in the thermal insulation of buildings, transport vehicles, and refrigerators, among others. Dissolution with suitable solvents to achieve a volume reduction of more than 100 times without degradation of polymer chains is one of the cheapest and most efficient methods of recycling XPS. Several environmentally friendly solvents have been tested as dissolution agents for XPS volume reduction; the action of these solvents does not produce any degradation of polymer chains. The solubility of the polymer in such solvents at different temperatures was investigated. The solvent can be easily recycled by distillation, obtaining a high-quality recycled polymer. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

厌氧／好氧生物脱氮－絮凝法处理焦化废水

采用厌氧／好氧生物脱氨－絮凝法处理焦化废水，出水中ＮＨ＿３－Ｎ＜１５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤ为９６－１５８ｍｇ／Ｌ。利用甲醇残液及其他有机废水作为外加碳源，可以达到以废治废的目的。     

改性高分子絮凝剂去除水中悬浮物和Hg2+

采用自制改性高分子絮凝剂巯基乙酰聚乙烯亚胺处理含Hg²⁺废水。实验结果表明：当Hg²⁺的质量浓度100 mg/L、絮凝剂的加入量3.7 mg/L、废水pH=5.0、浊度为0时,Hg²⁺的去除率达到88%;Hg²⁺和悬浮物在废水中共存时,当Hg²⁺的质量浓度100 mg/L、浊度127 NTU时,Hg²⁺和悬浮物可相互促进彼此的去除,浊度的去除率由40%左右增至95%以上;用该絮凝剂处理实际废水（Hg²⁺的质量浓度 20~25 mg/L、浊度126 NTU、pH=3.5）,当絮凝剂加入量为4.2 mg/L时,Hg²⁺的去除率为84%,浊度的去除率为97%,且处理效果明显优于相同条件下的传统絮凝剂。     

聚合物驱采油污水稳定性的影响因素

研究了聚合物质量浓度、分子量及原油族组分对模拟含油污水油水界面性质的影响。实验结果表明：聚合物驱采油污水的稳定性不但与聚合物含量、分子量有关,还与原油中沥青质、胶质的含量有关;随着含油污水中阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（APAM）质量浓度的增加,油水界面张力逐渐下降,Zeta电位绝对值和油水界面剪切黏度逐渐上升;APAM分子量越小,油水界面张力降低的程度越大;随剪切速率的增加,油水界面剪切黏度均逐渐降低;当剪切速率小于0.30 s-1时,4种原油族组分对污水稳定性影响的大小顺序为沥青质>胶质>芳香分>饱和分;随沥青质、胶质含量的增加,油水界面张力明显降低,Zeta电位的绝对值显著增大。     

Cracking styrene derivative polymers in decalin solvent with metal-supported carbon catalysts

The cracking of styrene derivative polymers dissolved in decalin was conducted with metal-supported carbon catalysts under an inert gas atmosphere to recover monosubstituted styrene or monosubstituted ethylbenzene in higher yields than is obtained by pyrolysis, and to elucidate the detailed reaction mechanisms in the solvent. Poly-(4-methylstyrene), poly-(4-t-butylstyrene), poly-(α-methylstyrene), and polystyrene were used. In decalin without a catalyst, each polymer was decomposed into the monomer, dimer, and trimer derived from the corresponding polymer except for poly-(α-methylstyrene), which was decomposed into the monomer and styrene. By using metal-supported carbon, the olefinic compounds derived from the corresponding polymer were thoroughly hydrogenated to the saturated form in a nitrogen atmosphere by a hydrogen transfer reaction from decalin, which was simultaneously dehydrogenated to tetralin and naphthalene with the evolution of hydrogen gas. In comparison with metal species, Pd- and Ru-supported carbon catalysts maintained the hydrogenation activity for a longer time and with a lower evolution of hydrogen than Pt or Rh. The dehydrogenation of decalin was mainly observed not on the metal surfaces, but on the carbon surfaces over Pd-supported carbon. Stabilization of the monomers will be able to suppress the coking which occurs with repolymerization in long running process. Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: March 16, 2001     

Use of zeolitised coal fly ash for landfill leachate treatment: a pilot plant study

Treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate generally results in low percentages of nutrient removal due to the high concentration and accumulation of refractory compounds. For this reason, individual physical, chemical and biological processes have been used for the treatment of raw landfill leachate and sometimes for the mixture of domestic wastewater and landfill leachate. In this work, the possibility of treating landfill leachate was tested in a bench-scale pilot plant by a two-step method combining adsorption and coagulation-flocculation. Zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash, a by-product of coal-fired power stations, was used in this study both as a decantation aid reagent and as an adsorbent of COD and NH4-N. The coagulation-flocculation step was performed by the use of aluminium sulphate and a polyelectrolyte (ACTIPOL A-401). The leachate was collected directly from a storage unit of the organic fraction of MSW, before it was composted. For this reason the raw leachate was diluted before treatment. The sludge was recirculated to enhance the removal efficiency of nutrients as well as to optimize flocculant saving and to decrease sludge production. The results showed that it is possible to remove 43%, 53% and 82% of COD, NH4-N, and suspended solids, respectively. Therefore, this method may be an alternative for ammonium removal, as well as a suitable pre- or post-treatment step, in combination with other processes in order to meet regulatory limits.     

不同氧化法对模拟聚合物驱废水降黏效果的影响

分别采用UV-Fenton试剂氧化法、次氯酸钙氧化法和二氧化氯氧化法处理模拟聚合物驱废水,考察了各工艺条件对废水降黏效果的影响。实验结果表明:在初始废水pH为7、反应温度为50℃、反应时间为20 min的条件下,UV-Fenton试剂氧化法适宜的H2O2加入量为1 mmol/L,n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)=10,处理后废水降黏率达65.7%;次氯酸钙氧化法适宜的次氯酸钙加入量为500 mg/L,处理后废水降黏率达81.7%;二氧化氯氧化法适宜的二氧化氯加入量为100 mg/L,处理后废水降黏率为40.9%。3种氧化法对模拟聚合物驱废水的降黏率大小顺序为:次氯酸钙氧化法>UV-Fenton试剂氧化法>二氧化氯氧化法。     

Melt Flow Behavior and Processability of Polylactic Acid/Polystyrene (PLA/PS) Polymer Blends

The present investigation dealt with the flow behavior and processability of polylactic acid/polystyrene (PLA/PS) polymer blends using a capillary rheometer. For this purpose, PLA/PS blends with different ratios of the concentrations were prepared using a single screw extruder. The shear viscosity, shear stress, shear rate, power-law index, viscous activation energy at a constant shear stress, and elongational stress were determined. PLA/PS blends exhibited a typical shear-thinning behavior over the entire range of shear rates tested, and the viscosity values of the blends would tend to decrease with increasing amount of PLA. In addition, the polymer blend of 70 % PLA and 30 % PS was found to be relatively less sensitive to the processing temperature, implying that the extrusion process was more desirable for fabrication of PLA/PS polymer blend than the injection process.     

电镀废水中镍的回收和利用

采用化学沉淀法回收电镀含镍废水中的Ni~(2+),研究了各工艺因素对回收效果的影响.实验结果表明,回收电镀含镍废水中Ni~(2+)的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度30 ℃,废水pH 12～13,0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液加入量70 mL,以聚丙烯酸钠为絮凝剂,搅拌转速1 250 r/min,搅拌时间2 min.将回收产物Ni(OH)_2用作润滑油添加剂可有效改善润滑油的摩擦磨损性能.     

活性炭/H2O2催化氧化-絮凝法预处理化工有机废水

用活性炭作催化剂、H2O2作氧化剂催化氧化预处理高浓度化工有机废水,考察了各种因素对COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在H2O2加入量为0．8mL／L、活性炭与H2O2质量比为0．7、废水pH为4的条件下,反应120min后,调废水pH至8,加入絮凝剂聚合氯化铝进行絮凝沉淀,废水COD去除率达70％以上,色度去除率达80％以上。通过色谱-质谱仪对处理前后废水中的有机物进行分析,初步探讨了活性炭／H2O2催化氧化-絮凝法预处理化工有机废水的作用机理。     

燃煤电厂脱硫废水的零排放处理技术

采用化学沉淀—混凝—软化工艺对江苏某燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫废水进行物化法预处理,预处理后的废水再进行蒸发结晶,回收工业盐及冷凝水,最终实现了电厂脱硫废水的零排放。实验结果表明:在化学沉淀p H为9、混凝剂聚合硫酸铝铁(PAFS)加入量为2.5 m L/L、絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)加入量为2.0 m L/L的条件下,废水浊度可降至4.13 NTU,废水中的重金属、氟离子以及悬浮物被有效去除,预处理后废水的水质可达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》;蒸发结晶处理得到的工业盐和冷凝水分别符合GB/T 5462—2003《工业盐》的国家精制工业盐二级标准和GB 1576—2008《工业锅炉水质》的给水标准;脱硫废水的工业盐产率量为30 g/L。     

Study of the solubility and stability of polystyrene wastes in a dissolution recycling process

Dissolution with suitable solvents is one of the cheapest and more efficient processes for polystyrene waste management. In this work the solubility of polystyrene foams in several solvents benzene, toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, 1,3-butanediol, 2-butanol, linalool, geraniol, d-limonene, p-cymene, terpinene, phellandrene, terpineol, menthol, eucalyptol, cinnamaldheyde, nitrobenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide and water has been determined.Experimental results have shown that to develop a “green process” the constituents of essential oils, d-limonene, p-cymene, terpinene, phellandrene, are the most appropriate solvents. The action of these solvent does not produce any degradation of polymer chains. The solubility of the polymer in the mentioned solvents at different temperatures has been investigated. The solvent can be easily recycled by distillation.