针铁矿纤铁矿催化降解苯酚动力学速率及其反应产物研究

研究了针铁矿和纤铁矿在过氧化氢参与下对苯酚的催化降解的动力学速率与溶液pH关系,并用紫外吸收谱测定其反应产物的谱学特征,发现纤铁矿反应体系降解苯酚的速率大于针铁矿反应体系,其中又以pH=3.8的纤铁矿体系反应速率常数最大。当溶液pH=3～4时,苯酚可被完全降解,并有40%～60%有机碳(TOC)被矿化。当溶液pH=4～5时,苯酚可被转化为多酚类化合物,但基本上不被矿化。当溶液pH>5时,苯酚没有发生明显的转化和矿化。     

左氧氟沙星在针铁矿-溶液体系存在形态对大肠杆菌的毒性效应

通过批试验研究了针铁矿存在时,左氧氟沙星对大肠杆菌的毒性效应以及吸附态的左氧氟沙星对微生物生长的影响.结果表明,中性条件下存在培养基时,左氧氟沙星在针铁矿上4 h可达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Freundlich吸附方程,傅里叶变换红外光谱分析得出左氧氟沙星的羧酸基团和酮基基团与针铁矿表面发生络合作用;0.016 g针铁矿的存在一定程度上能够促进大肠杆菌的生长(约50%),随着针铁矿含量的变化(0—0.1 g),在扣除其生长促进的影响后左氧氟沙星对大肠杆菌的毒性作用仍显著减弱,由90%降低至60%.     

重金属-柠檬酸-针铁矿三元体系的表面络合模型研究

根际环境产生的柠檬酸等小分子有机酸可能影响重金属的溶出效应.本文研究了 4种重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni及柠檬酸在针铁矿表面的三元体系吸附行为,结果发现柠檬酸促进了 4种重金属酸性条件下在针铁矿表面的吸附量,而Cu、Ni促进了柠檬酸碱性条件下的吸附.结合红外光谱图发现,重金属-柠檬酸-针铁矿主要存在以下2种三元体系形态...     

纳米铁对沈阳细河水及周边村庄井水中重金属和溴的去除

在实验室条件下合成制得的纳米铁BET比表面积为49.16 m.2g-1,粒径范围为20—40 nm.通过批实验考察了纳米铁对沈阳细河河水和周边地下水中重金属及溴离子的去除效果.结果表明,纳米铁对水中Cr（Ⅵ）、Cu（Ⅱ）、Cd（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅲ）都有很好的去除效果,1.25 g.L-1纳米铁在30 min内,...     

胞外呼吸菌Exiguobacterium sp. PY14的分离鉴定及其异化铁还原特性

胞外呼吸菌广泛分布于自然生境中,是驱动铁等元素地球化学循环的重要因素,已成为各种有机污染物降解和重金属污染去除的研究热点.为了挖掘具有环境修复应用前景的胞外呼吸菌,从鄱阳湖湿地土壤中筛选具有胞外异化铁还原能力的菌株,通过形态、生理生化和遗传分析进行菌种鉴定,并对其最优生长条件、异化铁还原特性及胞外电子传递机制进行研究.结果显示,分离得到的菌株PY14具有较高的异化铁还原能力,细菌形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因系统发育分析鉴定其为革兰氏阳性的微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）;具有嗜碱耐盐生长特性,最适生长pH值为8.0,在NaCl浓度高达50g/L条件下生长良好;能够利用葡萄糖、丙酮酸、乙酸和乳酸等多种小分子碳源（电子供体）进行厌氧呼吸,5 d内5 mmol/L水铁矿的还原率高达80%,添加电子穿梭（蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸盐）可显著增强其异化还原水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿的速率;可通过自身分泌腐殖酸类电子穿梭体实现介导异化铁还原过程.本研究获得了一株有望在盐碱土壤或水体等环境中高效驱动铁还原的胞外呼吸菌,为进一步认识革兰氏阳性细菌胞外电子传递机制提供新依据.（图8表1参4...     

Sb(Ⅲ)在蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿表面的吸附:pH值和离子强度的影响

研究蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿在不同pH值与离子强度的条件下对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附及解吸行为.结果表明,随pH值的升高,Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附减弱,离子强度对Sb(Ⅲ)在三种矿物表面的吸附影响较弱,而矿物表面吸附的Sb(Ⅲ)不易解吸.三种矿物对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附能力差别较大,蒙脱土的吸附量远大于针铁矿和高岭土,针铁矿的吸附量稍高于高岭土.     

复合纳米微粒修饰碳糊电极方波伏安法检测水中甲基对硫磷

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成纳米ZrO2,将其混合在石墨粉和碳纳米管（CNTs）中,利用硅油做粘合剂,制得一次性有机磷农药（OPs）检测碳糊电极（CNTs/ZrO2│CPE）,并对水中甲基对硫磷（MP）进行了检测.采用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线荧光光谱（XRFS）表征电极的制备过程,采用循环伏安（CV）法和方波伏安（SWV）法...     

生物炭基针铁矿复合材料对水中莠去津吸附特性研究

以牛粪和水稻秸秆为原料,分别在300℃和500℃条件下制备生物炭,同时通过共沉淀方法制备生物炭基针铁矿复合材料,研究生物炭及生物炭基复合材料对水中莠去津吸附特征。SEM和XRD分析结果表明,复合材料表面粗糙程度增加,2θ在21.2°、33.4°、36.6°、47.6°处出现针铁矿的特征衍射峰,生物炭基针铁矿复合材料制备成功。通过对吸附动力学和等温吸附平衡分析发现,生物炭对莠去津的吸附行为更符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附过程符合Freundlich模型(r~2为0.925—0.996)。在25℃条件下,莠去津在300℃和500℃条件下制备的针铁矿负载牛粪生物炭上的吸附量分别是原生物炭上吸附量的1.59倍和2.99倍,在针铁矿负载水稻秸秆生物炭上的吸附量分别是原生物炭上吸附量的2.02倍和1.73倍。比表面积和孔结构数据显示,生物炭基复合材料的比表面积是原生物炭材料的4.41—20.8倍,制备生物炭材料的孔结构以中孔为主。莠去津在生物炭上的吸附大体表现为吸热的自发过程。对不同材料制备的生物炭及与生物炭基复合材料吸附性能进行对比,结果表明水稻秸秆制备的生物炭对莠去津的吸附性能优于牛粪制备的生物炭,生物炭基针铁矿复合材料对莠去津的吸附效果优于原生物炭。随制备温度的升高,相同材料生物炭对莠去津吸附性能略有增加。研究结果可为生物炭及生物炭基针铁矿复合材料去除水中莠去津的应用提供理论依据。     

针铁矿催化氧化溴酚生成羟基多溴联苯醚和溴代二噁英

探究了针铁矿催化转化溴酚(2,4-DBP或2,4,6-TBP)生成羟基化多溴联苯醚(HO-PBDEs)和溴代二噁英(PBDD/Fs)的可能性.结果表明,针铁矿可以在常温和干反应条件下有效地催化转化溴酚化合物生成HO-PBDEs和PBDD/Fs.反应16 d,97.3%的2,4-DBP被针铁矿氧化转化,其中2.4%被转化为2'-OH-BDE-68,2.8%被转化为2,2'-OH-BB-80,0.2%被转化1,3,8-Tr BDD,0.4%被转化为2,4,6,8-Te BDF.同样的反应时间内,98.7%的2,4,6-TBP被针铁矿氧化转化,反应产物可能为2'-OH-BDE-121、4'-OH-BDE-121、1,3,6,8-Te BDD和1,3,7,9-Te BDD.根据检测到的产物,提出了针铁矿氧化转化溴酚的可能途径.     

蓝铁矿法回收生物膜富集的城市污水中的磷

磷资源因具有不可再生性和污染性,需要进行磷回收.目前污水处理厂使用的传统磷回收方法多是鸟粪石法,但存在利用价值低、磷回收率不高等缺点.本课题组提出了一种新的磷回收工艺系统,即在生物膜法高倍富集城市污水中的磷的基础上,通过蓝铁矿的形式回收磷,具有经济价值高、磷回收率高等优势.本实验研究主要通过探讨蓝铁矿法回收富磷溶液的过程中获得高磷回收率和蓝铁矿纯度的反应条件,并进行X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜—能谱（SEM-EDS）定性表征最优条件下的蓝铁矿.结果表明,最优反应条件是pH值为7.00—7.50、氧化还原电位（ORP）降到-100 mV左右、铁磷离子物质的量物质的量比为3∶1,此时蓝铁矿法的磷回收率约为95.00%,蓝铁矿纯度为88.35%,蓝铁矿为沉淀回收物中主要晶相且晶型较好.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).