14C and13C Isotope concentration in modern marine mussels from sedimentary habitats

The Science of Nature -     

锰过氧化物酶的固态发酵及其对染料的脱色作用

采用稻壳作为基质,利用裂褶菌F17固态发酵产锰过氧化物酶(MnP),通过正交实验对发酵条件进行优化,并对5种不同结构类型的染料进行脱色.结果显示,含水率、温度、Mn2 、Cu2 对裂褶菌F17产MnP有显著影响;MnP发酵的最优化条件为稻壳27g、黄豆粉3g、MnSO40.4mg·g-1、含水率150%、接种量50%、培养温度22℃,pH不调节,优化后酶活达到16.39 U·g-1,比优化前的酶活9.20 U·g-1提高了78.2%.优化后的发酵体系对染料刚果红、茜素红、Poly R-478、中性红和结晶紫的24h脱色率分别达到92.6%、90.3%、93.1%、87.3%和95.6%.     

Integrated environmental assessment and pollution prevention in Vietnam: the case of anthracite production

Using the concept of life cycle analysis, the whole life cycle of anthracite production in Vietnam was assessed and the environmental “hot-spots” were identified. These include (i) dust pollution at coal transfer points or piles in storage; (ii) noise pollution resulting from the usage of heavy equipment, and (iii) high volume of acid and turbid mine water discharged into the environment.Pollution prevention and treatment options were identified and discussed in this study which consists of wet treatment of dust, planning, collection and treatment of mine water, planting of trees for dust and noise reduction as well as minimization of erosion. Some recommendations are made for pollution abatement from coal production and improvement of anthracite production in the region.     

用13C脉冲标记法研究玉米光合碳分配及其向地下的输入

研究玉米生长对土壤有机碳的贡献对了解农田碳平衡与农业生产之间的关系具有重要意义.应用4次13C脉冲标记对不同生育时期(苗期、拔节、抽雄和灌浆期)玉米光合碳在玉米-土壤系统中的分配特征进行了为期1个生长季的研究.结果表明,留在地上部的13C占玉米净吸收13C的百分含量,在灌浆期标记时最大,为80.01%.在不同生育时期,玉米向地下转移的13C比例分别为43.24%、46.46%、30.30%和19.99%;此部分13C中有34.68%～77.56%被根际呼吸消耗,16.63%～57.02%存在于根部,5.05%～8.30%通过根际沉积转化为土壤有机碳.整个生育期内,玉米分配到地上部、根部、根际呼吸和土壤有机碳中的光合碳量,分别占净吸收碳量的62.39%、17.88%、17.07%和2.67%.在拔节、抽雄和灌浆期,玉米的根际呼吸分别占土壤呼吸总量的67.07%、63.31%和28.82%;同时其根际激发效应使土壤原有有机碳分解分别增加了31.11%、79.09%和120.83%.以大田玉米地上部干重18 t·hm-2、含碳量42%计算,玉米在其生育期内输入到地下的总碳量为4.6 t·hm-2,其中有2.1 t·hm-2通过根际呼吸进入大气,2.2 t·hm-2存在于根中,0.33 t·hm-2转化为土壤有机碳.     

湖泊沉积物中有机碳同位素特征及其古气候环境意义

湖泊沉积物中有机碳同位素受到湖水化学性质(pH值、硬度等)、湖区气温和降水、光照条件、大气压力、CO2分压、盐分及营养元素、有机质的来源、有机质的保存、后期改造及成岩作用等诸多因素的影响，其中有机质的来源、温度和大气压力是影响有机质δ^13C值的主导因素。有机质碳同位素与气候条件存在着一定联系。^13C值高，一般对应于气候的暖期；^13C值低则对应冷期。但实际中比较复杂，两者之间不存在固定的模式，因而，湖泊沉积物有机质^13C在指示古气候变化上存在多解性、复杂性和混乱性。本文利用国内外的一些研究成果，对湖泊沉积物有机质^13C的组成特征及其古气候环境意义的研究现状进行了详细论述。     

Comparison of quartz sand, anthracite, shale and biological ceramsite for adsorptive removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution

The choice of substrates with high phosphorus adsorption capacity is vital for sustainable phosphorus removal from waste water in constructed wetlands. In this study, four substrates were used： quartz sand, anthracite, shale and biological ceramsite. These substrate samples were characterized by X- ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy studies for their mineral components （chemical components） and surface characteristics. The dynamic experimental results revealed the following ranking order for total phosphorus （TP） removal efficiency： anthracite 〉 biological ceramsite 〉 shale 〉 quartz sand. The adsorptive removal capacities for TP using anthracite, biological ceramsite, shale and quartz sand were 85.87, 81.44, 59.65, and 55.98 mg/kg, respectively. Phosphorus desorption was also studied to analyze the substrates＇ adsorption efficiency in wastewater treatment as well as the substrates＇ ability to be reused for treatment. It was noted that the removal performance for the different forms of phosphorus was dependent on the nature of the substrate and the adsorption mechanism. A comparative analysis showed that the removal of particulate phosphorus was much easier using shale. Whereas anthracite had the highest soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） adsorptive capacity, biological ceramsite had the highest dissolved organic phosphorus （DOP） removal capacity. Phosphorus removal by shale and biological ceramsite was mainly through chemical adsorption, precipitation or biological adsorption. On the other hand, phosphorus removal through physical adsorption （electrostatic attraction or ion exchange） was dominant in anthracite and quartz sand.     

河口水体中溶解CO_2及其稳定同位素在线同时测定的技术研究——吹扫-EA-IRMS联用法

稳定碳同位素比值(13 C/12 C)是指示碳生物地球化学行为的有效指标。本研究研制并优化了CO2及其稳定同位素测定的吹扫预处理系统,将该系统与EA-IRMS联用实现了溶解CO2、其它形式DIC及二者碳同位素比值的在线同时测定,测得河口水样中易逃逸CO2及其它形式DIC的相对标准偏差分别为3.7%和3.0%;二者的δ13 C值的标准偏差分别为0.30‰和0.15‰。运用此法对九龙江9个站位表层水中不同形态DIC的碳同位素进行测定,得出易逃逸CO2的δ13 C平均值为-12.90‰,其他形式DIC的δ13 C平均值为-5.63‰。该法为水体中无机碳及其稳定碳同位素的测定研究提供了新途径。     

巢湖沉积物δ13Corg和δ15N记录的生态环境演化过程

通过对巢湖2处柱状沉积物样品中δ¹³C_org、δ　¹⁵N、C/N比值、TOC和TN含量的测定,分析了近百年来巢湖沉积物有机质的来源,探讨受人类活动影响的湖泊生产力变化和富营养化过程.结果表明,巢湖沉积物有机质的主要来源是水生藻类,陆生有机质的输入量较少,但是城市污染物的输入与农业面源污染的影响是不可忽视的.巢湖沉积物剖面上,δ¹³C_org、δ¹⁵N、TOC和TN含量变化按沉积深度可以明显划分为2个阶段：①10 cm以下,H3点δ¹³C_org波动在-21.74‰～-19.34‰的范围内,其余数据表现相对平缓,湖泊内的生物物种是固氮植物和非固氮植物共存,2个采样点具有不同的湖泊营养化进程;②10 cm至表层段,2个剖面的δ¹³C_org迅速减小,δ¹⁵N、TOC和TN则是显著增大,巢湖闸的建成使得内源营养物质快速积累,湖泊初始生产力水平迅速提高,富营养化加剧.     

Characterisation of black carbon-rich samples by <Superscript>13</Superscript>C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance

There are difficulties in quantifying and characterising the organic matter (OM) in soils that contain significant amounts of partially oxidised char or charcoal materials. The anthropogenic black carbon (BC), such as that found in the Terra Preta de índio soils of the Amazon region, is a good example of the OM that is difficult to analyse in such soils. ¹³C direct polarisation/magic angle spinning (DP/MAS) at high MAS frequency, ¹H-¹³C cross polarisation (CP)/MAS with total suppression of spinning sidebands (TOSS), and chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) filter nuclear magnetic resonance techniques have been applied successfully for quantifying the different components of OM. However, because pyrogenic materials present strong local magnetic susceptibility heterogeneities, the use of CSA-filter and TOSS make the pulse sequences very sensitive to imperfections in the π pulses. In this study, the DP/MAS pulse sequence was replaced by a CP with a radio frequency ramp—variable amplitude CP (VACP)—VACP/MAS pulse sequence, and composite π pulses were used in the CSA-filter and TOSS pulse sequences. In that way, the component functionalities in a humic acid from a BC soil were successfully determined. The spectrometer time needed was greatly decreased by employing this VACP/MAS technique. This development provides an accurate method for characterising BC-rich samples from different origins.     

Latest precambrian (Cadomian) zircon ages, Nd isotopic systematics and P-T evolution of granitoid orthogneisses of the Erzgebirge, Saxony and Czech Republic

Single zircons from two orthogneiss complexes, the Grey Gneiss and Red Gneiss, the lowermost tectonic units in the Erzgebirge, were dated. The grey Freiberg Gneiss is of igneous origin and has a ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb emplacement age of 550±7 Ma. A quartz monzonite from Lauenstein contains idiomorphic zircons with a mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 555±7 Ma as well as xenocrysts ranging in age between 850 and 1910 Ma. Red gneisses from the central Erzgebirge contain complex zircon populations, including numerous xenocrysts up to 2464 Ma in age. The youngest, idiomorphic, zircons in all samples yielded uniform ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages between 550±9 and 554±10 Ma. Nd isotopic data support the interpretation of crustal anatexis for the origin of both units. _Nd(t) values for the grey gneisses are –7.5 and –6.0 respectively, (mean crustal residence ages of 1.7–1.8 Ga). The red gneisses have a wider range in _Nd(t) values from –7.7 to –2.8 (T _DM ages of 1.4–1.8 Ga). The zircon ages document a distinct late Proterozoic phase of granitoid magmatism, similar in age to granitoids in the Lusatian block farther north-east. However, Palaeozoic deformation as well as medium pressure metamorphism ( 8 kbar/600–650° C) are identical in both gneiss units and distinguish these rocks from the Lusatian granitoids. The grey and red gneisses were overthrust by units with abundant high-pressure relicts and a contrasting P-T evolution. Zircon xenocryst and Nd model ages in the range 1000–1700 Ma are similar to those in granitoid rocks of Lusatia and the West-Sudetes, and document a pre-Cadomian basement in parts of east-central Europe that, chronologically, has similarities with the Sveconorwegian domain in the Baltic Shield.     

Separating method and dynamic processes of Nano-Al13

In order to investigate the characteristics of pure Nano-Al₁₃, Nano-Al₁₃ was separated and purified from a series of poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) solutions which had the same Al₁₃ percentage but different total Al concentrations, by using column chromatography, ethanol-acetone resolving and SO²⁻ ₄/Ba²⁺ displacement. The Al₁₃ species yield was characterized by Al-ferron timed complexation spectrophotometry and ²⁷Al-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). The coagulation efficiency of Nano-Al₁₃, PAC and AlCl₃ in synthetic water was also investigated by Jar tests. The dynamic process and aggregation state of kaolin suspensions coagulating with Nano-Al₁₃, PAC and AlCl₃ were similarly investigated using a photometric dispersion analyzer 2000 (PDA2000). The experimental results indicated that the ethanol-acetone resolving method was simple and could separate the PAC solution at different concentrations, while column chromatography could separate PAC solutions at low concentrations. The SO₄ ²⁻/Ba²⁺ displacement method could separate PAC solutions at high concentrations. However, extra inorganic cation and anion could be added in the solution during separation. The coagulation efficiency and dynamic experimental results showed that Nano-Al₁₃ with high positive-charged species was effective in removing turbidity and color. The dynamic process results showed that Nano-Al₁₃ also had the best recovery capability after shearing compared with PAC and AlCl₃ because the Nano-Al₁₃ conformation is more effective in charge neutralization. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(6): 767–772 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

岷江中下游生态景观格局变化

以生态景观理论为基础,地理信息与遥感技术为支撑,对三期遥感影像数据,1990年和2002年TM数据、2014年ETM+数据进行土地覆被变化监测,景观格局指数定量分析,面积转移矩阵统计,对9种社会与自然驱动力因素降维转化,分析景观格局变化主要驱动力因素,研究结果表明:(1)研究区内景观类型面积排序:林地草地农田水域居民地裸地。1990—2014年期间林地所占比例由78.03%下降到68.97%,农田比例由6.85%上升到10.91%。居民地所占比例升高了4.1%。(2)农田发生变化的区域主要分布在岷江、大渡河两侧以及西南山地附近。林地减少的区域主要在岷江、青衣江、大渡河交汇的西北部。1990—2002年,林地分别向草地和农田转化了14061.0 hm~2和13891.0 hm~2;此外,水域向裸地转化了214.3 hm~2。2002—2014年,林地向草地、农田、居民地分别转化了3932.0 hm~2、3240.0 hm~2、801.0 hm~2;同时草地景观向农田、居民地进行了转化,分别为10164.0 hm~2、826.0 hm~2。(3)PC1和PC2主成分载荷超过0.8的变量中,导致区域景观发生变化的主要驱动力因子是农业耕作面积扩大和城市化进程。     

多环芳烃蒽高效降解菌的筛选及其降解中间产物分析

采用选择性富集培养方法,从海洋沉积物中分离到能以高浓度蒽为唯一碳源且生长良好的优势菌,经形态学观察和生化检验初步鉴定此菌为黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)。根据GC/MS方法测定了蒽的含量,经过5 d的优势菌培养对初始浓度为50 mg/L蒽的降解率可达77.6%。在萘、蒽和菲的混合物浓度分别为15 mg/L的情况下,该菌对菲的降解效率明显低于对蒽的降解效率,表现出对多环芳烃的酶降解具有很强的选择性。经对萃取中间代谢产物的质谱分析表明降解蒽的中间代谢产物主要有phthalic acid diisobutyl ester(邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯),9,10-anthracenedione(9,10-蒽醌)和dibutylphthalate(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯),说明它可能通过邻苯二甲酸途径来降解蒽。     

1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of ascorbate and isoascorbate

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Prenatal diagnosis of mosaicism for triploidy and trisomy 13

Mosaicism for trisomy 13 and triploidy was detected by amniocentesis performed at 18 weeks' gestation because of fetal anomalies. Pregnancy continued and a live-born male was delivered vaginally at 37 weeks. The infant had features common to both trisomy 13 and triploidy: intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), small abnormal ears, cleft palate, and a small jaw. In addition, he had complete cutaneous syndactyly of fingers 3 and 4 and partial syndactyly of the toes, as seen in triploidy. Mixoploidy for trisomy 13 and triploidy was confirmed postnatally in blood, skin, and placenta. Examination of chromosome heteromorphisms and DNA markers suggested the presence of two maternal contributions in the triploid cell line. In addition, the extra chromosome 13 in the trisomic cell line was derived from the mother. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.