土壤重金属污染植物修复的发展现状

文中介绍了土壤重金属污染植物修复的概念,探讨了处理重金属污染环境的植物修复措施,研究了重金属铅、砷、锌、铜和镉污染环境的植物修复技术发展现状,并对其研究成果进行了展望,为土壤重金属污染的整治及其生态修复提供依据。     

我国科学家利用特种植物修复重金属污染的矿山土地

（新华网）中国土壤修复专家正在试验砷、铜、锌等重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术，通过在矿区及其周边重金属污染土地种植超富集植物，吸收土壤中对人体有害的重金属物质。     

土壤砷污染修复技术研究进展

目前砷污染土壤采用的修复方法主要包括物理修复、化学修复以及生物修复。综述了我国土壤砷污染现状,并就目前国内外砷污染土壤的修复方法、优缺点及其发展趋势作了简述。     

汞污染土壤植物修复研究现状与展望

土壤汞污染及其治理是当前汞环境地球化学研究的核心内容之一。与传统物理和化学修复技术相比,植物修复技术对环境扰动小,修复成本低,是目前汞污染土壤修复领域的主要热点方向。本文主要从汞污染土壤植物修复原理和应用两方面入手,总结了土壤汞污染特点、植物修复技术原理及过程、修复植物与潜在修复植物种类、植物修复强化措施。针对现有研究的不足,对植物修复汞污染土壤的研究方向和发展趋势进行展望,以期为汞污染土壤植物修复技术应用与发展提供科学参考。     

镉砷污染土壤“三高”富集植物筛选与修复成本分析

文章通过湖南镉砷复合污染矿区筛选的具有高生物量、高富集量、高利用价值的10种"三高"富集植物进行大田对比试验,拟确定其修复效果,为湖南镉砷复合污染植物修复技术提供支撑。结果表明,不同富集植物的生物量,镉(Cd)、砷(As)含量及积累量皆差异显著。籽粒苋和秋葵可作为Cd污染土壤的修复植物,其Cd含量分别为东南景天的11.0%(P<0.05)和15.4%(P<0.05),但积累量分别比景天高133.3%(P<0.05)、131.3%(P<0.05);地肤和水稻Cd含量略低于籽粒苋和秋葵,其Cd积累量与景天相当;但所有植物As含量远低于蜈蚣草,As积累总量也较低,皆不适合作为As污染土壤的修复植物。从修复成本上看,人力成本平均占植物修复成本的81.7%,不同植物修复成本差异主要发生在除草和秸秆离田的人力成本和种子种苗的生产资料成本上。可见,筛选"三高"富集植物是植物修复的关键环节,而采用种植技术成熟、种子繁殖且生长快的富集植物则是降低植物修复成本的关键;籽粒苋和秋葵可作为Cd污染土壤的修复植物,地肤和水稻也可选择性的作为Cd污染土壤的修复植物。     

土壤砷污染及修复技术

综述了土壤中砷污染的主要来源,探讨了土壤砷污染的不同修复技术研究现状及特点,并分析了土壤砷污染未来研究需强化的几个方面。     

植物超富集砷机制研究的最新进展

砷污染是全球环境热点问题之一,土壤砷污染治理是一个急需解决的难题.随着不同砷超富集植物的发现,植物修复技术因其投资和维护成本低、不易造成二次污染等优点而成为国际学术界研究的热点和前沿领域.深入理解超富集植物体内砷代谢和富集机制是有效利用植物修复技术来治理砷污染土壤的关键.近年来,植物超富集砷机制的研究取得了很大进展.已有的研究结果证明,蜈蚣草(P.vittata)对砷的吸收和转运能力显著高于非超富集植物,转运到地上部的砷主要储存在羽叶细胞的液胞中;蜈蚣草具有很强的抗氧化胁迫能力和五价砷(As(Ⅴ))还原能力;菌根共生有利于蜈蚣草的生长和砷的富集.有关植物超富集砷机制的分子生物学研究也取得了可喜的进展.砷酸盐还原酶基因(PvACR2)和植络素合成酶基因(PvPCS1)都被克隆并表征,cTPI同源基因(PV4-8)也被证明具有将As(Ⅴ)还原成三价砷(As(Ⅲ))的功能.尽管植物超富集砷机制的研究取得了迅速进展,但至今学术界仍没有全面理解为什么这些蕨类植物具有超富集砷的功能,相关功能基因、酶和转运蛋白的研究有待进一步深入.     

重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复研究进展

土壤重金属污染来源广泛、危害严重,已经成为环境污染治理中的热点、难点问题。重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复技术是在化学修复、植物修复的基础上发展起来的,具有绿色环保、经济高效等优点,在重金属污染土壤修复领域具有很大的发展空间。本文在综合螯合诱导植物修复技术发展概况的基础上,系统介绍了螯合剂种类、螯合剂施入时间、施入方式、浓度与剂量、不同富集植物以及土壤理化性质等对重金属污染土壤修复效果的影响及国内外研究概况,综述了螯合诱导植物修复技术的作用机理及其环境风险研究进展。最后,提出了重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复技术还有待深入研究的有关问题。     

有机污染土壤植物修复机理的研究现状

综述了国内外有机污染土壤植物修复机理的研究现状,并从植物直接修复和植物增强的根际修复两方面具体介绍了植物修复有机污染土壤的机理。对今后有机污染土壤植物修复研究的重点作了展望。     

磷肥对砷污染土壤的植物修复效率的影响:田间实例研究

通过田间试验研究施用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草(PterisvittataL.)生长和砷污染土壤修复效率的影响.结果表明,适量施用磷肥促进蜈蚣草的生长,显著提高其生物量,但过量施用磷肥对植物产量无贡献.随着磷肥施用量的增加,蜈蚣草地上部砷含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,理论上在施磷量为340kg·hm-2时,砷含量可达最高(1622mg·kg-1).磷的含量与施磷量呈极显著的正相关关系.施磷量为200kg·hm-2的砷累积量最高,是不施磷处理砷累积量的2 4倍及600kg·hm-2施磷量砷累积量的1 2倍.种植蜈蚣草7个月后,土壤总砷均有不同程度的下降,施磷量为200kg·hm-2的土壤中砷含量下降5 0mg·kg-1,土壤修复效率最高(7 84%).对照和600kg·hm-2施磷量处理的土壤修复效率分别为2 31%和6 63%.理论上达到最大土壤修复效率所需施磷量为369kg·hm-2.施用磷肥可以维持土壤有效态砷含量在蜈蚣草种植前后变化不大,保证蜈蚣草下个生育期对砷的吸收.这些结果说明施用磷肥是蜈蚣草等砷超富集植物在现场修复中的必要手段,优化施磷技术可大大提高砷污染土壤的修复效率.     

Arsenic speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern, Pteris vittata

Arsenic(As)speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern was studied.In particular,the mechanism of how plants induce compounds containing thiol(SH)and proteins by As exposure in terms of the relationship between As and phosphate uptaken into plant cells was examined.Pteris vittata callus could effciently reduce As(V)to As(III)by the rapid introduction of reductase and synthesize thiols leading to phytochelatins production.Furthermore,Pteris vittata could control phosphate concentration in t...     

Arsenic speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern, Pteris vittata

Arsenic (As) speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern was studied. In particular, the mechanism of how plants induce compounds containing thiol (SH) and proteins by As exposure in terms of the relationship between As and phosphate uptaken into plant cells was examined. Pteris vittata callus could efficiently reduce As(V) to As(III) by the rapid introduction of reductase and synthesize thiols leading to phytochelatins production. Furthermore, Pteris vittata could control phosphate concentration in the cells corresponding to the concentration of arsenite and arsenate. To our best knowledge, this is the first report to show the mechanisms of such high As tolerance of Pteris vittata using their callus in terms of in vitro approach for the analysis of As speciation and metabolism route.     

稻田土壤砷、镉复合污染阻控技术研究进展

砷（As）和镉（Cd）是稻田土壤中最常见的有毒有害重金属元素,且易从土壤迁移到水稻籽粒中.目前,我国稻田土壤中As和Cd及其复合污染现象普遍,对粮食安全和人体健康均构成了严重威胁.As和Cd在土壤中的环境行为相反,对As-Cd复合污染的同步治理是当前水稻安全生产的关键技术难点.通过综述近年来同步阻控水稻对As和Cd吸收以及转运的若干实用技术,包括水分管理、钝化技术、淋洗技术、电动修复技术、植物修复技术、低累积水稻品种的选取以及叶面阻控技术,归纳并分析了各种技术的处理效果、作用机制和制约因素,提出了主要阻控技术的发展方向,指出构建区域高适配性综合技术模式的重要性,以期为稻田As-Cd复合污染治理和水稻安全生产提供参考.     

大气污染的植物修复及其机理研究的进展

作为一种安全可靠的环境污染治理技术，大气污染的植物修复已成为国际大气污染研究的前沿性课题。文章对大气污染的植物修复及其机理研究进行了综述，包括植物对大气污染物的吸附、吸收、同化、降解、转化等。最后分析了目前研究中存在的问题并展望了该领域的研究方向。     

Effects of As on As uptake,speciation, and nutrient uptake by winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） under hydroponic conditions

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arsenic （As） stress on growth, nutrition and As uptake, and speciation in shoots and roots of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Winter wheat has high tolerance to As. Most As is accumulated in the roots, and an As concentration of 4,421 mg/kg was observed at a solution concentration of 20 mg/L As. Arsenic concentrations in roots were approximately 40-100 times greater than those in shoots. Arsenic in winter wheat roots and shoots occurred as both As^3＋ and As^5＋ species, although As^3＋ was the main species in winter wheat tissues. Arsenic significantly decreased the biomass of winter wheat shoots and roots and affected absorption and transport of micro- and macro-elements in winter wheat tissue. Arsenic treatment significantly increased the concentrations of total Magnesium （Mg） and calcium （Ca） in shoots and enhanced the transport of Mg and Ca from roots to shoots but decreased potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, and phosphorus （P） concentrations in both shoots and roots, particularly the concentration of P. Concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc in winter wheat shoots were negatively related to As rates, with correlation coefficients （R^2） of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively.     

Phytoremediation and its models for organic contaminated soils

Soil pollution has been attracting considerable public attentions over the last decades.Sorts of traditional physiochemical methods have been used to remove th organic pollutants from soils.However,the enormous costs and low efficiencies associated with these remediation technologies limit their availabilities.Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants to cleanup pollutants in soils.As overwhelmingly positive results have been shown,phytoremediation is a most economical and effective remediation technique for organic contaminated soils.In this paper phytoremediation and its models for organic contaminated soils are viewed.The mechanisms of phytoremediation mainly include the direct plant uptake of organic pollutants,degradation by plant-derived degradative enzymes,and stimulated biodegradation in plat rhizosphere.Phytoremediation efficiency is close related to physicochemical properties of organic pollutants, environmental characteristics,and plant types.It is no doubt that soil amendments such as surfactants improve the solubilities and availabilities of organic pollutants in soils.However,little information is available about effects of soil amendments on phytoremediation efficiencies.Phytoremediation models have been developed to imulate and predict the environmental behavior of organic pollutants,and progress of models is illustrated.In many ways phytoremediation is still in its initial stage,and recommendations for the future for the future research on phytoremediation are presented.     

Phytoremediation and its models for organic contaminated soils

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Effect of external and internal phosphate status on arsenic toxicity and accumulation in rice seedlings

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is thought to exacerbate the arsenic (As) phytotoxicity in paddy rice. The experiments were conducted to investigate the e ects of external phosphate supply on As accumulation in rice and its toxicity under phosphate deficiency conditions. Rice seedlings pretreated with a phosphorus deficient nutrient solution (–P) for 14 d accumulated more As than those pretreated with a normal phosphorus supply nutrient solution (+P). Rice protreated with –P showed As toxicity symptoms after being exposed to 50 mol/L arsenate for 4 h, while +P rice did not show any toxicity symptoms. Arsenic toxicity symptoms can be alleviated by increasing external P concentrations. The arsenate uptake rate and accumulation corresponded with the As toxicity in rice plants. Arsenic concentrations in rice roots decreased with increasing external phosphate concentrations. The lowest As accumulation and the highest P accumulation were found when the external P concentration reached 100 mol/L. In short, P deficiency increased the sensitivity of rice to arsenate and increasing of external phosphate supply could alleviate As toxicity.