六氯苯碱催化分解脱氯效果及影响因素研究

采用自主设计开发的碱催化设备研究了碱催化分解技术(BCD)对六氯苯(HCB)脱氯的效果.考察了反应温度、氢氧化钠投加比例以及不同催化剂对六氯苯去除效率、脱氯效率以及中间代谢产物的影响.提高反应温度和氢氧化钠投加比例能够有效提高六氯苯的脱氯解毒效率,当六氯苯与氢氧化钠投加质量比为1:5时,在360℃下反应4h后,六氯苯的去除率为99.97%,脱氯效率达到91.08%.还原铁粉作为催化剂时,在330℃反应1h后,能够将六氯苯的脱氯效率由38.99%提高至77.51%.     

城市中水综合利用深度脱氮技术研究和工程示范

分析了城市中水综合利用深度脱氮技术研究的必要性和意义,提出曝气生物流化床(ABFT)工艺进行城市中水深度脱氮研究的技术核心,得出ABFT工艺在HRT1.5h,设计NH3-N负荷0.6 kgNH3-N/(m3.d),出水NH3-N稳定低于1.0 mg/L,NH3-N平均去除率高达95%,建立30000 m3/d城市中水综合利用示范工程.     

碳酸钠/甘油体系中六氯苯脱氯去除及影响因素研究

以六氯苯(HCB)为对象,以HCB脱氯和去除效率为考察指标,通过研究不同的氢供体、碱性物质、催化剂和反应温度等因素,逐步建立基于碳酸钠(Na2CO3)/甘油的高效碱催化脱氯(BCD)体系.结果表明,碱性物质的投加量对HCB的脱氯效率影响显著,当HCB、铁粉、Na2CO3和甘油的投加质量比为1:1:12:90时,在250℃下反应2.5h后,HCB的去除率达到99.9%,脱氯效率达到91.9%,部分氯苯已完全脱氯生成苯.研究结果证明了弱碱性物质也能高效催化HCB的脱氯降解.碳酸钠/甘油体系对HCB具有高效的脱氯效率,所用原料资源丰富、廉价,具有较好的应用前景.     

Ni-Fe/泡沫镍催化还原体系脱氯工艺参数的优化及表征

以泡沫镍做载体,采用电沉积法制备出镍/铁/泡沫镍双金属催化还原剂,并对目标污染物氯乙酸进行了脱氯研究,分析了催化还原剂在制备过程中沉积液浓度、电流密度对催化活性的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜对双金属体系表征以观察所制备的催化还原剂的表面形貌,可以观察到采用电沉积制备的Ni/Fe-泡沫镍双金属还原剂在基体泡沫镍上分布均匀、密集、呈针状结构,在一定电流密度下,沉积60 min的情况下无团聚现象。研究表明,本研究所制备的镍-铁/泡沫镍双金属催化还原剂对氯乙酸具有良好的脱氯效果。     

Ag/Fe催化还原体系处理水体中氯代烃的研究

研究了水体中的三氯甲烷(CF)、四氯化碳(CT)、1,1,1-三氯乙烷(1,1,1-TCA)、1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷(1,1,2,2-TeCA)、六氯乙烷(HCA)、三氯乙烯(TCE)、四氯乙烯(PCE)在Ag/Fe以及Fe⁰还原体系中的还原脱氯反应.结果表明,Ag的加入会明显提高氯代烃的还原脱氯速率,铁表面积浓度为150 m²·L^-1时,如果单独使用Fe⁰,CF、CT、1,1,1-TCA、1,1,2,2-TeCA、     

钯基催化剂电催化氢解处理氯代有机物的研究进展

氯代有机物(COPs)是一类重要的化工生产原料和中间体,但其高持久性、高生物累积性、致癌性及遗传毒性将对生态环境和人体健康造成巨大危害. 开发消除COPs毒性的新型技术,实现人与自然和谐共生,成为国际学术界和工业界共同关注的焦点. 电催化氢解技术(ECH)因具有高反应活性、结构简单、二次污染风险小等优势而备受青睐. 本文系统综述了钯(Pd)基催化剂上的ECH反应机制,探究强还原性氢自由基(H*)的定量分析方法,揭示脱氯反应与析氢副反应间的竞争关系. 通过分析H*产量、污染物脱附、电场等因素对脱氯速率的影响规律,建立晶面与效能间构效关系,识别不同反应条件下制约ECH速率的因素. 聚焦阴极催化活性低、易受脱氯产物毒化的关键问题,通过暴露Pd活性中心位点、强化水裂解、调控电子效应和配体效应及几何效应等策略增强催化剂产H*量和抗毒化性能. 开展ECH脱氯反应路径识别、脱氯性能影响因素探讨以及生物安全性评价,并基于当前存在的关键科学问题,展望ECH技术的发展趋势,为设计和发展实用型环境催化新技术和新型催化材料指明方向.      

垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术及示范工程研究

对我国垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理现状进行阐述和分析：以膜生物反应器（MBR）＋纳滤（NF）处理技术为例,选取常州夹山垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程作为示范点．重点介绍该处理技术的实际工程远行情况,示范工程渗滤液出水水质达到GB 16889—1997《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》的一级标准,运行费用（含折旧）为19．55元／m^3,具有良好的技术经济优势和推广价值。     

金属催化还原技术对p-二氯苯的脱氯

研究了Pd/Fe双金属体系对p-二氯苯(p-DCB)的快速催化还原脱氯处理. 结果表明, 在Pd的催化作用下,零价Fe对p-DCB具有较好的还原脱氯效率. 当Pd/Fe双金属的钯化率为0.02%,催化还原剂的用量为4g/75mL,反应90min p-DCB脱氯率达到90%以上;p-DCB的脱氯效率与溶液初始pH值、反应温度、钯化率、Pd/Fe投加量等因素有关;p-DCB在催化还原脱氯过程中先生成氯苯,而后继续脱氯生成苯.     

EDTA优化纳米Pd/Fe对2,4-D的催化脱氯研究

采用EDTA优化纳米Pd/Fe催化脱氯水中2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),并考察了EDTA投加浓度、pH、钯化率、温度等因素对2,4-D还原的影响.结果表明,EDTA的加入络合了纳米Pd/Fe在催化脱氯过程中生成的铁离子,抑制纳米Pd/Fe颗粒表面钝化层的形成,提高了体系的反应活性.适宜的EDTA浓度、低pH、高钯化率、低温等有利于2,4-D的还原脱氯.当EDTA浓度为25.0 mmol·L-1,纳米铁含量为1.0 g·L-1,初始pH=4.3、钯化率为0.5%,温度为25.0℃,搅拌速率为200 r·min~(-1)时,反应50 min,10.0 mg·L-1的2,4-D去除率及苯氧乙酸(PA)生成率均达到100%.     

零价金属还原技术处理氯代有机物的研究进展

氯代有机化合物是一类常见的环境污染物,由于其水溶解度低,生物反应活性低,用常规的物化及生物处理方法难以将其去除.零价金属还原技术是近几年发展起来的环境污染物治理技术,是很有应用前景的一种非生物降解技术,文章阐述了零价金属还原技术在还原降解氯代有机物方面的应用,包括氯代烷烃、氯代烯烃、氯代芳香族化合物以及有机氯农药等,并提出了该技术存在的一些值得思考的问题,探讨了零价金属还原技术的发展方向.     

挥发性有机物污染地下水吹脱处理的中小试研究

在小试规模下,研究了不同气液比对地下水中3种典型挥发性有机物1,2-二氯乙烷、苯和氯仿吹脱处理效率的影响。结果表明:在20 ℃、气液比为60∶1时,3种有机物的去除率最佳,分别达89%、93%和95%以上。在小试研究结果的基础上,依托自主开发的吹脱中试设备,研究了气液比、水温、有机物初始浓度和类型对吹脱效率的影响。结果表明:气液比和水温对3种有机物的去除率影响最大,当水温为20 ℃、吹脱塔气液比为75∶1时,1,2-二氯乙烷、苯和氯仿的去除率均达到99.7%以上,达到设计要求。中试吹脱后尾气处理采用DBD(dielectric barrier dischange)低温等离子体协同活性炭处理技术。     

Electrochemical dechlorination of chloroform in neutral aqueous solution on palladium/foam-nickel and palladium/polymeric pyrrole film/foam-nickel electrodes

Electrochemical dechlorination of chloroform in neutral aqueous solution was investigated using palladium-loaded electrodes at ambient temperature. Palladium/foam-nickel （Pd/foam-Ni） and palladium/polymeric pyrrole film/foam-nickel （Pd/PPy/foam-Ni） composite electrodes which provided catalytic surface for reductive dechlorination of chloroform in aqueous solution were prepared using an electrodepositing method. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） micrographs showed that polymeric pyrrole film modified the electrode-surface characteristics and resulted in the uniform dispersion of needle-shaped palladium particles on foam-Ni supporting electrode. The experimental results of dechlorination indicated that the removal efficiency of chloroform and current efficiency in neutral aqueous solution on Pd/PPy/foam-Ni electrode could be up to 36.8% and 33.0% at dechlorination current of 0.1 mA and dechlorination time of 180 min, which is much higher than that of Pd/foam-Ni electrode.     

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.     

PHB监测A2/O工艺除磷及负荷率耦合关系的研究

以上海市白龙港城市污水厂初沉池污水为进水,培养驯化污泥并构建A²/O试验系统,监测PHB消耗、生成的动态变化,并分析其与除磷和BOD₅负荷率的耦合关系.结果显示,曝气池中PHB的消耗与除磷呈现良好的正相关关系(p<0.05),平均消耗约140 mg左右的PHB可去除1 mg P;厌氧池中PHB的生成与释磷存在着极显著的正相关关系(p<0.01),平均释放1.17 mg的磷可生成约100 mg的PHB;厌氧池中PHB的含量与系统F/M的正相关性显著(p<0.05),负荷为0.176 g/(g·d)较负荷0.413 g/(g·d)下PHB的生成量平均减少约4　mg/g(以MLSS计);PHB的合成与厌氧池中BOD₅的去除量的相关性较差(p>0.05),但与温度呈极为显著的正相关关系(p<0.01),温度的升高有助于微生物合成PHB,最高温度(33.2℃)比最低温度(17.1℃)活性污泥中PHB含量约增加5　mg/g(以MLSS计),占总量的20%左右.     

Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.