用酸化容量法对水体发生酸化敏感性评价方法的研究

本文对我国酸雨严重地区的部分水体中的缓冲容量以及缓冲容量随酸性沉降的变化过程进行了分析研究,首次提出了用酸化容量法评价水体发生酸化的敏感性。由于该方法尽可能地考虑水体各组分之间的相互作用与联系,因而,评价结果更为科学合理     

国外生命周期影响评价中酸化模型的方法概述

生命周期影响评价是生命周期评价的重要组成部分,而其中的特征化过程是实现定量评价的关键步骤。酸化（Acidification）是生命周期影响评价（LCIA）中最为普遍的影响类型之一,指由酸性气体排放引起生态环境破坏以及人体健康的损害。欧洲、北美、日本等发达国家都建立了自己的生命周期影响评价体系,本文分析了这些地区存在的酸化模型方法,对建立中国的生命周期评价数据库具有重要的意义。     

菜地酸化及其环境效应研究

菜地土壤受到酸沉降、大量含氮化肥的长期施用以及酸性废水的灌溉，土壤酸化速率加快。随着现代设施农业的快速发展，设施菜地土壤酸化明显，同时酸化菜地土壤表现出明显的区域特性。土壤酸化在一定程度上活化了菜地中的重金属，增加蔬菜中重金属含量从而降低蔬菜品质和健康风险，同时，酸化加剧了磷的流失，增加水体富营养化。但是土壤酸化在一定程度上降低了微生物活性，从而影响温室气体的排放。     

微乳有机酸体系的研究与应用

微乳有机酸体系的研究与应用有利于油气井稳产、增产,注水井稳注、增注。以自研多氢酸(五级电离缓速酸)为内相,柴油作为外相,通过优选表面活性剂、助表面活性剂,酸化助剂等,配置成均一、稳定的微乳酸体系,并对其性能和酸岩反应效果进行评价。通过评价,该体系与传统的缓速酸体系相比,具有抗高温、缓速性能好、稳定性能与配伍性好等特点;在采油作业区应用近100口酸化井,平均有效率达90%以上,平均有效天数大于150d,注水压力下降5～20MPa。微乳酸体系具有很高的稳定性,油/水界面超低,具有一定驱油作用,表面油包酸结构能够缓慢释放酸液,达到深部酸化目的。     

四川盆地水体对酸沉降的敏感性

本文对四川盆地不同土壤分布区内28个中小型水库进行水体对酸沉降敏感性调查,发现夹江丹陵等地属酸沉降敏感区。目前,盆地内水体酸化程度,pH,HCO_3二项均未达到美国内华达山区水平,夹江、丹陵等敏感区pH水平与内华达相当。     

碱度对UASB处理淀粉废水影响的研究

通过UASB中试装置对淀粉废水处理工艺中不同碱度对UASB反应器中的碱度和酸化的影响的研究,论述了减少碱度投加的途径和酸化的预防与系统恢复.补充碱度可以防止酸化,使反应器处于良好运行状况.通过控制运行条件可以有效降低厌氧处理中碱度需求,在最大程度上降低厌氧处理运行费用.阐述了日常监测的方法,以及预防酸化的产生的途径.     

四川盆地降水酸化范围及发展趋势予测

本文通过对四川盆地内二氧化硫排放源的统计调查分类、建立一种简便而较实用的数学模式,计算盆地内现阶段降水酸化范围及预测其发展趋势。结果表明:在现阶段,盆地内降水酸化面积达到10万km~2,重酸化区为3.2万km~2,预计到2000年时,降水酸化区将超过15万km~2,重酸化区也将达6万km~2以上。     

季铵盐复合型缓蚀剂的研制

以烷基卤化物与喹啉等原料合成的喹啉季铵盐，当其与有机胺、适当溶剂、表面活性剂复配后，可作为油井酸化作业的酸化缓蚀剂。该缓蚀剂对金属腐蚀的阴、阳极过程起抑制作用，因此使用的温度范围宽（60～150℃），盐酸浓度高（15％～34％），该产品生产工艺简单，成本低，是油田较理想的酸化缓蚀剂。     

水解酸化工艺处理糖蜜酒精废水的实验研究

本文研究了水解酸化处理糖蜜酒精废水的效果。结果表明在此条件下,对糖蜜酒精废水的处理比完全厌氧处理有优越性。在水力停留时间为8h时,出水VFA最大,而后趋于平缓。但也不难看出对COD的去除效果并不是很明显。水解酸化作为有效的预处理阶段,可明显提高高浓度有机废水的可生物降解性,为后续处理减轻负担。     

咪唑啉硫酸酯盐的缓蚀性能及协同增效作用研究

参照SY/T 5405-1996《酸化用缓蚀剂性能试验方法及评价指标》,采用静态失重法评价咪唑啉硫酸酯盐缓蚀剂1-羟乙基-2-油酸基咪唑啉硫酸酯盐(ISES)与丙炔醇(BCC)、非离子表面活性剂OP-10组成的二元和三元复配缓蚀剂体系对N80钢的缓蚀性能,考察二元和三元复配缓蚀剂体系的协同增效作用。通过动电位极化扫描和电化学阻抗分析对ISES及其复配体系的电化学行为进行研究。     

Acidification and recreational fisheries in Finland: A mail survey of potential impacts

In Finland, small forest lakes and rivers in the northern part of the country are more sensitive to acidic deposition than other Finnish waters. In some lakes, acid-sensitive fish populations have declined. A nationwide survey of fishers showed that, at present, the number of fishers whose primary fishing waters are affected by airborne acidification is negligible compared to the estimated total number of adult fishers (1.1 million). The proportion of the fishers who mainly fish in water types sensitive to airborne acidification is considerable, 3% for the rivers in northern Finland and 21% for small forest lakes. There is general concern among fishers about the effects of acidification. Changes in the fishing waters are attributed to acidification by 5–10% of the fishers, although in most cases other information about the fishing waters rules out acidification as an explanation for the changes. Among those who fish in sensitive types of waters, a willingness to mitigate potential damages was reported by approximately one third of all fishers. Clear differences in the willingness to rehabilitate the fishery were observed in relation to the importance of fishing as a spare time activity and the distance between the fishing waters and a home or summer cottage.     

Target loads of atmospheric sulfur deposition for the protection and recovery of acid-sensitive streams in the Southern Blue Ridge Province

An important tool in the evaluation of acidification damage to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems is the critical load (CL), which represents the steady-state level of acidic deposition below which ecological damage would not be expected to occur, according to current scientific understanding. A deposition load intended to be protective of a specified resource condition at a particular point in time is generally called a target load (TL). The CL or TL for protection of aquatic biota is generally based on maintaining surface water acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) at an acceptable level. This study included calibration and application of the watershed model MAGIC (Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments) to estimate the target sulfur (S) deposition load for the protection of aquatic resources at several future points in time in 66 generally acid-sensitive watersheds in the southern Blue Ridge province of North Carolina and two adjoining states. Potential future change in nitrogen leaching is not considered. Estimated TLs for S deposition ranged from zero (ecological objective not attainable by the specified point in time) to values many times greater than current S deposition depending on the selected site, ANC endpoint, and evaluation year. For some sites, one or more of the selected target ANC critical levels (0, 20, 50, 100μeq/L) could not be achieved by the year 2100 even if S deposition was reduced to zero and maintained at that level throughout the simulation. Many of these highly sensitive streams were simulated by the model to have had preindustrial ANC below some of these target values. For other sites, the watershed soils contained sufficiently large buffering capacity that even very high sustained levels of atmospheric S deposition would not reduce stream ANC below common damage thresholds.     

Acid rain in Asia

Acid rain has been an issue of great concern in North America and Europe during the past several decades. However, due to the passage of a number of recent regulations, most notably the Clean Air Act in the United States in 1990, there is an emerging perception that the problem in these Western nations is nearing solution. The situation in the developing world, particularly in Asia, is much bleaker. Given the policies of many Asian nations to achieve levels of development comparable with the industrialized world—which necessitate a significant expansion of energy consumption (most derived from indigenous coal reserves)—the potential for the formation of, and damage from, acid deposition in these developing countries is very high. This article delineates and assesses the emissions patterns, meteorology, physical geology, and biological and cultural resources present in various Asian nations. Based on this analysis and the risk factors to acidification, it is concluded that a number of areas in Asia are currently vulnerable to acid rain. These regions include Japan, North and South Korea, southern China, and the mountainous portions of Southeast Asia and southwestern India. Furthermore, with accelerated development (and its attendant increase in energy use and production of emissions of acid deposition precursors) in many nations of Asia, it is likely that other regions will also be affected by acidification in the near future. Based on the results of this overview, it is clear that acid deposition has significant potential to impact the Asian region. However, empirical evidence is urgently needed to confirm this and to provide early warning of increases in the magnitude and spread of acid deposition and its effects throughout this part of the world.     

Environmental issues in Sweden 1973–1989: Science and policy

The aim of this study is to analyze the environmental agenda in Sweden during the last two decades. A content analysis was made of all articles in a Swedish journal,Miljö-Aktuellt. Further, to elucidate the evolutionary process of problem formulation and reformulation, two cases were investigated, dealing with the impact of plant nutrients and mercury on surface water quality. The transport of heavy metals is an essential component of the ecological process and problem of acidification, and similarly, plant nutrients are part of the concept of eutrophication. Two concepts, the research cycle and the policy cycle, are tentatively applied to the conceptualizations of acidification and eutrophication. Additional data for the latter part of the study is supplied from parliamentary motions during 1973–1989. The substance/media focus of the 1970s was connected to a point-source abatement strategy, which mainly aimed at removing negative effects at a local level. The development of a national preventive strategy is traced in problem formulations related to “processes” going on in the technosphere: wastes, noise, energy production, traffic, and toxic substances. This period lasted from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, and the need for improved resource management as a means to control environmental problems has been a generally accepted idea. However, this does not mean that measures actually taken are sufficient in a material balance perspective. Further, in the 1980s there was a strong emphasis upon processes in the ecosphere. This focus also implies source-related policies. To a certain extent, the remedies are within the scope of national capabilities, but the international dimension is becoming increasingly important. Scientific proofs of resource and environment degradation are essential to induce political action and to stimulate international cooperation. From this study, however, it is not possible to assess the existence of any particular policy-triggering information.     

Back to the basics – Estimating the sensitivity of freshwater to acidification using traditional approaches

This study examines the effects of acidifying sulphur emissions on freshwater ecosystems in the traditional territory of Treaty 8 First Nations in British Columbia (BC). Due to the absence of detailed water chemistry data for most lakes in the region, revised empirical methods for estimating freshwater sensitivity to acidification are formulated using linear regression relationships between individual chemical measurements, and critical loads of acidity calculated using the Steady State Water Chemistry (SSWC) model. Lake alkalinity is the most effective chemical indicator of acidification sensitivity in northeast BC. Critical loads of acidity (CL(A)) estimated using alkalinity range from 0.0827 to 9.48 keq ha^?1 yr^?1. Sulphur deposition estimates range from 0.0113 to 0.303 keq ha^?1 yr^?1 and do not exceed the estimated CL(A) at any of the study lakes. The spatial situation of both the lakes and the emission sources is responsible for the lack of exceedances, and expanded/continued monitoring is recommended to account for geological variability and source proliferation. Measurements of lake conductivity and alkalinity provide a means of community monitoring for freshwater acidification sensitivity as part of cumulative effects management strategies.     

Ecotechnological methods as strategies to reduce eutrophication and acidification in lakes

Ecotechnological methods have been employed by developed countries like the United States of America, Europe, Australia and Japan in the restoration of their degraded freshwater ecosystems. These methods according to literature sources, in many cases have produced the desired results in these countries where they have been implemented. This article is aimed at providing an overview on aspects of available ecotechnological methods employed in the reduction of eutrophication and acidification and in Lake Ecosystem restoration in general. Ecotechnological methods offer great opportunities for developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates due to their cost-effectiveness. The efficacy and potential limitations of the various methods in their respective restorative approach is also reported in this article.     

Environmental sub models for a macroeconomic model: agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification in Denmark

Integrated modelling of the interaction between environmental pressure and economic development is a useful tool to evaluate environmental consequences of policy initiatives. However, the usefulness of such models is often restricted by the fact that these models only include a limited set of environmental impacts, which are often energy-related emissions. In order to evaluate the development in the overall environmental pressure correctly, these model systems must be extended. In this article an integrated macroeconomic model system of the Danish economy with environmental modules of energy related emissions is extended to include the agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification. Next to the energy sector, the agricultural sector is the most important contributor to these environmental themes and subsequently the extended model complex calculates more than 99% of the contribution to both climate change and acidification. Environmental sub-models are developed for agriculture-related emissions of CH(4), N(2)O and NH(3). Agricultural emission sources related to the production specific activity variables are mapped and emission dependent parameters are identified in order to calculate emission coefficients. The emission coefficients are linked to the economic activity variables of the Danish agricultural production. The model system is demonstrated by projections of agriculture-related emissions in Denmark under two alternative sets of assumptions: a baseline projection of the general economic development and a policy scenario for changes in the husbandry sector within the agricultural sector.     

Environmental history: A piece in the puzzle for establishing plans for environmental management

Establishment of plans for environmental planning and management requires that a number of natural and societal factors must be taken into consideration. Insights into the inherent dynamics of nature as well as the role that past human activities have played for establishing the current condition of the landscape and the natural environment in general are essential. Many natural and man-made changes occur over time scales of decades or centuries, and these are difficult to comprehend without a historical perspective. Such a perspective can be obtained using palaeoecological studies, i.e. by geochemical and biological analyses of lake sediment and peat deposits. To illustrate the long-term dynamics of nature and particularly the role of man, we present here five case studies from Sweden concerning pollution, lake acidification, lake eutrophication, biodiversity, and landscape dynamics and conservation – topics of broad interests – and discuss benefits of including a longer time perspective in environmental management.     

Ecosystem Manipulation Experimentation as a Means of Testing a Biogeochemical Model

2 concentration, and global or regional temperature change. Such model projections are frequently used as the basis or justification for public policy decisions and legislation. A substantial need has therefore arisen to test and substantiate the veracity of mathematical model projections. Unfortunately, environmental models can never be truly validated because natural systems are never closed and model solutions are always nonunique. Partial model confirmation is possible, however, and entails demonstration of agreement between prediction and observation. Experimental ecosystem manipulation provides one of the best, and in many cases only, available basis for model confirmation. The use and potential misuse of data from experimental ecosystem manipulations for model testing is explored using examples drawn from the application of an acid–base chemistry model, MAGIC. As model projections provide an increasingly important basis for public policy decisions, and as both the scientific questions and the models become increasingly complex, it will become critical to provide data from a suite of well-designed ecosystem manipulation experiments in order to evaluate the quality and uncertainty of those model projections and the models upon which they are based.