Design of Optimal Noise Hazard Control Strategy With Budget Constraint

An analytical design procedure to determine optimal noise hazard control strategies for industrial facilities is presented. Its objective is to determine a set of appropriate noise controls to eliminate or reduce noise levels so that workers ‘ daily noise exposure does not exceed a permissible level. From a given noise control budget, engineering controls will be firstly implemented, followed by administrative controls, and then the use of hearing protection devices. Six optimization models are developed and sequentially applied to select appropriate noise controls without exceeding the budget. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed design procedure.     

Decision support system for designing effective noise hazard prevention strategies.

A decision support system for designing effective noise hazard prevention (NHP) strategies is proposed. NHP consists of four modules: (a) database, (b) input, (c) algorithms, and (d) solution. The user can choose among single-, two-, and three-approach solution procedures. Heuristic and genetic algorithms are used to determine appropriate noise controls (NCs). From the given noise condition and NC budget, NHP recommends a minimum-cost NHP strategy that prevents any worker's daily noise exposure from exceeding the permissible level. If the budget is insufficient, NHP is able to search for a feasible noise hazard strategy that requires a minimum NC budget.     

健康住宅的降噪问题与技术措施

健康住宅的噪声控制,包括对噪声源的认识、进行降噪的方法设计、技术措施实施效果的分析等内容。笔者在研究健康住宅噪声种类和控制标准、分析控制噪声基本措施的基础上,认为健康住宅噪声控制的难点在于设计方法和技术措施两方面,解决问题的思路是将降噪手段视为系统工程,包括住区户外和住宅室内两大系统;综合设计降噪控制技术,才能达到健康住宅声环境的控制标准。     

Economic-statistical design of multivariate control charts for monitoring the mean vector and covariance matrix

When a control chart is used to monitor a process, three test parameters should be determined: the sample size, the sampling interval between successive samples, and the control limits or critical region of the chart. In this paper, we present the procedure to conduct the economic-statistical design of multivariate control charts for monitoring the process mean vector and covariance matrix simultaneously; i.e. to economically determine the optimum values of the three test parameters such that the statistical constraints (including the type I error probability and power) of the control chart can be satisfied. The test statistic −2ℓnL is applied to develop this procedure and the cost model is established based on the function given by Montgomery and Klatt. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the solution procedure of the design and then the effects of cost parameters on the optimal design are examined.     

轻轨桥架声屏障优化设计研究

随着城市轻轨建设的发展,交通噪声污染逐渐引起人们重视。在轻轨桥架两侧设置声屏障是控制轨道噪声的重要措施之一。声屏障的高昂成本往往是由不合理的设计参数造成的,通过对目前声屏障设计方法进行分析,提出了轻轨桥架声屏障优化设计方法。该方法以声屏障建造成本为目标函数,以降噪要求为声学约束,综合考虑设置位置、高度和长度等设计变量的影响;由列车噪声1/3倍频程频谱计算插入损失,提高了优化过程中插入损失的计算精度。该优化设计法与目前设计方法对比,验证了声屏障优化设计在改善降噪性能和经济性能方面的优越性。讨论了设计参数对成本和降噪性能的影响,并且对轨边矮墙的降噪性能进行了分析,所获的结论对声屏障和轨边矮墙设计参数与形状的选择具有指导意义。     

Minimum-loss design of x-bar charts for correlated data

When the x-bar chart is used to monitor a production process, three parameters should be determined: the sample size, the sampling interval between successive samples, and the control limits for the chart. In 1956, Duncan presented a cost model to determine the three parameters, which is called the economic design of x-bar charts. In 1995, Alexander et al. combined Duncan’s cost model with the Taguchi’s quality loss function to present a loss model for determining the three parameters. When designing an x-bar chart, one usually assumes that the measurements within a sample are independent; however, this assumption may not be true for some processes. In this paper, we develop the minimum-loss design of x-bar charts for correlated measurements within a sample by incorporating the Taguchi’s quality loss function. An example of orange juice production process is presented to illustrate the solution procedure. From the results of sensitivity analysis, we find that as the measurements in the sample are positively correlated, highly correlated data result in a smaller sample size and a frequent sampling interval; however, as the measurements in the sample are negatively correlated, highly correlated data yield a smaller sample size and a narrower control limits.     

电动转向系统助力性能研究

汽车电动转向系统的助力性能直接关系到汽车转向操作的安全 ,笔者以电动转向系统的跟踪性能和对扭矩传感器测量噪声及路面干扰的抑制为控制系统设计的目标 ,将H∞ 控制理论应用于控制系统的设计 ,采用LMI处理方法设计了控制器。计算机仿真结果证实 ,所设计的电动转向系统具有良好的跟踪性能 ,并有效地抑制了扭矩传感器测量噪声和路面激励干扰的影响 ,仿真结果为电动转向系统的设计提供了依据     

重大危险源安全与自动化监控系统

对重大危险源实施系统、有效的安全监控是重大工业事故预防控制体系中的关键环节。文中给出了针对重大危险源监控全安全生命周期过程的整体实施流程,提出了重大危险源危险与风险评估的重点,探讨了重大危险安全与自动化监控的三层构建框架和工作过程,研究了安全系统与基本过程控制系统相独立的监控方式,给出了安全仪表系统的设计要求。     

A summary and synthesis of procedural regulations and standards—Informing a procedures writer's guide

Well-written procedures are an integral part of any industrial organization for safe operation, managing risks, and continuous improvement. Regulatory bodies around the world require industries to have current, accurate, and appropriate procedures for most processes. Although the importance of procedures is recognized by all industries in general, significant incidents still occur due to procedural breakdowns. Some of the procedural breakdowns come from obvious problems such as the procedure not being available or the procedure being wrong. However, some incidents have occurred when correct procedures were available and the operator used those procedures. In these instances, the reason workers do not follow procedures correctly may be attributable the procedure being presented or designed in a manner that does not sufficiently communicate the information in a manner that is easily and quickly understood. This indicates that procedure writers may need more guidance on how to write and design procedures so they accomplish this. To effectively manage risk, procedures need to be technically correct (and regulatory compliant) and usable. As part of this, the current work is focused on developing a systematic approach to a procedure writer's guide that includes a regulatory compliant component. The work presented here consists of an effort to identify procedure-writing practices necessary to ensure regulatory compliance by summarizing a large sample of regulations and standards from several industries. The regulations and standards were organized to reflect common ideas and the implications in terms of human factors needs for procedure design were identified. This information will be used as part of the development of a writer's guide that accounts for human factors (HF) that includes explanations of HF implications and empirical support for each of the guidelines. The novelty of the method and information presented here is in the idea of leveraging the cumulative information available regarding procedures in regulations and standards. Incorporating this information into a procedure's writers guide in this manner may not only facilitate procedure being regulatory compliant for facilities in different geographies of the world, but could also support their being written with considerations for human performance.     

On Evaluation and Localization of Auditory Warning Devices for Adequate Audibility

This paper presents an analytic procedure to assist safety practitioners in evaluating the audibility of an existing auditory warning system in their workplaces. Two alarm location models are described: (a) a model with an unknown signal sound level, and (b) a model with a known signal sound level. A heuristic algorithm to determine a minimum number of alarm devices and their locations so that the warning signals can be clearly heard by workers is also proposed. The algorithm considers the ambient noise level, noise levels generated by individual machines, locations where workers are likely to be present, and noise levels at worker locations. From the numerical examples and the computation experiment, both the optimization and heuristic approaches yield solutions that satisfy the 15-dBA constraints. The heuristic approach is efficient in solving large alarm location problems due its capability to find near-optimal solutions within reasonable computation time.     

基于数据分析的地铁智能温控系统方案设计

针对目前地铁站及地铁车辆内部的环境温度控制,提出一种通过数据分析随环境变化情况进行自动调节的智能温度控制系统方案.智能温度控制系统采用闭环控制,核心温控采用PID控制.阐述系统的设计原理、架构、关键技术、实际应用中的工作模式,说明环境因素采集预算子系统、温度实时监测子系统、温度预警和温度调整子系统的系统功能.     

化工园区安全风险容量探讨

探讨并提出化工园区安全风险容量的内涵,从量化风险的角度论述区域安全风险容量;以个人风险、社会风险和潜在生命损失值作为化工园区风险容量分析的指标,并给出风险计算的模型和风险标准;对园区内企业生产规模、运输量与安全风险容量的关系进行讨论,认为企业生产规模的扩大可能不增加固定危险源的风险,但直接增加运输风险;给出了化工园区的现状及规划新建项目的安全容量的具体确定程序;以某化工园区为应用实例对安全风险容量进行分析和说明。     

京沈客运专线框架式声屏障降噪效果研究

高速铁路经过城市建成区两侧分布有高层住宅建筑,普通直立式、折角式声屏障对于较高楼层难以有效阻隔噪声,框架式声屏障具有更好的降噪效果,对其降噪效果的研究越来越成为工程设计中噪声治理选取的重要依据。在阐述框架式结构声屏障插入损失确定方法的基础上,分别采用边界元法、统计能量法预测框架式声屏障的降噪效果,通过实际案例加以类比验证,得出京沈客运专线框架式声屏障降噪效果。     

A new coal pillars design method in order to enhance safety of the retreat mining in room and pillar mines

Most of the proposed methods for coal pillar design determine pillar dimensions using pillar load estimation only through the tributary area theory. Designing pillar based on these methods is not appropriate in room and pillar mines with pillar recovery because retreat mining and gob creation generate abutment loads. Neglecting abutment loads in design stage may lead to pillar failure and destructive effects during retreat mining. Thus proper pillar design has a remarkable effect on mining safety. In this paper, a step-by-step method is presented to design pillars with square shape in room and pillar mines with regard to existing pillars in the active mining zone (AMZ) and estimating abutment loads according to experimental equations. A decrease in pillar failure risk during retreat mining is the most significant benefit of this method. This method has been applied to determine optimum pillar dimensions in the main panel of Tabas Central Mine (TCM), located in the mid-eastern part of Iran. Obtained results show the abutment loads account for 27% of the total loads applied on pillars in AMZ in this panel. Pillar width, based on this method, is also obtained 11.6 m.     

消防监控界面的语音信号研究

以汉语消防用语为实验材料,结合消防界面使用环境的高噪音特点,通过工效学实验,研究不同长度、内容的语音信号在不同噪音水平下的可懂度。结果表明,人对语音信号的获取与识别受到噪音水平以及信号内容、长度的影响。在不同水平的噪音背景下,语音信号的参数呈现不同的变化趋势。噪音对信号的掩蔽作用显著,其中低音最易被掩蔽。在消防监控界面中,语音信号的适宜语声为女中音。词类信号的适宜语速为5字/秒,普通句的适宜语速为7字/秒,含数字句的适宜语速为6字/秒。实验结果为设计者在消防界面中使用语音信号提供了依据,有助于缓解视觉通道压力,提高信息获取的速度和准确性,从而缩短火情侦察的时间与范围,降低火灾伤亡。     

Most Comfortable Listening Level and Speech Attenuation by Hearing Protectors

Hearing protectors attenuate both the background noise and the useful sounds embedded in noise such as the sounds of speech and warning signals. An effective hearing protector is one that attenuates background noise while leaving sufficient energy of speech and warning signals to reach the ear of the worker. At present, however, there are no established criteria for assessing effective change in speech-to-noise ratio caused by hearing protection devices (HPDs). One such criterion could be a change in most comfortable (listening) level (MCL) for speech caused by the presence of HPDs. In this study the HPD-related shift in MCL for speech presented in quiet was measured and compared with two measures of noise attenuation: Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) and high–medium–low (H–M–L). The results indicate that the MCL shift may be a sensitive measure of speech attenuation by HPDs, which together with the appropriate H–M–L may describe technical properties of HPDs.     

Practical safety management for small or medium enterprises

The article is intended for those who are not safety professionals but are responsible for safety management in a small or medium enterprise (SME) of the process industry. It assumes that a SME is loosely coupled and of low complexity and has a small number of major hazards present in it. The article describes Elementary Safety Management (ESM) as a combination of activities that maintain openness to safety impulses with Elementary Risk Control (ERC). ERC uses four milestones and three rules to get to the necessary and sufficient selection of control measures, which will achieve an acceptable level of risk. To make the ESM scheme as simple as possible, the term causal event is used, which is derived from the term causal factor. Practical Safety Management (PrSM) adds to the ESM the knowledge and skills that a person, who is supposed to design and implement a safety management system, needs. The PrSM procedure is developed to identify optimum controls. The procedure recognizes the unavoidable role of commitment to safety, respects the role of hazard identification, and integrates prospective and retrospective analyses and current knowledge of safety management systems. Examples of application of the procedure are given in the article.     

A mobile flight case learning system for ATC miscommunications

Aviation’s highest priority is safety. The primary risk to safety derives not from automated systems but from human factors, most notably air traffic control. We present results from development of a flight case learning system designed to operate on mobile phones used by air traffic controllers (ATCs). Our system takes advantage of key Ontology concepts, a case-based system development procedure, human-centered design (HCD) strategies, and appropriate small-screen interface design protocols. A questionnaire to assess user interaction satisfaction (QUIS) was deployed for subsequent usability testing and to verify acceptance of, and satisfaction with, the system. Twelve subjects participated in the questionnaire-based evaluation of subjective satisfaction. In addition, two flight experts served on a review panel for domain knowledge verification and acceptance of the interface design. Our results confirm that the system is a suitably designed mobile learning system that can accelerate self-learning for ATCs.     

Certification of Highly Complex Safety-Related Systems

The BIA has now 15 years of experience with the certification of complex electronic systems for safety-related applications in the machinery sector. Using the example of machining centres, this presentation will show the systematic procedure for verifying and validating control systems using Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and microcomputers for safety functions.

One section will describe the control structure of machining centres with control systems using “ integrated safety.” A diverse redundant architecture combined with crossmonitoring and forced dynamisation is explained. In the main section the steps of the systematic certification procedure are explained showing some results of the certification of drilling machines. Specification reviews, design reviews with test case specification, statistical analysis, and walk-throughs are the analytical measures in the testing process. Systematic tests based on the test case specification, Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) and environmental testing, and site acceptance tests on the machines are the testing measures for validation.

A complex software driven system is always undergoing modification. Most of the changes are not safety-relevant but this has to be proven. A systematic procedure for certifying software modifications is presented in the last section of the paper.     

控制排气放空噪声的消声器之研究与应用

排气放空噪声是工业上常遇到的噪声源。本文介绍了根据喷注噪声发射理论研制成的小孔喷注与节流降压相复合的新型消声器，适用于高压气源排放，取得了较好的消声效果。鉴于喷注发射噪声的强度取决于喷注的驻压与喷口直径等参量，对节流降压层的设计与控制小孔喷注层的驻压大小，提出了新的见解，可供设计研究喷注消声器参考使用。