1，4-二氯苯降解菌的分离及其降解特性研究

从某污水处理曝气池的活性污泥中分离出一株能够以1,4-二氯苯为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株DEB-1,通过形态特征和生理生化试验初步鉴定为黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium sp.）。实验结果表明,该菌株最适降解温度为32℃、最适降解pH为7.8,24 h对100 mg/L的1,4-二氯苯的降解率达94.5%。菌株DEB-1的降解谱较广,对5种氯苯类物质具有较高的降解率。并进一步研究了DEB-1的1,4-二氯苯降解酶粗酶液的性质,其最适反应温度和pH分别为30℃和8.5。对处理含氯代芳香化合物的有机废水具有一定的意义。     

用于青霉素废水处理的高效菌株的分离及特性研究

从某制药厂污水处理站的活性污泥中筛选出两株能以青霉素废水中有机物为惟一碳源和能源的高效降解菌k1和k2。通过形态及生理生化特征分析,初步鉴定2株菌为芽孢菌,其中k2为短小芽孢杆菌（bacillus pumilus）。2株菌的最适pH值分别为8和7,温度均为35℃,当废水含量50%时,菌株k1和k2对青霉素废水的COD去除率分别为79%和81%。单菌株与混合菌株对废水的降解特性试验表明,前48 h混菌对废水的去除率不及单菌株,而48 h后混合菌株去除率高于单菌株,60 h时达到最高为85%。     

四环素高效降解酵母菌Trichosporon mycotoxinivoransXPY-10降解特性

Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans XPY-10是一株分离自抗生素制药厂的高效四环素降解酵母菌。为了建立该菌株降解四环素的适宜条件,分别研究了碳源、有机氮源、金属离子等营养物质及初始底物浓度、接种量、pH、温度、装液量、摇床转速等理化因素对菌体生长及四环素降解效率的影响。结果表明,菌株XPY-10生长的最适碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨。在含有0.05% FeSO₄的培养基中,菌株XPY-10降解四环素的适宜条件为：接种量2%,pH 8,温度34℃,装液量100 mL（250 mL 三角瓶）,摇床转速180 r/min。在此条件下,菌株XPY-10在7 d内对初始浓度为600 mg/L的四环素降解率为83.63%。本菌株对养殖废水及制药废水中四环素的污染治理有一定的应用前景。     

甲醛降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

从采集活性污泥中筛选得到1株具有高效降解甲醛能力的菌株并命名为JQ-1,根据其形态特征,初步判断菌株JQ-1属假单胞菌属。同时对菌株JQ-1的生长特性及降解特性进行了初步研究。实验结果表明,该菌株降解甲醛的最适条件为：甲醛废水浓度为50mg／L,pH值为6,培养温度为25℃,摇床转速为150r／min。在最适条件下,菌株JQ-1具有较强的降解甲醛能力,当甲醛废水浓度为50mg／L时,在24h内甲醛降解率可达87％以上。     

高盐条件下硝基苯降解菌的分离及降解特性

在高盐条件下,从某制药厂曝气池的活性污泥中分离、筛选得到6株硝基苯高效降解菌,其中菌株N18在高盐条件下对硝基苯降解效率最高.经形态特征和生理生化特征分析,初步鉴定N18属于棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium sp.).硝基苯降解试验表明,菌株最佳培养条件为30℃、培养基pH 7、摇床转速150 r/min.最佳培养条件下,当硝基苯初始质量浓度低于150 mg/L时,菌株培养72 h后硝基苯降解率达75％以上.当盐度为1％～3％时,盐度对硝基苯降解率的影响不明显,当盐度为10％时菌株生长微弱,因此N18属于中度耐盐细菌.     

三乙胺降解菌SYA-1的分离、降解性能与动力学

从农药废水处理池的活性污泥中分离筛选得到1株高效三乙胺降解菌株SYA-1,根据菌株SYA-1的形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,此菌株鉴定为Achromobacter sp.。菌株SYA-1能以三乙胺为惟一碳、氮源生长,并在24 h内完全降解200 mg/L的三乙胺。环境因素影响实验表明,在温度30℃,初始pH 7.0,NaCl浓度≤10 g/L条件下,菌株SYA-1生长良好且对三乙胺的降解效率最佳;金属离子对菌株生长和三乙胺降解的抑制程度表现为:Cu2+Co2+Ag+Cd2+Fe3+Pb2+。菌株SYA-1降解三乙胺的动力学过程可用Haldane模型模拟,其参数为μmax=0.123h-1;K s=82 mg/L;K i=215 mg/L。为含三乙胺废水的生物降解提供了理论依据和菌株资源。     

樟脑废水高效优势降解菌的选育及降解效果

针对樟脑废水，从活性污泥中筛选出降解樟脑废水的高效优势菌，通过分离纯化，优选出三株适应能力强、生长旺盛的菌株，分别为ZH-1，ZH-2、TZH-2。经初步鉴定分别为动胶菌属、假单胞菌属、短杆菌属。试验测定了单株菌和混合菌对樟脑废水的降解效果，结果表明，混合菌的降解效果最为明显，降解率为75．23％。     

一株高效耐冷菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

寒冷地区水温偏低,污水生物处理效果差,出水达标困难。从寒冷地区水土样品中,分离到数株能在2℃下生长的低温菌株,选择优势菌N进行重点研究。从脱氢酶活性机制上,考察了不同条件对N菌株降解能力的影响;对比研究了它与常温活性污泥降解能力和脱氢酶活性的差异。结果表明:N菌株属于耐冷型低温微生物,结合16S rDNA序列同源性分析及生理生化特性鉴定为黄假单胞菌;5℃曝气8 h,接种废水COD、氨氮去除率均在90%以上;低温条件下,该耐冷菌对生活污水降解率比常温活性污泥高出40%,脱氢酶具有更高的活性,在低温污水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

一株芘的高效降解菌的选育及其降解性能研究

旨在为多环芳烃污染环境的生物修复提供微生物资源和科学依据,从某焦化厂曝气池的活性污泥中分离纯化出一株降解芘的优势菌株B-1,该菌株可在以芘为惟一碳源的培养基中生长繁殖,能利用芘的最高浓度为130 mg/L左右.经形态学观察、生理生化实验及l6S rDNA序列分析,初步判断菌株B-1为芽胞杆菌属.投菌量、芘初始浓度、pH...     

甲醛降解细菌的分离鉴定和降解效果测定

从某化工厂污水处理系统的活性污泥中分离纯化得到一株能降解甲醛的革兰氏阳性菌,对其进行形态及生理生化特性测定,提取并纯化其基因组DNA,通过PCR扩增菌株的16S rDNA,测序结果表明,该菌株和苏云金芽孢杆菌的同源性为100%。在含1.2 μL/mL的甲醛的培养基上培养该菌36 h后,甲醛降解去除率达到72％以上。     

金沙江梯级水电站运行后三峡库区总磷通量变化分析

金沙江下游从上往下依次建设有乌东德、白鹤滩、溪洛渡和向家坝4个呈串联形式的梯级水电站,这4座大型水利工程的建设运行对下游水文情势产生了重要影响,并随之影响磷的迁移过程。基于4座梯级水电站的建设运行特点,将研究时间划分为2座电站运行阶段 (2016—2019年) 和4座电站运行阶段 (2020—2022年) 。通过分析2个阶段金沙江下游攀枝花至三峡出库南津关干流段监测站位总磷、流量和通量的变化情况,阐明金沙江下游梯级水电站运行对三峡库区总磷通量的影响程度。除嘉陵江汇入断面外,其余断面在4座电站运行阶段总磷浓度均有所降低。4座水电站的运行使得梯级水电站的调蓄作用进一步加强,但三峡入库流量波动在4座电站运行阶段并未变小,支流汇入对三峡入库流量的影响不容忽视。除沱江和嘉陵江外,其余断面总磷年均通量在4座电站运行阶段均出现一定程度的降低,沱江在2个阶段的总磷年均通量变化不大,嘉陵江在4座电站运行阶段的总磷年均通量较两座电站运行阶段增加了52%。向家坝出库对三峡入库总磷通量的贡献率由2座电站运行阶段的31%降低到4座电站运行阶段的26%,需持续关注金沙江梯级水电站的源汇作用和其对三峡入库总磷的影响。该研究结果可为持续性观测梯级水电站与流域磷迁移的规律提供参考。     

乌江汇入对三峡水库局部水体中磷质量浓度的影响

乌江水体中总磷与三峡水库相关水域存在差异。通过对相关水体中磷质量浓度变化特征的分析,结果表明：2008年前乌江TP显著低于三峡水库相关水域,其汇入对后者主要表现为“稀释”作用,可使清溪场断面TP年均值最大降低约0.02 mg·L⁻¹;2009年后乌江TP急剧升高,其汇入后清溪场断面2009—2013年TP年均值最大升高约0.057 mg·L⁻¹;2014年后乌江汇入基本不会使清溪场断面TP年均值明显改变;1998—2006年乌江TDP与三峡水库相关水域相近,乌江汇入对清溪场断面TDP年均值基本无影响;之后乌江TDP快速上升,2007—2013年乌江汇入最大可使清溪场断面TDP年均值升高约0.061 mg·L⁻¹;2014年后乌江TDP大幅回落,其对水库影响降低,最大可使清溪场断面TDP年均值升高约0.008 mg·L⁻¹;乌江汇入对三峡水库局部水体磷质量浓度的影响在不同时段其程度、趋势均不一致;乌江干流水电建设导致的水文条件变化和乌江上游区域磷矿开发过程中含磷废水排放使得乌江水体中磷质量浓度发生改变,进而间接、持续对三峡水库局部水体中磷质量浓度产生影响。该研究结果可为三峡水库的水生态环境监管提供参考。     

Conservation and ecofriendly utilization of wetlands associated with the Three Gorges Reservoir

The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China has created a major reservoir in which the water level fluctuates annually by about 30 m, generating a drawdown zone of up to 350 km² in summer. Since construction of the dam, there has been scientific and public interest in how to use the drawdown zone resources in environmentally sustainable ways. To this end, and with government support, an international conference was held in Chongqing Municipality (China) in October 2011 on the subject of conservation and ecofriendly utilization of wetlands in the Three Gorges Reservoir. The conference proceedings were subsequently published in the Journal of Chongqing Normal University. The proceedings reports are reviewed here in the context of other relevant literature. The proceedings included papers on ecology, ecodesign and ecological engineering, erosion control, plant production and carbon sequestration, phytoremediation of pollution, hydrosystem management, and others. Several of the reports derive from experimental work conducted at a research field station on the Three Gorges Reservoir situated in Kaixian County, Chongqing Municipality. Plant communities in the drawdown zone are declining in diversity and evolving. Experimental plantings of flood-tolerant edible hydrophytes in a dike–pond system reveal their potential to provide economic returns for farmers, and flooding-tolerant trees, such as cypresses, also show promising results for stabilizing soils in the drawdown zone. Flood-tolerant natural plant communities vary strongly with depth and their composition provides useful indicators for revegetation strategies. In the region surrounding the reservoir, remnant natural broad-leaved evergreen forests are most effective in sequestering carbon, and within the drawdown zone, carbon is mostly stored below ground. There is strong interest in the potential of aquatic plants for removal of pollutants, notably N and P, from the reservoir water by means of floating beds. Other examples of applying ecodesign and ecological engineering strategies for restoration and management of rivers and lakes are also given. Scientific studies have provided valuable advice for ecofriendly utilization of the reservoir drawdown zone and further studies of the evolving condition of the reservoir can be expected to pay additional practical dividends.     

Unusual Salinity Conditions in the Yangtze Estuary in 2006: Impacts of an Extreme Drought or of the Three Gorges Dam?

During the extreme dry year of 2006, abnormal salinity conditions in the Changjiang Estuary of the Yangtze River occurred in partial coincidence with the second impoundment phase of the TGD (Three Gorges Dam). Analysis of discharge observations in the upper reaches of the estuary and of salinity observations in the estuary as a whole reveals that in 2006 salinity was over 100 mg/l during 275 days, over 250 mg/l during 75 days and over 400 mg/l during 48 days. It is well known that this is due to extreme low discharges from the upper catchment area into the estuary. Moreover, large amounts of water consumed along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River can also aggravate the low discharges that lead to stronger saltwater intrusion in the estuary. Of the 75 days that salinity was over 250 mg/l, the low discharge was decreased further by 10 to 20% due to water consumption. The additional impact of the impoundment phase of the TGD (lasting 37 days in autumn) was noticeable only during 7 days in 2006. During that period, the relative contributions of the TGD and the water consumption in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River amounted to 70 and 30%, respectively. It may be concluded that the impact of the second impoundment phase of the TGD on salinity intrusion in the estuary was modest, while the extreme drought of 2006 was the dominant cause.     

Temporal and spatial analysis of the ecosystem service values in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China based on land use change

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA) has complex geological conditions and a fragile ecological environment. The construction of the Three Gorges...     

Pharmaceutical residues in tidal surface sediments of three rivers in southeastern China at detectable and measurable levels

Pharmaceutical compounds were increasingly detected in environmental matrices but little is known whether these compounds would transport to coastal zones via watersheds. Three typical tidal rivers in southeastern China were selected and 15 surface sediment samples (0–10 cm) were collected along a 50-km tidal section of each river. Surface sediment samples were frozen-drying and then extracted for pharmaceutical compounds by an accelerated solvent extraction system. The pharmaceutical compounds in extracts were scanned using a high-performance liquid chromatography/tandern mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Three hundred and thirty compounds from nine pharmaceutical groups were detected with signal-to-noise above three (detectable level) in the surface sediments, of which 186 compounds were with a signal-to-noise above ten (measurable level). Of all, 291 and 80 compounds were detectable and measurable in all the three rivers, respectively. The Jiulong River showed a high load of pharmaceutical compounds in surface sediment than other two rivers. Of the nine pharmaceutical groups, the antihistamines and detoxification group and anti-infective drug group contributed five dominant compounds in the surface sediments in all the three rivers. Natures of pharmaceutical compounds rather than the sediment properties (pH, EC, and total carbon content) might influence their residues. The incredible number and intensity of pharmaceutical residues were detected in tidal surface sediments of the three rivers indicating that the pharmaceutical contamination should be strongly considered in China. Source identification and eco-toxicity assessment should be taken into account in the future study. Therapeutic medicine managements need to be strictly improved at a watershed scale to reduce loads of pharmaceuticals into aquatic ecosystems.     

Historical deposition behaviors of PAHs in the Yangtze River Estuary: Role of the sources and water currents

Historical profiles and sources of PAHs at two typical sediment cores (i.e., the shipping route site and the shoal site) were fully compared to probe the controlling factors, specifically the water currents, for the PAHs deposition processes in the Yangtze River Estuary. Compared with ocean water currents, river runoff affected by the water impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam greatly affected the PAHs levels and percent contribution of PAHs sources in the two cores. River runoff hindered the PAHs deposition in shoal site, while a contrary phenomenon was observed for the shipping route site. Though the PAHs in the estuary were mainly from river catchment, only low ring PAHs in the shipping route site were mainly from the upper reach of the river. Coarse sediments with higher organic carbon content also accounted for the higher deposition levels of PAHs in the shipping route site.     

Water mass interaction in the confluence zone of the Daning River and the Yangtze River—a driving force for algal growth in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Increasing eutrophication and algal bloom events in the Yangtze River Three Gorges Reservoir, China, are widely discussed with regard to changed hydrodynamics and nutrient transport and distribution processes. Insights into water exchange and interaction processes between water masses related to large-scale water level fluctuations in the reservoir are crucial to understand water quality and eutrophication dynamics. Therefore, confluence zones of tributaries with the Yangtze River main stream are dedicated key interfaces. In this study, water quality data were recorded in situ and on-line in varying depths with the MINIBAT towed underwater multi-sensor system in the confluence zone of the Daning River and the Yangtze River close to Wushan City during 1 week in August 2011. Geostatistical evaluation of the water quality data was performed, and results were compared to phosphorus contents of selective water samples. The strongly rising water level throughout the measurement period caused Yangtze River water masses to flow upstream into the tributary and supply their higher nutrient and particulate loads into the tributary water body. Rapid algal growth and sedimentation occurred immediately when hydrodynamic conditions in the confluence zone became more serene again. Consequently, water from the Yangtze River main stream can play a key role in providing nutrients to the algal bloom stricken water bodies of its tributaries.     

三峡库区香溪河流域磷矿废石磷素浸出特性

为评价三峡库区香溪河流域内所堆存的磷矿废石对地表水体的磷污染风险,以香溪河支流高岚河流域内磷矿废石为研究对象,依据EPA M1316所规定的实验方法,开展了5种不同液固比(0.5~10.0 mL/g-dry)条件下磷矿废石磷素浸出特性的实验研究,探讨了液固比条件对磷矿废石磷素浸出浓度以及浸出率的影响。结果表明,磷矿废石浸出液中总磷浓度随液固比的增加而减小,其变化范围为0.74~0.47 mg/L;在液固比<7 mL/g-dry的条件下,浸出液中的总磷浓度均超出《污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)》中所规定的最高允许排放浓度(0.5 mg/L);磷矿废石中磷素浸出率随液固比的增加而增大,其变化范围为0.37~4.70 mg/kg;磷矿废石将以点源的形式对其附近的地表水体形成长期的磷污染,属于第II类一般工业固体废物,应考虑在其堆置场顶部设置封盖层以降低其环境污染风险。     

环境pH对香溪河流域磷矿废石释磷特性的影响

为了评价三峡库区香溪河流域内所堆存的磷矿废石对地表水体的磷污染风险,以香溪河支流高岚河流域内具有不同风化时间的6座磷矿废石堆体为研究对象,依据US EPA Method 1313所规定的实验方法,开展了9种不同pH(2.0~13.0)条件下磷矿废石磷素浸出特性的实验研究,探讨了液相环境pH对磷矿废石磷素浸出浓度的影响。结果表明:在酸性环境下磷矿废石的磷素浸出浓度与pH呈负相关关系;中性及碱性环境下的磷素浸出浓度总体上低于酸性条件,其大小与环境pH之间无显著关系存在,但在pH=10.5±0.5范围内存在小幅升高;自然条件下磷矿废石堆体内部的液相环境为弱碱性(pH=7.8~8.8),且不会受当地酸雨长期淋滤的影响,在此条件下6种磷矿废石的磷素平均浸出浓度为0.7 mg/L,超标率为33 %。因此,研究区内的磷矿废石堆体可以形成点源形式的磷污染。在香溪河库湾水体富氧化问题日趋严重的前提下,应考虑将流域内堆存的磷矿废石作为第II类一般工业固体废物进行妥善处置,以降低其对香溪河库湾水体环境的磷污染风险。