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1.
Anja Widdig Wolf Jürgen Streich Peter Nürnberg Peter J. P. Croucher Fred B. Bercovitch Michael Krawczak 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,61(2):205-214
When agonistic interventions are nepotistic, individuals are expected to side more often with kin but less often against kin in comparison with non-kin. As yet, however, few mammal studies have been in a position to test the validity of this assertion with respect to paternal relatedness. We therefore used molecular genetic kinship testing to assess whether adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from the free-ranging colony of Cayo Santiago (Puerto Rico) bias their interventions in ongoing dyadic aggressive interactions towards maternal and paternal half-sisters compared with unrelated females. It turned out that females supported maternal half-sisters significantly more often than paternal half-sisters or non-kin regardless of the costs associated with such interventions. Similarly, females targeted maternal half-sisters significantly less often than non-kin when this was associated with high costs. Unrelated females provided significantly higher mean rates of both high- and low-cost support to each other than did paternal half-sisters. However, females targeted paternal half-sisters significantly less often than non-kin when targeting was at low cost, suggesting that females refrain from intervening against paternal half-sisters. Our data confirm the general view that coalition formation in female mammals is a function of both the level of maternal relatedness and of the costs of intervention. The patterns of coalition formation among paternal kin were found to be more complex, and may also differ across species, but clear evidence for paternal kin discrimination was observed in female rhesus as predicted by kin selection theory. 相似文献
2.
Maternal investment in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): reproductive costs and consequences of raising sons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maternal investment in offspring is expected to vary according to offspring sex when the reproductive success of the progeny
is a function of differential levels of parental expenditure. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of rhesus macaques
to determine whether variation in male progeny production, measured with both DNA fingerprinting and short tandem repeat marker
typing, could be traced back to patterns of maternal investment. Males weigh significantly more than females at birth, despite
an absence of sex differences in gestation length. Size dimorphism increases during infancy, with maternal rank associated
with son’s, but not daughter’s, weight at the end of the period of maternal investment. Son’s, but not daughter’s, weight
at 1 year of age is significantly correlated with adult weight, and male, but not female, weight accounts for a portion of
the variance in reproductive success. Variance in annual offspring output was three- to fourfold higher in males than in females.
We suggest that energetic costs of rearing sons could be buffered by fetal delivery of testosterone to the mother, which is
aromatized to estrogen and fosters fat accumulation during gestation. We conclude that maternal investment is only slightly
greater in sons than in daughters, with mothers endowing sons with extra resources because son, but not daughter, mass has
ramifications for offspring sirehood. However, male reproductive tactics supersede maternal investment patterns as fundamental
regulators of male fitness.
Received: 23 July 1999 / Received in revised form: 23 February 2000 / Accepted: 13 March 2000 相似文献
3.
Summary The longitudinal survivorship of a group of free-ranging male and female rhesus monkeys from La Parguera, Puerto Rico, was analyzed. Males had lower age-specific survivorship than females. There were no differences in the survivorship of daughters of high- and low-ranking mothers and there was no correlation between total number of offspring born and maternal rank for females. However, the sons of low-ranking mothers had lower survivorship than the sons of high-ranking females. This sex-related difference in survivorship, in conjunction with other evidence, indicates that the average lifetime reproduction of sons of low-ranking females is lower than that of daughters and vice versa for offspring of high-ranking females. 相似文献
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5.
Christopher Young Sabine Hähndel Bonaventura Majolo Oliver Schülke Julia Ostner 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(10):1665-1677
Dominant mammalian males should gain a reproductive advantage due to their greater fighting abilities. However, the extent to which they can monopolise access to females varies across species. In primates and recently other mammalian species, the Priority of Access (PoA) model is commonly used to measure the degree to which male rank and female receptive synchrony affect mating skew. Few studies have examined the factors which lead to deviations from the expectations of the model. Here, we investigate male mating skew in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). We examined four of the main factors which affect male mating success: the roles of male rank, female receptive synchrony, coalitionary activity and female behaviour. We found that male mating was skewed up the hierarchy, but there was a large deviation from the PoA model's expectations with high-ranked males not gaining as big a share as expected. Females frequently initiated sexual encounters, predominantly with mid-ranked males, increasing their mating success. Male coalitionary activity independently increased mating success. Frequent associations with females were costly to males as they were the targets of bridging coalitions, decreasing future mating opportunities for the targets. High-ranking males did not increase their mating success directly through bridging coalitions but acted to dilute the effects of female behaviour. By examining different factors affecting mating skew, we are able to show that alternative male and female mating strategies are effective in reducing the monopolisation potential of the dominant male. 相似文献
6.
J. Soltis R. Thomsen K. Matsubayashi O. Takenaka 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(3):195-202
Infanticide was observed for the first time in a wild, non-provisioned troop of Japanese macaques on Yakushima Island, Japan.
Eight adult resident males attacked unweaned infants in the pre- and early mating season, and one infanticide was observed
directly. These attacks were not consistent with the social pathology, side effect of male aggression, cannibalism, or the
resource defense hypothesis, but were generally consistent with the sexual-selection hypothesis. First, most male attackers
had risen in dominance rank because several high-ranking males had left the troop. Second, in 78% of cases, male attackers
had not previously been observed to mate with the mothers of victims. Moreover, analysis of subject animal DNA showed that
males did not attack their own offspring. The two mothers who lost their unweaned infants, however, were not subsequently
observed to mate. In fact, almost no mating behavior was observed in the troop. This was most likely due to a poor fruiting
year. Resumption of mating by females who lost their infants may have been inhibited by an intervening environmental variable
which suppressed female reproductive function. These observations contribute to a growing body of evidence which suggests
that sexually selected infanticide can occur in seasonally breeding, multi-male, multi-female primate groups. Female Japanese
macaques are known to mate with multiple males. We found evidence that female mating with multiple males inhibits contact
aggression towards their infants. Adult males attacked infants eight times more often when they had not previously mated with
the mother.
Received: 2 September 1999 / Received in revised form: 27 April 2000 / Accepted: 3 May 2000 相似文献
7.
Summary Paternity determination by oligonucleotide fingerprinting confirms that maternal rank affects the reproductive success of male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). High-born males began to reproduce significantly earlier and sired significantly more infants surviving to at least 1 year of age during the first 4 years of their reproductive career than low-born males. This relation was independent of the natal/non-natal status of the males, and was not affected by external conditions such as the level of intrasexual competition or the number of fertilizable females. Since high-ranking females in this population produced significantly more male offspring than low-ranking females, the data on sex ratio adjustment and comparative breeding success of sons and daughters are consistent with the predictions of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis.
Offprint requests to: A. Paul 相似文献
8.
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10.
Summary New data on the secondary sex ratio in semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques at Salem confirm the observation that the offspring of high-ranking females in this colony are biased towards sons while the offspring of low-ranking females are biased towards daughters. Analysis of interbirth intervals yielded no consistent differences in the relative costs of rearing male and female offspring for either high- or low-ranking females. Survivorship to adulthood of male and female offspring born to mothers of all rank classes was remarkably high, and there was no indication that juvenile females of low-ranking mothers face any greater risk. Daughters of high- and low-ranking mothers showed no substantial differences in reproductive success, while mating and probably reproductive success of sons seemed to be dependent on maternal rank, at least at the beginning of their reproductive career. The results suggest that variation in sex ratio does increase parental fitness.
Offprint requests to: A. Paul 相似文献
11.
Summary In the course of a long-term study on social organization of semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem, genealogical and cross-genealogical rank relations of adult and adolescent females in three social groups were studied. Female rank was highly dependent on maternal rank, but the process of rank acquisition was also affected by age/size differences between members of different families. Mother-daughter rank reversal was rare, but all old, postreproductive matriarchs were outranked by their adult daughters. Contrary to findings of other studies on macaques, younger sisters seldom outranked older sisters. There was no genealogy with a strict age-inversed hierarchy among adult sisters as described for rhesus and Japanese macaques. Rank reversals between sisters were more frequent in genealogies with old or dead matriarchs, in large clans, and in dyads with an age difference of more than 1 year, indicating that demographic variables influence intra-genealogical dominance relations. It is suggested that close, long-lasting relationships between sisters and mothers and doughters impede rank reversals. Previous evolutionary models of female dominance relations in primates that explain rank relations among sisters as a function of their reproductive value or as a strategy of the mother to maintain her own status are not supported by the data. The results of this and other studies indicate that rank reversal between sisters is not as universal for Old World monkeys, or even macaques, as frequently proposed. 相似文献
12.
Assisting the genetic parents in the rearing of young, a widespread phenomenon in many birds and mammals, is usually regarded
as an altruistic or mutualistic behavior. Infant handling by females other than the mother is also common in many primates,
but due to high within- and between-species variation and limited knowledge about fitness consequences there is no consensus
about its evolutionary and functional significance. Analysis of female infant-handling patterns and its reproductive consequences
in three groups of semifree-ranging Barbary macaques revealed that nulliparous females significantly more often handled infants
than parous females, but infant handling experience did not affect survival of their own first live-born offspring. Females
interacted preferentially with closely related infants, but infant handling frequency improved neither infant survival nor
maternal fecundity. Reciprocation of infant handling by mothers was rare. Although “aunting to death” occurred in the population,
the hypothesis that infant handling serves to reduce the fitness of competitors was not supported. Limited evidence suggests
that females at least sometimes use infants as strategic tools in the course of alliance formation. In concert with this poor
evidence for a functional basis of the behavior, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that infant handling evolved
as a non-adaptive by-product of a strong selection for mother-offspring bonding. (1) Rates of infant handling were highest
among females that experienced early infant loss. (2) Females caring for infants or yearlings of their own handled other infants
significantly less often than females without dependent offspring. (3) Infant handling by females was most prevalent during
the infants’ first month of life. (4) Both “aunting to death” and a successful adoption occurred irrespective of kinship relations.
Although the by-product hypothesis appears to be the only one able to explain all results of this study, the apparent rarity
of infant handling in non-female-bonded species suggest that kin selection is a possible alternative explanation for the evolution
of female infant-handling in primates.
Received: 30 December 1995/Accepted after revision: 10 May 1996 相似文献
13.
Thomas Lilley Toni Laaksonen Otso Huitu Samuli Helle 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(10):1539-1547
The ratio of second-to-fourth digit length (2D/4D) has been suggested to be a useful adult age marker of intrauterine exposure
to steroids because it should be sexually dimorphic and fixed already in utero. Numerous studies mainly on humans have supported
this conclusion, but it is yet unclear how well this applies to other vertebrates. This information would be especially valuable
to field biologists to whom measuring steroids in utero is often impossible. The non-human studies conducted so far have yielded
inconsistent results, perhaps due to the variety of different methods employed in measuring 2D/4D. We examined the age and
sex dependency and lateral asymmetry of 2D/4D in field voles (Microtus agrestis) and compared whether these effects differed between 2D/4D measurements taken from photographs and X-rays. Our results show
that 2D/4D measurements from photos had a higher measurement error and gave consistently higher 2D/4D than those from X-rays.
According to both measurement methods, the right paw showed higher 2D/4D values than the left paw (lateral asymmetry). Adult
voles had a lower 2D/4D than juveniles when measured from X-rays, but not when measured from photographs. We found no evidence
for a sex difference in 2D/4D using either of the measurement methods. Our findings thus suggest that X-rays, due to their
greater accuracy, should be preferred over photographs for measuring digit ratios in rodents. Our results also indicate that
in this species, 2D/4D is laterally asymmetric, but it may not be either fixed in utero or sexually dimorphic. In conclusion,
2D/4D appears to be a rather species- and method-specific measure and researchers should be careful when generalising its
applicability to study early hormonal effects in vertebrates. 相似文献
14.
Summary Life history theory suggests that reproduction at one point in time involves costs in terms of energy, reduced survival, or probability of reproduction at a future point in time. ln long-lived iteroparous organisms, initiating reproduction at a relatively young age may exact a cost in terms of reduced survivorship, but an early age of first reproduction could be beneficial if it lengthens the breeding lifespan. Data collected over 30 years from one population of rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, were analyzed to determine the fertility and survivorship costs of initiating reproduction at a relatively young age. Low population density and high social status increased the chances of accelerating age at first parturition, but high dominance rank was not associated with greater lifetime reproductive success. Rapid reproductive maturation neither reduced short-term survivorship nor decreased lifespan. Fertility costs arose if young females reared a male, but not female, offspring. The fitness consequences of rapid reproductive maturation depend upon longevity, with age at death having a significantly greater impact on lifetime reproductive success than age at first parturition.Correspondence to: F.B. Bercovitch 相似文献
15.
Katrin Brauch Keith Hodges Antje Engelhardt Kerstin Fuhrmann Eric Shaw Michael Heistermann 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(9):1453-1466
In a wide variety of species, male reproductive success is determined by contest for access to females. Among multi-male primate
groups, however, factors in addition to male competitive ability may also influence paternity outcome, although their exact
nature and force is still largely unclear. Here, we have investigated in a group of free-ranging Barbary macaques whether
paternity is determined on the pre- or postcopulatory level and how male competitive ability and female direct mate choice
during the female fertile phase are related to male reproductive success. Behavioural observations were combined with faecal
hormone analysis for timing of the fertile phase (13 cycles, 8 females) and genetic paternity analysis (n = 12). During the fertile phase, complete monopolisation of females did not occur. Females were consorted for only 49% of
observation time, and all females had ejaculatory copulations with several males. Thus, in all cases, paternity was determined
on the postcopulatory level. More than 80% of infants were sired by high-ranking males, and this reproductive skew was related
to both, male competitive ability and female direct mate choice as high-ranking males spent more time in consort with females
than low-ranking males, and females solicited copulations mainly from dominant males. As most ejaculatory copulations were
female-initiated, female direct mate choice appeared to have the highest impact on male reproductive success. However, female
preference was not directly translated into paternity, as fathers were not preferred over non-fathers in terms of solicitation,
consortship and mating behaviour. Collectively, our data show that in the Barbary macaque, both sexes significantly influence
male mating success, but that sperm of several males generally compete within the female reproductive tract and that therefore
paternity is determined by mechanisms operating at the postcopulatory level. 相似文献
16.
A. M. Overduin-de Vries C. U. Olesen H. de Vries B. M. Spruijt E. H. M. Sterck 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(1):101-111
Sexual competition is highly prevalent within multi-male multi-female primate groups and may lead to copulations in absence of potentially interfering bystanders. Such avoidance of bystanders may result from tactical deception or from simpler mechanisms such as taking advantage of encountered situations without bystanders, operant conditioning or a peripheral positioning of non-alpha males. We investigated which individuals are avoided as bystanders, how individuals react to the presence of bystanders and whether copulation partners separate themselves from the group in a tactical way. Our observations of a group of 15 female and seven male long-tailed macaques housed in three interconnected, but visually separated compartments revealed that both males and females can interrupt sexual behaviour and that bystanders of both sexes were avoided during copulations (n?=?256). The strength of the effect of bystanders tended to decrease with the dominance rank of male bystanders, but did not depend on the dominance rank of female bystanders. The audience effects of non-alpha individuals did not depend on the strong audience effect of the alpha male in combination with proximity with the alpha male. The effects that we found for separate bystanders suggest that sexual competition concerns rank dependent male–male competition and rank independent female–female competition. Additionally, both male and female copulation partners paid attention to the presence of bystanders and conducted fewer copulation solicitations in their presence. The timing of a male and female’s separation from the group suggests that exploitation of the peripheral position of non-alpha males, and not tactical deception, may cause these audience effects. 相似文献
17.
Manakorn Sukmak Worawidh Wajjwalku Julia Ostner Oliver Schülke 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(7):1097-1108
In groups with multiple males, direct mate competition may select for the evolution of dominance hierarchies that sort males into a queue for access to fertile females. The priority-of-access (PoA) model proposed by Altmann in 1962 makes explicit predictions about the resulting paternity distribution based on an interaction between male dominance rank and the overlap of female receptive phases. Here, we investigated whether the logic of the PoA model predicted the distribution of paternity across ranks in a seasonal breeder with high reproductive synchrony over six consecutive mating seasons. We studied 18 males that resided in a group of wild Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) in their natural habitat at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, between 2006 and 2011 with 5 to 13 conceptions per season. We assessed whether mate guarding increased paternity success, described “short-term” deviations from predicted paternity distribution, and examined how these are related to the number of competitors and fertile females. We determined genetic paternity of 43 (93 %) offspring born into the study group and found reproductive skew to be relatively low with 29 % alpha male paternity in accordance with the high degree of female reproductive synchrony observed. Short-term deviations from expected paternity distribution over ranks were not explained by the number of resident males or the number of conceiving females or their interaction. Within the limits of this study, these results suggest that even if males cannot discern female fertile phases, if reproduction is seasonal, and if reproductive synchrony is high, males may also compete directly over access to females. 相似文献
18.
Engelhardt A Fischer J Neumann C Pfeifer JB Heistermann M 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(1):121-134
Primates are unusual in that many females display sexual signals, such as sex skin swellings/colorations and copulation calls, without any sex role reversal. The adaptive function of these signals remains largely unclear, although it has been suggested that they provide males with information on female reproductive status. For sex skin swellings, there is increasing evidence that they represent a graded signal indicating the probability of ovulation. Data on the functional significance of copulation calls are much scarcer. To clarify the information content of such calls, we recorded copulation calls in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and analysed the structure of these calls during the ovarian cycle. Specifically, we correlated selected call parameters with the female oestrogen to progestogen ratio (obtained from faecal samples), which are known to be elevated during the female's fertile phase. In addition, we ran a general linear mixed model for these call parameters, testing factors (cycle phase, occurrence/absence of ejaculation, male dominance status, occurrence/absence of mate guarding) which potentially influence female copulation calls in primates. Our results show that copulation calls of female long-tailed macaques signal mating outcome and rank of the mating partner, but not female reproductive status. They also show for the first time on primates that copulation calls can convey information on whether a female is mate guarded or not. We suspect that the function of these calls is manipulation of male mating and mate-guarding behaviour and that in this way the degree of sperm competition and ultimately male reproductive success is influenced. 相似文献
19.
Antje Engelhardt Michael Heistermann J. Keith Hodges Peter Nürnberg Carsten Niemitz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(6):740-752
One of the basic principles of sexual selection is that male reproductive success should be skewed towards strong males in
species with anisogamous sex. Studies on primate multi-male groups, however, suggest that other factors than male fighting
ability might also affect male reproductive success. The proximate mechanisms leading to paternity in multi-male primate groups
still remain largely unknown since in most primate studies mating rather than reproductive success is measured. Furthermore,
little research focuses on a female’s fertile phase. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of male
monopolisation and female direct mate choice for paternity determination. We also investigated the extent to which paternity
was decided post-copulatory, i.e. within the female reproductive tract. We used a combined approach of behavioural observations
with faecal hormone and genetic analysis for assessment of female cycle stage and paternity, respectively. The study was carried
out on a group of wild long-tailed macaques living around the Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia.
Our results suggest that both male monopolisation and post-copulatory mechanisms are the main determinants of male reproductive
success, whereas female direct mate choice and alternative male reproductive strategies appear to be of little importance
in this respect. Female cooperation may, however, have facilitated male monopolisation. Since paternity was restricted to
alpha and beta males even when females mated with several males during the fertile phase, it seems that not only male monopolisation
but also post-copulatory mechanisms may operate in favour of high-ranking males in long-tailed macaques, thus reinforcing
the reproductive skew in this species. 相似文献
20.
M. Gomendio 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1990,27(5):365-375
Summary In the new colony of rhesus macaques at Madingley, no overall difference was found in the length of the inter-birth intervals following the birth of male and female infants. The lack of overall differences in the reproductive costs of raising sons and daughters, was associated with an absence of differences in suckling patterns between male and female infants. It is argued that similar pre-weaning investment in sons and daughters may be related to the presence of similar growth rates for male and female infants during the first year of life. Most high ranking mothers reproduced in consecutive years, while low ranking mothers were more likely to experience two year long inter-birth intervals. Further analyses revealed that this difference was mainly due to the fact that low ranking mothers always failed to reproduce the year after raising a daughter. Thus, no difference was found in the length of inter-birth intervals between high ranking mothers with infants of either sex and low ranking mothers with sons. The daughters of low ranking females suckled more frequently and making more nipple contacts per bout, and such high nipple stimulation was responsible for the reproductive inhibition experienced by their mothers. It is suggested that the high degrees of nipple stimulation may have been a consequence of the high levels of aggression that low ranking females with daughters have been shown to receive, since their mothers could have allowed frequent ventro-ventral contact in order to protect them. Given that low ranking mothers find daughters reproductively costly to raise, it is possible that such high reproductive costs have played a significant role in the evolution of sex ratio biases at birth. As in other primate populations, in this colony low ranking females produced a greater proportion of sons than daughters, and high ranking mothers showed the opposite trend. 相似文献