壳聚糖助凝对三氯化铁絮体形态和强度的影响

采用三氯化铁(FeCl3)为混凝剂、壳聚糖(CTS)为助凝剂进行给水混凝处理,研究了CTS助凝对FeCl3絮体形态和强度的影响.结果表明,在FeCl3投加量为29mg/L(以Fe计)、CTS投加量为0.1mg/L条件下,CTS助凝对絮体形态和强度有明显影响,分形维数由单独投加FeCl3时的1.1855增加到CTS助凝后的1.3028,絮体强度因子(SF)由50~60变为60~70,CTS助凝后形成的絮体密实、易沉降,絮体强度大且不易破碎.另外,添加CTS助凝后,TOC、色度、UV254、浊度的去除均明显提高.     

加载絮体形态对短流程超滤膜污染影响效应

以聚硫酸铁(PFS)为混凝剂,微砂为载体颗粒,系统考察了采用加载絮凝-超滤联用工艺净化含高岭土、腐植酸和锑[Sb(Ⅲ)]的模拟原水过程中,不同PFS和微砂投加量条件下加载絮体形态特性以及其对超滤膜通量衰减、膜污染可逆性和宏观出水水质等的影响,并分析了膜污染机理.结果表明,PFS投加量对絮体形态及膜滤效能和膜污染影响显著...     

藻类絮凝体形态学特征及其与气浮的关系研究

采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为混凝药剂,利用混凝-气浮技术去除水中铜绿微囊藻(MA),用图像法对絮凝体的分形维数进行测定,分析不同混凝条件下的气浮除藻效果以及PAC-MA絮凝体的形态学特征,并探讨两者的关系.结果表明,在快速混合搅拌强度和时间分别为500 s-1和1 min,回流比为10%条件下,PAC最佳投药量范围为5.6-9.8 mg/L Al2O3,最佳点为8.4 mg/LAl2O3;最佳的絮凝反应搅拌强度范围为50～80 s-1,最佳点为50 8-1;最佳的絮凝时间范围为5～8 min;投药量、絮凝反应搅拌强度及时间对PAC-MA絮凝体形态有着显著影响,在最佳混凝条件下,絮凝体的二维分形维数D2较小,在1.168 8～1.235 7之:间,相对应的絮凝体的平均粒径较大,在300～500 μm之间;在适当的混凝条件下,结构疏松,枝权较多,尺寸较大的PAC-MA絮凝体与气泡粘附效果好,容易气浮去除.     

絮凝条件对絮体分形结构的影响

在85kg/m³的含沙高浊水中投加阳离子高分子聚合物,借助图像分析技术与沉降技术分析探讨了不同絮凝条件下泥沙絮凝形态学参数:絮体粒径、絮体有效质量密度、絮体自由沉速、浑液面沉速与上清液余浊等的变化规律.利用表征参数“分维”定量控制不同絮凝条件(如搅拌速率、搅拌时间、高分子浓度等)对含沙高浊水絮体结构分形特性的影响.实验证明,不合适的絮凝条件将导致絮体分形构造疏松脆弱,分维值低.絮凝条件合适时(快速絮凝强度为:r₁=300r/min,t₁=10s;慢速絮凝强度:r₂=120r/min,t₂=180s;CP浓度:0.1%),絮体分形结构处于最佳状态.该状态下的絮体具有粒径较大、沉速快、有效质量密度高、粒度分布均匀,分维值最高(D₃=2.16)的特点.而且,由静沉实验测得浑液面沉速高,上清液余浊也低.泥沙絮体分形结构达最佳时的混凝性能、沉降性能与结构密实性均较理想.     

絮凝过程中絮体生长的多重分形行为

为了研究絮体在絮凝过程中生长的多重分形行为,对用PFS(聚合硫酸铁)处理高岭土原水时混凝过程中絮体生长段的絮体图像进行采集和分析;分析图像多重分形谱及其特征参数行进趋势,而且针对絮体生长规律着重对絮体形态及其分布的演变情况进行了定量化描述.结果表明,随着絮体生长的进行,多重分形谱图的形态由左钩状逐渐转变为右钩状,描述絮体分布均匀性的多重分形谱谱宽Δα由50 s时的1.0213逐渐增大至250 s时的1.3659,Δf(α)的数值大小由于大概率和小概率絮体主导地位的改变而由负转正,f(α)max所表示的简单分形维数由1.9995逐渐降至1.7762.     

混合条件对氢氧化镁混凝性能及絮体特性影响

以氢氧化镁作为混凝剂,不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术,探求了混合条件对絮体特性和混凝过程的影响;结果表明:快速搅拌转速增大到250 r/min,絮凝效果最好,继续增大,效果变差;随着快速搅拌时间延长到60 s时,絮凝效果逐渐变好,继续延长时间,R值变小絮体细碎;加入超声时,产生的超声振动和冲击力使得絮体被冲击碎,絮凝效果变差;慢速搅拌转速增大至60 r/min时,絮凝效果逐渐变好,再继续延长R值变小。     

絮体老化与调节对回流进水及混凝的影响机制

为探索絮体老化与pH值调节对回流进水颗粒组成及混凝的影响,采用激光粒度仪进行了絮体粒径分析并通过Al(OH)₃胶体(Al-gel)的老化实验探究了老化与pH值调节对絮体形态及性质的内在影响机制.结果表明,原水颗粒物粒径呈现单峰分布,絮体回流进水颗粒物粒径呈现双峰分布,并且回流进水颗粒d₅₀随着絮体老化时间的增加而减小;由于絮体回流提高了颗粒物与混凝剂接触机率和碰撞效率,因此加快了絮体的生长;絮体在pH=5的环境下老化12h后进行回流混凝的絮体粒径生长速率最高(1.16μm/s)并且生成的絮体具有较大的分形维数(2.35).Al-gel的老化实验结果表明,絮体老化过程会涉及羟桥反应和结晶反应并导致絮体的表面活性基团数量减少,从而不利于与原水颗粒物的相互作用.pH值调节对絮体产生不同的影响,p H=5的条件下进行老化会加速絮体的羟桥反应和结晶反应,而p H=9的条件下进行老化则会涉及溶解-沉淀-结晶反应.     

基于光学在线监测及形态学研究的絮凝体强度分析方法

以PDA在线监测混凝过程和絮凝体形态学分析为基础,建立了絮凝体强度的分析评价方法.为了计算某一特定絮凝条件下形成絮凝体的黏结力,进行混凝实验并运用图像解析法及粒子图像测速技术研究絮凝体形态学特征.实验过程中将水样引入与光散射颗粒分析仪(PDA2000)相连的透明橡胶管内,并通过准确控制橡胶管内的水流速度梯度来改变作用于絮凝体上的剪切力,这样就可以在线监测絮体的破碎情况,然后根据PDA输出的FI曲线来确定絮凝体的临界破碎条件.根据临界破碎条件下剪切力、破碎力和黏结力的等量关系,确定黏结力系数k1,进而计算出可以表征絮凝体强度的黏结力B.该方法的有效性已经被大量以硫酸铝为混凝剂的腐殖酸混凝实验所证实.     

Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥絮体结构和生物絮凝作用的影响

采用序批式活性污泥法系统研究了Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥絮体结构和生物絮凝作用的影响，结果发现Fe(Ⅲ)降低了污泥沉降指数，同时也减弱了污泥的生物絮凝作用．对细胞外高分子(EPS)的电子能谱元素分析表明在EPS中发生了阳离子间的交换作用，Fe(Ⅲ)置换出EPS中一价和二价金属阳离子．污泥絮体的扫描电镜显示Fe(Ⅲ)使活性污泥絮体颗粒变小变密实，但是Fe(Ⅲ)与EPS之间的作用和含磷沉淀物的生成削弱了污泥颗粒形成较大生物聚集体的能力．Fe(Ⅲ)对生物絮凝作用的影响主要是通过架桥机理和藻酸盐理论来实现的，而电中和不起主要作用．     

铁电絮凝去除磷酸盐性能及影响因素研究

不同水质条件下,铁板作为阳极电絮凝时会产生不同形态的絮体,而絮体种类对磷酸盐去除效果尚不明确.利用铁板作为阳极进行电絮凝,考察溶解氧对电絮凝过程中生成絮体种类的影响,进一步研究电流密度和初始pH值对磷酸盐去除效果的影响.结果表明,低溶解氧（DO）条件下絮体成分主要为磁铁矿,高DO条件下可能为无定型三价铁氧化物/氢氧化物;电流密度越大(2.5、5和10 mA·cm^-2),磷酸盐去除效率越高,同时,低DO条件下磷酸盐去除效率高于高DO条件;而初始pH值（4、5、6、7和8）虽不影响不同溶解氧条件下所产絮体的除磷效果,但DO浓度高时,酸性条件下磷酸盐去除效率更高.当前污水处理厂二级出水存在磷浓度较高的问题(TP> 0.5 mg·L^-1),采用实际污水在2.5 mA·cm^-2电流密度下进行电絮凝,10 min后,初始浓度为1.307 mg·L^-1磷酸盐去除效率达98%以上.研究结果将为电絮凝产不同形态铁去除磷酸盐提供理论支持.     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation effect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrement of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation e ect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrease of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

絮体性能及其工艺调控的研究与进展

絮体结构和强度特征是絮凝过程的重要参数.在简要回顾絮体分形结构研究的基础上,对絮体结构与强度的测定方法、絮体结构形成的影响因素及其工艺调控的研究进展进行了概括性介绍.结合部分实验研究,着重讨论了水力条件对于絮体性能的影响和絮体重组、历史的演化机理,结果表明,逐步增强的水力剪切条件有助于改善絮体的结构和强度.     

Analysis of floc morphology in a continuous-flow flocculation and sedimentation reactor

The floc morphology was investigated in a continuous-flow reactor, in order to understand the evolution of flocs in practical flocculation and sedimentation processes in water utilities. Kaolin-humic acid suspension was used as the test water, and polyaluminum chloride was chosen as the coagulant. An in-situ recognition system was applied to analyze the floc size, boundary fractal dimension, and eccentricity ratios. Particle numbers and turbidity were also determined in the sedimentation stage. At a coagulant dose of 1 mg/L as Al, the average floc size increased from 62 to 78 μm and the boundary fractal dimension was around 1.14, suggesting that flocs were compact and continuously grew during the entire flocculation process. However, with the dose increased to 5 mg/L, the average floc size decreased and stabilized at around 65 μm, with the fractal dimension of 1.20. It can be concluded that the excess coagulant doses resulted in the formation of chain-shaped, lower density, and more branched structure flocs, thereby restricting flocs' further growth in the subsequent flocculation. Floc morphology analysis suggested that charge neutralization dominated in the initial flocculation stage, then the bridge and sweep mechanisms were dominant in the subsequent flocculation. In addition, compared with the traditional inclined plate settler, a novel V-shaped plate settler introduced in this study had an advantage in small size floc(less than 5 μm) removal. The V-shaped region could promote aggregate restructuring and re-flocculation; therefore, the V-shaped plate settler provides an alternative method for sedimentation.     

搅拌方式对絮凝除藻效果的影响

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,测试了不同振荡方式(回旋式与往复式),不同振荡强度及不同藻细胞密度对絮凝剂絮凝沉降效果的影响,同时还研究了絮凝沉降发生后,藻细胞再悬浮的主要影响因素.结果表明,回旋式搅拌处理下产生的絮凝效果要明显优于往复式振荡,60r/min回旋式搅拌1min可以得到100%的去除率,而往复式搅拌可得到的最佳去除率仅为30.7%;且絮凝效果随搅拌强度的增加有明显提高;藻细胞密度越高,需要的搅拌强度也越大;絮凝沉降后的静置时间越长,则越不容易发生再悬浮.     

鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用

研究了鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用.以铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)、四尾栅藻(绿藻)和菱形藻(硅藻)为研究对象,鄱阳湖采集沉积物为悬浮颗粒物,利用500 m L玻璃锥形瓶作为小型、光照均一体系,于此体系中研究了颗粒物对藻类生长的影响,使用混凝试验搅拌仪分别研究了颗粒物粒径、浓度和体系p H对颗粒物絮凝沉降藻细胞的影响.在小型光照均一体系中,20 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物低浓度)和80 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物高浓度)颗粒物对3种藻类的生长影响均较小.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,60~300目颗粒物均促进藻类的絮凝沉降,并且随着颗粒物粒径(D50)的增大,藻细胞的絮凝沉降效率逐渐减小,而且粒径在1~25μm部分的颗粒在此过程中占主导地位.当颗粒物投加量由0.02 g·L-1升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率随之提高.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和菱形藻的絮凝沉降效率仅为11.08%、15.87%和7.50%,当颗粒物浓度升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率分别达42.33%、41.72%、28.98%.在p H值6~10范围内,随着p H升高,颗粒物对蓝藻、绿藻的絮凝沉降作用逐渐减小,絮凝沉降效率分别从p H为6时的36.10%、35.07%降到p H为10时的16.25%、12.59%;而对硅藻的絮凝沉降作用不明显.由此可见,鄱阳湖水体颗粒物影响藻类的絮凝沉降过程,使藻类的群落结构发生变化.     

Influence of coagulation mechanisms and floc formation on filterability

Minimizing particles in water is a key goal for improving drinking water quality and safety.The media filtration process,as the last step of the solid–liquid separation process,is largely influenced by the characteristics of flocs,which are formed and controlled within the coagulation process.In a laboratory-based study,the impacts of the physical characteristics of flocs formed using aluminum sulfate on the filtration treatment of two comparative water samples were investigated using a photometric dispersion analyzer and a filterability apparatus.In general,the optimum dosage for maximizing filterability was higher than that for minimizing turbidity under neutral p H conditions.For a monomeric aluminum-based coagulant,the charge neutralization mechanism produced better floc characteristics,including floc growth speed and size,than the sweep flocculation mechanism.In addition,the charge neutralization mechanism showed better performance compared to sweep flocculation in terms of DOC removal and floc filterability improvement for both waters,and showed superiority in turbidity removal only when the raw water had high turbidity.For the different mechanisms,the ways that floc characteristics impacted on floc filterability also differed.The low variation in floc size distribution obtained under the charge neutralization mechanism resulted in the flocs being amenable to removal by filtration processes.For the sweep flocculation mechanism,increasing the floc size improved the settling ability of flocs,resulting in higher filter efficiency.     

鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物絮凝沉降典型藻类的动力学研究

为了探讨鄱阳湖水动力条件改变引起的悬浮颗粒物浓度变化可能导致的鄱阳湖浮游植物群落结构的变化,本文研究了鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物絮凝沉降3种典型藻类的动力学过程.以铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)、四尾栅藻(绿藻)和菱形藻(硅藻)为研究对象、鄱阳湖采集沉积物为悬浮颗粒物,使用混凝试验搅拌仪模拟动力学条件,在颗粒物投加量为20 mg·L-1时分别研究了静置沉降时间、扰动强度和扰动时间对颗粒物絮凝沉降藻细胞的影响.结果表明,絮凝沉降效率:蓝藻绿藻硅藻.在扰动强度为20 s-1、扰动时间为30 min时,0.5~4 h静置沉降时间均促进3种藻类的絮凝沉降.绿藻和硅藻的絮凝沉降效率随着静置沉降时间的延长而降低,前0.5 h的絮凝沉降效率最大;而蓝藻的絮凝沉降效率变化无明显规律.扰动时间和静置沉降时间均为30 min时,随着扰动强度在2~40 s-1增加时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率逐渐增大.扰动强度为20 s-1、静置沉降时间为30 min时,5~60 min扰动时间均促进藻细胞的絮凝沉降,并且随着扰动时间的增加,絮凝沉降效率呈先增大后降低的趋势.30 min为蓝藻絮凝沉降的最佳扰动时间,絮凝沉降效率为12.56%;45 min为绿藻和硅藻絮凝沉降的最佳扰动时间,絮凝沉降效率分别为11.93%和7.54%.因此,水动力条件的改变可以引起悬浮颗粒物与藻类的絮凝沉降效率发生变化,从而对藻类的群落结构以及水华发生规律产生影响.     

两亲性壳聚糖制备优化及其气浮除藻研究

对壳聚糖（CTS）进行了两亲改性,通过响应曲面实验对比各因素对取代度影响的显著程度且优选出最佳的制备条件,并采用3种两亲性CTS进行了表面改性气浮（PosiDAF）除藻实验,对比了不同条件下的除藻效果且探究除藻机理.结果表明,两亲性CTS水溶性增强,但热稳定性降低;对响应值影响的显著程度为：碳链长度>反应时间>反应温度>原料投加比;以丁基N-2羟丙基三甲基壳聚糖氯化铵（C4-HTCC）为改性剂,投加量为1.0mg/L时改性气浮除藻效果最佳,可达93.47%,源于其改性的微气泡具有较强的静电吸引作用.