江西典型村镇既有房屋抗震性能分析

为进一步掌握江西村镇既有房屋的抗震能力现状,基于已有抗震调查资料及初步分析结果,以3栋典型房屋为例,开展了弹塑性有限元分析。针对1栋现存的2005年九江-瑞昌地震中受损的典型砌体结构,分析其震害特点,并对其进行弹塑性有限元分析,通过与实际震害对比,验证了有限元模型的有效性,并对早期江西村镇房屋的抗震性能进行了论述。在此基础上,对该结构增设圈梁构造柱以及改变砂浆强度,分析其对砌体结构抗震性能的影响;分别选取1栋江西典型村镇砌体结构和框架结构,进一步开展有限元分析,并结合调查数据及震害预测结果,对江西村镇既有房屋的抗震性能进行了分析。结果表明:2005年九江-瑞昌地震后江西村镇房屋的抗震性能有所提高,所调查的江西村镇既有房屋基本满足当地的抗震设防要求;增设圈梁、构造柱及适当提高砂浆强度可有效增强砌体结构的抗震性能。     

城市抗震防灾规划管理辅助决策信息系统

科学地进行城市抗震防灾规划是非常必要的。根据我国城市抗震防灾的特点，编制了城市抗震防灾规划管理辅助决策信息系统，提出了系统的设计思想、体系结构和功能结构。系统采用面向对象语言Visual C＋＋6．0在ArcGIS提供的COM组件集ArcObjects上进行二次开发，应用了多种信息技术（GIS和数据库）和辅助决策理论进行空间信息的获取、分析和计算，并编制了与查询、空间分析、决策分析和规划管理相应的功能模块。     

基于GIS的城市抗震防灾规划信息管理系统

探讨GIS在城市抗震防灾规划中的应用模式和关键技术,设计了城市抗震防灾规划信息管理系统的基本框架,并结合郑州新区抗震防灾规划工作,介绍了城市抗震防灾规划综合数据库、震害预测分析模型以及GIS辅助决策系统的研究与实现,为规划编制和实施提供重要的数据支撑和决策依据。     

空斗墙房屋抗震性能及加固的试验研究

本文概述了空斗墙房屋的抗震性能以及抗震鉴定、加固与修复。文章认为空斗墙房屋仅节省少量墙体材料,抗震性能不及同类型实砌砖房,今后不宜再建空斗墙楼房,现有空斗墙房屋应否加固或改建,首先应作抗震鉴定,其次应作经济比较。     

芦山地震建筑震害统计分析

芦山地震后,中国住房与城乡建设部和中国地震局联合组织成立专家组,对雅安市重要的公共建筑及部分民居开展了应急评估工作,对574栋应急评估建筑的震害进行了统计分析。总结分析了砖木结构、砌体结构和框架结构的震害特征,得到了不同年代建筑的破坏比及各类结构在不同烈度下的破坏比和中小学建筑破坏比。分析表明:经过抗震设计的房屋的抗震性能明显优于非抗震设计房屋;钢筋混凝土框架结构的抗震性能优于砌体结构,进而优于砖木结构。中小学房屋的抗震性能较好,优于建筑平均水平;农村自建老旧房屋是抗震薄弱环节。采用隔振技术的建筑具有较好的抗震性能。     

企事业单位的震害预测

本文给出了企事业单位的震害预测方法。其特点是:与当地地震危险性分析和场地地震动参数相结合;把结构的整体动力计算与薄弱部位抗震构件验算和普查结果相结合;把建筑物的震害预测与震害调查和试验研究结果相结合。     

常熟—太仓地震对南汇影响及震后对策

<正> 一、引言 1990年2月10日凌晨1时57分,在N31°36′、E120°59′,江苏省常熟和太仓交界处发生Ms5.1级中强地震,震中距上海市中心60公里、距南汇86公里(南汇地理坐标:N30°53′—31°09′、E120°35′—121°52′),房屋普遍摇晃,震感明显。这是自1984年5月21日南黄海6.2级地震后,距南汇最近、影响最大的一次地震,在群众中造成了较大的波动和不安。本文总结了地震对南汇的影响程度及震后所采取的对策,提出了加强农村防震抗震宣传工作的必要性。     

汶川地震砌体结构的震害与改进砌体结构抗震性能的途径和方法

介绍了汶川8级地震中砌体结构房屋的震害情况,归纳分析了砌体结构房屋在地震中的震害特征及其原因,总结出了砌体结构抗震"选材合理、整体设计、注重细节、确保质量"的总体原则,提出了采用"高宽比"来设计窗间墙的宽度、房屋底层中部加设圈梁的建议,讨论了采用隔震技术、墙体开缝耗能、"隐形构造柱"和"捆绑"抗震、设置减震缝及耗能砂浆抗震技术来改进砌体结构抗震性能的新途径和新方法,最后对砌体结构的发展提出了建议。     

从九江地震看我国村镇房屋抗震设防

在总结分析九江地震震害的基础上,结合对我同华南、华东、华中、华北等一些地区村镇房屋历史震害特点及抗震能力现状调查结果的分析,指出了我国村镇房屋抗震能力薄弱的关键环节和普遍的震害规律,从工程防灾的角度论述了加强房屋抗震设防的有效性和必要性,阐述了目前我国村镇房屋抗震设防现状与口标的差距,进一步指出了加强抗震设防建设是减轻地震灾害的根本途径.     

福建省农村房屋抗震性能调查与现状分析

以福建省农村住宅建筑结构为研究对象,在现场采集该省村镇房屋基本资料的基础上,围绕课题如何提高农村住宅抗震性能,分析了框架结构、砖砌体结构、底框结构、石砌结构、砖木结构和土木结构房屋等在建筑结构设计和施工方式方面所存在的问题,提出了加强农村建筑抗震的相应措施,为福建省农村建筑抗震性能评估提供了参考标准,同时向农村普及建筑结构设计基本常识、建筑结构抗震知识也提供了资料。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。