On the divergence criterion for runaway detection: Application to complex controlled systems

It is well-known that, for certain values of the operative parameters influencing the dynamic behavior of a chemical reactor, a phenomenon known as thermal runaway (that is, a loss of the reactor temperature control) may arise. Such a situation can be really dangerous because above a certain threshold temperature value unwanted side reactions or, worse, decompositions of the reacting mixture may be triggered evolving high amounts of flammable or toxic gases that can cause reactor pressurization and, eventually, its explosion. For this reason, since the beginning of the previous century a number of studies concerning the prediction of the so called runaway boundaries has been carried out. In this work, a modified version of the divergence criterion for runaway detection, originally developed by Zaldívar and co-workers, is presented. Such a modified divergence criterion is capable of treating whatever type of complex controlled reacting system (taking into account not only temperature control but also dosing strategies) and its reliability has been demonstrated for isoperibolic semibatch reactors using literature experimental data concerning the nitration of 4-Chlorobenzotrifluoride in mixed acids and the nitric acid oxidation of 2-octanol to 2-octanone and further carboxylic acids.     

Application of a trapezoidal fuzzy AHP method for work safety evaluation and early warning rating of hot and humid environments

Hot and humid environments are prevalent in many industries. People working in hot and humid environments are at great risk of specific heat-related disorders, the productivity decrease and safety problems. In order to guarantee workers’ health and safety, safety evaluation and early warning rating of the hot and humid environments are studied in this paper. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is proposed to evaluate the work safety in hot and humid environments. Trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are adopted to handle inherent uncertainty and imprecision of the data involved in decision process. Within the proposed methodology, a decision group is firstly established. A safety evaluation framework containing three factors (work, environment, and workers) and ten sub-factors are established. The fuzzy weights of the factors and sub-factors are calculated based on the pair-wise comparisons. Then the fuzzy evaluating vectors of the sub-factors and factors can be calculated according to the initial evaluation data. Therefore, the comprehensive safety index, safety grade and early warning grade can be determined. An example is given to demonstrate the proposed method. The results demonstrate the engineering practicability and effectiveness of this method in extreme environment evaluation.     

PVC电缆火灾早期特征气体的组成分析和传感器探测

利用气体传感器对电缆绝缘过热释放的气体进行监测有望实现电气火灾早期预警,目前该技术的发展由于特征气体未得到确认而受到限制。分析了聚氯乙烯(PVC)电缆绝缘层在不同温度下释放的气体组成,并对其主要成分进行传感器测试。TG-IR和GC-MS分析表明PVC电缆绝缘层在200℃前已出现微小失重,释放出以邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)等塑化剂为主的气体。气敏测试中,商用半导体气体传感器对DOP和电缆蒸气产生较好、相似的响应性能。因此,DOP可以作为PVC电缆火灾早期的特征气体。     

Safety and kinetic parameters analysis for 1,1,-Di(tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane mixed with monoammonium phosphate

Runaway reactions by organic peroxides have occurred throughout the world. In this study, we used 1,1,-Di(tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (CH) 70 mass% as the main material, which was extensively employed as initiator for styrene in polymerization. Fire extinguishers are the first fire-fighting apparatus when fires occur. If a fire extinguisher has sat idle for a long time, which would cause the extinguishing agent to damp, it cannot achieve the desired effect and be properly handled at the start of the accident, thereby causing more casualties and property losses. CH 70 mass% was employed to mixed with monoammonium phosphate (MAP) for understanding the phenomenon by applying differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Safety parameters also were carried out for more deeply understanding the basic characteristics for preventing an accident from occurring, in terms of applying CH 70 mass% as the initiator in the manufacturing process.     

A comparative analysis of safety management and safety performance in twelve construction projects

IntroductionSafety management in construction is complicated due to the complex “nature” of the construction industry. The aim of this research was to identify safety management factors (e.g., risk management and site management), contextual factors (e.g., organisational complexity) and combinations of such factors connected to safety performance. Method: Twelve construction projects were selected to compare their safety management and safety performance. An analytical framework was developed based on previous research, regulations, and standards where each management factor was defined. We employed qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to produce case knowledge, compare the cases, and identify connections between the factors and safety performance. The material collected and analyzed included, for example, construction planning documents, reports from OHS-inspections, safety indicators, and interviews with project leaders and OHS experts. Results and conclusions: The research showed that: (a) the average score on 12 safety management factors was higher among projects with high safety performance compared to projects with low safety performance; (b) high safety performance can be achieved with both high and low construction complexity and organizational complexity, but these factors complicate coordination of actors and operations; (c) it is possible to achieve high safety performance despite relatively poor performance on many safety management factors; (d) eight safety management factors were found to be “necessary” for high safety performance, namely roles and responsibilities, project management, OHS management and integration, safety climate, learning, site management, staff management, and operative risk management. Site management, operative risk management, and staff management were the three factors most strongly connected to safety performance. Practical implications: Construction stakeholders should understand that the ability to achieve high safety performance in construction projects is connected to key safety management factors, contextual factors, and combinations of such factors.     

随钻压力波在用于早期气侵检测时的扰动传播特性研究

为了研究随钻测量装置(Measurement While Drilling, MWD)压力波信号在用于早期气侵检测时的扰动传播特性,基于油气井多相流流动理论,建立随钻压力波在环空气液两相流中的扰动传播模型,对多参数影响下的压力波传播与衰减特性进行模拟,并对压力波检测技术的现场应用效果进行分析。结果表明:含气率、角频率、系统压力、虚拟质量力、拖曳力和壁面剪切力的变化都会对压力波在环空气液两相流中的传播与衰减特性造成不同程度的影响;相比于常规的全烃量检测技术,压力波检测技术可以更早地检测到气侵的发生,可进一步提高油气井建井的安全性。     

3-Parameters SPW technique: A new method for evaluation of target safety integrity level

Introduced by IEC-61508 standard, safety integrity levels (SIL) have been used for assessing the reliability of safety instrumented functions (SIF) for protection of the system under control in abnormal conditions. Different qualitative, semi-qualitative and quantitative methods have been proposed by the standard for establishing target safety integrity levels amongst which “Risk Graph” has gained wide attention due to its simplicity and easy-to-apply characteristics. However, this method is subject to many deficiencies that have forced industry men and experts to modify it to fit their demands. In this paper, a new modification to risk graph parameters has been proposed that adds more flexibility to them and reduces their subjective uncertainties but keeps the method as simple as before. Three parameters, namely severity (S), hazard avoidance probability (P), and demand rate (W) are used instead of former four parameters. Hence, the method is named SPW. The outcome results of this method can be directly converted to probability of failure on demand (PFD) or risk reduction factor (RRF). The proposed method has been tested on an example case that has been studied before with conventional risk graph and LOPA techniques. The results show that new method agrees well with LOPA and reduces costs imposed by conservative approximations assumed during application of conventional risk graph.     

Identification, analysis and dissemination of information on near misses: A case study in the construction industry

Near misses are well-known for providing a major source of useful information for safety management. They are more frequent events than accidents and their causes may potentially result in an accident under slightly different circumstances. Despite the importance of this type of feedback, there is little knowledge on the characteristics of near misses, and on the use of this information in safety management. This article proposes guidelines for identifying, analyzing and disseminating information on near misses in construction sites. In particular, it is proposed that near misses be analyzed based on four categories: (a) whether or not it was possible to track down the event; (b) the nature of each event, in terms of its physical features (e.g. falling objects); (c) whether they provided positive or negative feedback for the safety management system; and (d) risk, based on the probability and severity associated with each event. The guidelines were devised and tested while a safety management system was being developed in a healthcare building project. The monitoring of near misses was part of a safety performance measurement system. Among the main results, a dramatic increase in both the number and quality of reports stands out after the workforce was systematically encouraged to report. While in the first 4 months of the study – when the workforce was not encouraged to report – there were just 12 reports, during the subsequent 4 months – when the workforce was so encouraged – there were 110 reports, all of them being analyzed based on the four analytical categories proposed.     

一种压力容器封头非接触式扫描测量方法及误差分析

封头参数检测是确保封头质量,消除压力容器安全隐患的重要措施。传统接触式 的封头检测方法存在着诸多问题,为此,提出一种利用激光非接触式扫描进行封头参数 检测的方法。该方法利用支撑杆将激光扫描检测装置定位于封头端面,通过距离检测与 电机的旋转扫描,完成封头形状参数的检测。介绍该方法原理、操作过程,分析该方法 的误差。最后,对该方法进行实际测试验证。结果表明,该方法可以进行封头形状参数 的准确测量,误差同理论分析相符。     

A new fault detection method for non-Gaussian process based on robust independent component analysis

Conventional fault detection method based on fast independent component analysis (FastICA) is sensitive to outliers in the modeling data and thus may perform poorly under the adverse effects of outliers. To solve such problem, a new fault detection method for non-Gaussian process based on robust independent component analysis (RobustICA) is proposed in this paper. A RobustICA algorithm which can effectively reduce the effects of outliers is firstly developed to estimate the mixing matrix and extract non-Gaussian feature called independent components (ICs) by robust whitening and robust determination of the maximum non-Gaussian directions. Furthermore, a monitoring statistic for each extracted IC is constructed to detect process faults. Simulations on a simple example of the mixing matrix estimation and a fault detection example in the continuous stirred tank reactor system demonstrate that the RobustICA achieves much higher estimation accuracy for the mixing matrix and the ICs than the commonly used FastICA algorithm, and the RobustICA-based fault detection method outperforms the conventional FastICA-based fault detection method in terms of the fault detection time and fault detection rate.     

海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力场耦合研究

为研究海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力的变化规律,基于流体力学和传热学理论,考虑超高温高压井筒环境对钻井液密度以及钻井液流变参数的影响,建立海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力耦合预测模型,并利用实例井现场随钻数据进行模型验证,分析正常钻进期间井筒温度压力的变化规律。研究结果表明：对井筒温度而言,钻井液流变性变化的影响大于钻井液密度变化的影响,耦合计算温度结果要大于不耦合计算的温度值,且两者之间的温差随井深的增加越来越大;对井筒压力而言,钻井液密度变化对当量循环密度ECD(equivalent criculating density)的影响要大于流变性对ECD的影响,且耦合计算的ECD要小于不耦合计算的ECD值。该耦合模型可以提高井筒温度压力的预测与控制精度,并降低超高温高压地层窄密度窗口中的安全钻进风险,研究结果对超高温高压钻井精准的井筒温度压力预测及控制具有重要意义。     

A wave change analysis (WCA) method for pipeline leak detection using Gaussian mixture model

This paper presents a novel pipeline leak detection scheme based on gradient and slope turns rejection (GSTR). Instead of monitoring the pipeline under constant working pressure, GSTR introduces a new testing method which obtains data during the transient periods of different working pressures. A novel pipeline leak detection method based on those transient data without failure history is proposed. Wavelet packet analysis (WPA) is applied to extract features which capture the dynamic characteristics from the non-stationary pressure data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimension of the feature space. Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is utilized to approximate the density distribution of the lower-dimensional feature space which consists of the major principal components. Bayesian information criterion (BIC) is used to determine the number of mixtures for the GMM and a density boosting method is applied to achieve better accuracy of the distribution estimation. An experimental case study for oil pipeline system is used as an example to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于图论的生产安全事故风险预警指标筛选及分析

为提高事故风险预警准确性,降低事故发生频率,通过对现有生产安全事故案例进行因果连锁理论分析,构建事故成因结构图,采用图论中节点属性分析法,筛选事故风险预警指标,并利用最短路径介数和紧密度改进复杂网络概念,从局部与整体角度探讨事故风险预警指标敏感性.结果表明:人与物类风险预警指标敏感性较高且相近,环境类风险预警指标敏感性...     

长输油气管线安全生产事故监测预警平台设计与实现

阐述了适用于长输油气管线安全生产事故应急救援全过程的事故监测预警平台的整体结构和实现要点,主要从长输油气管线的工作运行和事故特点出发,结合安全生产事故应急救援过程中各环节的业务需求,提出监测预警平台的建设目标和适用范围,对平台的需求进行分析,并进一步对平台的构建思路进行讨论。其中重点从应急预防、应急准备、应急响应和应急恢复四个阶段的应急任务和需求入手,提炼出长输油气管线安全生产事故监测预警平台在＂后端应急指挥中心＂、＂现场应急指挥中心＂及＂移动指挥所＂等多个位置和场景下的建设目标和功能框架,并对平台设计与实现过程中可能涉及到的平台总体结构设计、平台软硬件及网络支撑环境、平台数据采集传输与共享模式等方面进行了简要描述。     

轨道交通车辆段火灾探测系统对比分析

作为轨道交通网中重要的组成部分,轨道交通车辆段如果发生火灾将直接影响着轨道列车的运行。因此,适用于轨道交通车辆段的火灾探测器对保障车辆段的消防安全至关重要。结合城市轨道交通车辆段结构及环境特点,选取了管路采样吸气式和双鉴成像式线性光束式等两种火灾探测器开展了实体火灾实验。实验对比分析了两种火灾探测器在不同火源工况下的响应情况并综合分析了两种火灾探测器的响应性能,从而为实际工程中轨道交通车辆段火灾探测器的选型及布置提供参考。     

基于指标气体关联分析的煤自燃分级预警研究

为准确预警煤炭自然发火,基于程序升温试验,获得指标气体与温度间的关系,并将起始温度V0和特征温度点V1、V2、V3时刻的碳氧化物比率作为预警界限,设定4级预警机制,采用灰色关联分析法关联性分析采空区和上隅角CO气体体积分数和碳氧化物比率,按照关联等级的高低细化4级预警机制,同时选取典型案例,详细展示该预警机制下的预警流...     

采空区隐蔽火源探测及声学法煤温感知新技术探讨

为精准判定采空区等地下隐蔽火区高温点的位置和范围,综述现有采空区煤自燃温度探测技术,重点总结和分析红外探测法、分布式光纤测温法、指标气体探测法、热电偶测温技术以及同位素测氡法等煤层测温手段的研究进展与技术瓶颈,着重研究声学法测温的技术原理及实现方式;结合分层建模和插值建模的优点,探讨声学测温技术在采空区松散煤体煤温反演...     

Self-ignition tendency of solid fuels: A gas emissions approach for early detection

Self-ignition of solid fuels storage is one of the main causes of human and economic losses. Additionally, each fire caused by this phenomenon emits an amount of toxic gases that contributes on the development of climate change. Nowadays, several methodologies are used in order to detect the self-ignition tendency of solid fuels, but they have as main disadvantages the amount of money and time that they require. The aim of this study is to propose a methodology of detection of incipient self-ignition of solid fuels through the measurement of gas emissions. This study compares existing methodologies to detect self-ignition tendency, such as TG, DSC or susceptibility, and to combustion related gas emission results. Different methods have been used to evaluate the results from the gas emission test, showing that interval and inflexion methods provide early detection of the self-heating process. With this methodology, it is possible to determine this process in advance with the equipment currently available in every industrial facility, reducing costs and improving efficiency.     

中压燃气管道泄漏工况下流量扰动幅度模拟分析

为检测和定位燃气管道泄漏,基于泄漏定位公式,利用模拟软件Pipeline Studio构建等效中压管道模型,模拟不同工况条件下燃气管道泄漏动态.结果表明:泄漏发生后,一定时域内用户端流量将出现扰动,供气压力越高、供气量越大、泄漏孔径越小、管道长度越长,流量扰动持续时间越长;忽略管长影响,泄漏位置越接近气源,流量扰动幅度...     

A new approach to determine relieving temperature and thermodynamic behavior of trapped single and multi-phase fluid exposed to fire

Process safety plays a key role in modern industries. This is more significant specifically in off-shore oil and gas platforms where releasing hydrocarbons could cause irreversible damages to both environment and personnel. An important instrument device which can provide safety for process equipment in oil and gas fields is safety relief valve. Correct sizing procedure of such devices depends strongly on physical properties of fluid and relieving condition. The present study revolved around applying thermodynamic concepts and modeling to throw some light on the behavior of trapped fluid exposed to fire in order to evaluate precise temperature and fluid properties at relieving condition. Peng–Robinson equation of state together with a three phase flash has been utilized to handle the calculation. Effect of different design parameters has been evaluated for three distinct categories of fluids namely natural gas, gas-condensate mixture, and gas-oil mixtures. These parameters encompass of operating temperature, operating pressure, Difference of Operating and Design Pressure, gas and oil specific gravities, gas-oil ratio, and water cut. The study depicted that American Petroleum Institute practice number 521 which suggests an ideal gas assumption fails to provide reliable predictions as it significantly overestimate the relieving temperature. Moreover, black oil correlations were also used for the relief temperature estimation of gas-oil-water mixtures. Comparison with HYSYS results as a prominent engineering software proved that black oil models are reliable tools to predict relief temperature.