一株Tl~+抗性菌株的鉴定及吸附特性

为了获得吸附铊(Tl)的功能菌株以应用于实际工业废水处理,从某矿区土壤中分离筛选出一株抗Tl+细菌BSA-68,对其进行了初步鉴定,并对其Tl+吸附特性和初步机理进行了研究.16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌株属于假单胞菌,命名为Pseudomonas sp.BSA-68(登录号:JF901709).该菌株最大抗Tl+浓度为30 mg/L,溶液初始浓度、pH值、吸附时间、摇床转速及菌体生物量对Tl+吸附具有一定的影响,菌株在Tl+初始浓度20 g/L,吸附时间30 min,pH 6.0,摇床转速150 r/min,生物量2.0 g/L时,吸附效果最佳,在该条件下,BSA-68菌株对Tl+的吸附率可达93.77%.红外光谱分析表明,该菌株细胞壁中的羟基、羧基及氨基是对Tl+吸附起主要贡献的官能团.研究结果表明,BSA-68菌株可作为经济、高效、环境友好的生物材料进行Tl+废水处理.     

重金属铜离子抗性菌株的筛选和吸附性能

从四川红原地区土壤中分离纯化得到对重金属铜离子(Cu2+)具有良好抗性的菌株YS-22,经16S rDNA序列比对鉴定该菌为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)中的产酸克雷伯氏菌(K.oxytoca).利用该菌进行生物吸附研究,结果显示其对水体中的重金属Cu2+具有良好的吸附性能,吸附行为能很好地符合pseudo二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,不同的培养条件以及菌体所处的不同生长时期会影响菌体的吸附效果,PGY培养基培养达到生长指数期时菌体用于吸附效果最好.最佳吸附pH值为5.30,吸附迅速,约60 min即可达到吸附平衡,最大单位吸附量达到117.6mg g-1干重菌体.研究表明该菌株作为一种生物吸附剂用于去除废水中的重金属铜污染具有一定的实际应用价值.     

混合型微生物絮凝剂产生菌的最佳培养条件

从活性污泥中筛选出具有较高絮凝活性的混合菌MBFH,研究了各种条件对混合菌产絮凝剂的影响.结果表明,混合菌MBFH产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件为:温度30℃、初始pH8.0、摇床转速为120r/min、培养基含糖量2%、相对接种量15%,其对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达到88%.图5表4参9     

青霉菌对活性艳蓝 KN-R的吸附作用

研究了青霉菌(Penicillium X5)对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附作用．通过对培养液的波谱分析和宏观现象的观察，结果表明，在72h内，脱色是由吸附引起的．当染料的浓度为100mg/L时，活菌体对染料的吸附率可达88．66％．本实验还研究了对实际应用和吸附过程有影响的几个因素，包括葡萄糖、NaCl、温度和pH.结果表明：葡萄糖浓度在0-20g／L时，随着葡萄糖浓度的增加，菌体的干重相应增加，说明对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附具有促进作用，但浓度在10-20g／L时，吸附作用不显著；而随着NaCl浓度(0-2％)的增加，吸附率却显著降低．最佳脱色温度为25℃，pH为4．0．活菌体与死菌体的生物吸附均符合Langmuir方程，活菌体比死菌体具有更好的吸附性能．吸附在菌丝体上的染料可以用甲酵进行洗脱，菌丝球在下次使用前用蒸馏水冲洗至pH中性，此菌丝球可重复使用3次．固8表2参11     

固定化枝孢霉吸附Cu2+的研究

通过比较包埋法和载体结合法对枝孢霉的固定化性能，确定海藻酸钠一明胶包埋法为最佳固定方法，并利用正交试验得到固定化菌体制备的最优操作条件．探讨了不同环境因素如接触反应时间、溶液pH、温度对生物吸附Cu^2＋的影响．实验结果表明，固定化菌的吸附作用是先快后慢的过程，在3h达到生物吸附平衡，最佳pH为4．5，在15—45℃温度范围内，吸附量随温度升高有略微增加．在30～400mg L^-1范围内，吸附量随Cu^2＋的初始浓度的增加而增加，整个吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型，在浓度为0．5mol L^-1的多种解吸剂中，HCl的解吸效果最好，解吸率达到99．96％，图3表5参12     

预处理青霉菌对中性红和孔雀绿的吸附

以青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)为吸附剂,对水溶液中染料中性红和孔雀绿进行了吸附研究.试验考察了预处理方法、pH值和重金属离子对吸附的影响,并对吸附机理进行了探讨.结果表明,在试验选用的预处理剂中,碳酸氢钠预处理的菌体吸附效果最好;溶液的pH值为5-6时,对染料的吸附量达到最大.当溶液中含有50mg·l-1Pb2+Zn2+Cu"任一种金属离子时,对菌体吸附中性红和孔雀绿均有抑制作用.碳酸氢钠处理菌体对中性红和孔雀绿的吸附过程可用准二级动力学模型来描述,相关系数均为0.9997.菌体吸附中性红和孔雀绿过程中有Na+,K+和Mg2+的释放,表明吸附过程中存在离子交换吸附机制.此外,吸附过程中静电吸附也起到一定的作用.     

无花果曲霉对Cu^2＋吸附的研究

采用生物吸附法,研究了经过预处理的无花果曲霉对Cu^2 吸附行为与影响吸附的主要因素,具体包括菌丝球与Cu^2 接触反应时间、Cu^2 浓度、原初pH值3个方面。结果表明：该菌丝球在吸附进行5min时,吸附量已达量2．855mg/g,在吸附进行4h以后趋于平衡。最佳pH范围为4．0－5．0,Cu62 浓度在20－100mg/L范围内吸附量为2．763－4．713mg/g,而吸附率却为32．31％－9．54％。其吸附行为在一定的温度和一定浓度范围内较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。     

一株苯酚高效降解菌的生长条件

为了提高高效菌株的降酚活力,运用单因素实验和正交试验,对一株优势降酚菌GPS-1的生长条件进行了较为系统的研究。单因素实验结果表明,GPS-1菌株的活性范围是:温度20~40℃,PH 5.0~9.0,外加碳源(葡萄糖)浓度0~1000 mg/L,盐浓度0~8 g/L;考虑动力消耗,溶解氧(摇床转速)应为180 r/min。由正交试验可知:影响GPS-1菌株生长的最主要因素是温度,其次是pH值和外加碳源浓度;且菌株的最佳生长条件为:温度30℃,pH值7.0,外加碳源浓度1000 mg/L。这一实验结果为生物法处理含酚废水提供了可靠的控制条件。     

高抗铜青霉菌的筛选及其对重金属的吸附

从一种铜矿尾矿土壤中分离得到一株高抗重金属盐的青霉菌株,其对Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 、Ni2 、Cr2 、Cd2 的抗性水平分别为150、150、35、15、5、5 mmol/L.在40 mmol/L Cu2 的胁迫下,该菌株的最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH为7.0.该菌以淀粉为碳源、以蛋白胨或硫酸铵为氮源时生长速度最快,草酸和柠檬酸也可有效促进菌体的生长.原子吸收结果表明,在pH 5.0、cu2 10 mg/L的铜溶液中,菌株45 min内可吸附98%Cu2 ;pH 6.0、金属离子浓度为100 mg/L时,菌体对Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 、Ni2 、Cr6 、Cd2 的吸附量分别为22.8、8.9、18.2、8.4、4.3、5.5 mg/g干菌体,同时Cu2 的存在抑制了菌体对Zn2 、Pb2 、Ni2 、Cd2 的吸附,然而能在小范围内促进对Cr6 的吸附,但促进程度不显著.     

海洋苯酚降解菌Candida sp.P5的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从海洋沉积物中分离、筛选到一株能以苯酚作为唯一碳源和能源的酵母菌P5．根据菌落特征、菌体形态、生理生化特性和18SrDNA序列分析，确定菌株P5为假丝酵母菌属（Candicla　sp．）．该菌株最适宜生长和降解苯酚的条件为：温度25℃，pH6．0～7．0，摇床转速100r／min，需氧；菌株P5能在较高浓度的苯酚条件下生长，在72h内可以降解95％以上的苯酚．对苯酚代谢途径和相关酶的研究发现，菌株P5主要在邻苯二酚1，2-双加氧酶作用下通过邻位途径进行苯酚代谢．图7表2参24     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.