泉州市规划区大气污染物总量控制及分配

合理的污染排放总量控制及分配是保证城市发展和环境保护和相协调的重要条件。ＣＯＺＥＥ－中国沿海环境保护增强工作以泉州市为试点开展ＩＥＭＰ示范项目,通过将国外先进经验,计算方法与当地实际相结合,制定出泉州市规划区大气污染物总量控制及分配方案,本文介绍ＩＥＭＰ项目大气污染总量控制,分配的基本思路及方法,这对我国沿海经济快速发展地区的总量控制具有一定的借鉴作用。     

仿生植物附着微生物膜对污染水体氮素迁移转化效能分析

通过室外及室内控制试验,研究5种常见填料作为原材料制成的仿生植物对污染水体氮素的去除性能,结果表明,仿生植物原材料的差异将直接影响其附着生物膜特性,其附着生物膜量、硝化强度、反硝化强度以及硝化细菌、反硝化细菌均表现为：软性填料﹥组合填料﹥悬浮填料﹥立体弹性填料﹥半软性填料。水深对仿生植物附着生物膜亦有不同程度的影响,其中生物膜量随水深的增加并未表现出明显的分层效应,而生物膜硝化作用强度、硝化细菌随水深的增加逐渐降低,但生物膜反硝化作用强度、反硝化细菌则随水深的增加则呈现出逐渐增加的趋势。5种不同材质的仿生植物对水体TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N具有较好的去除效果,去除率表现为：软性填料﹥组合填料﹥悬浮填料﹥立体弹性填料﹥半软性填料﹥对照系统。同时,仿生植物种植密度也影响其对水体氮素的去除效果,表现为CK〈7株·m-3〈13株·m-3〈20株·m-3,研究结果将为仿生植物的野外实际应用及我国城市重污染河道水质原位修复提供技术支持。     

常见地被植物叶片特征及滞尘效应研究

近年来以大气粉尘颗粒物为首要污染物的雾霾天气在我国城市频繁发生,地被植物在控制缓解大气颗粒物方面的生态作用已成为研究热点。本研究拟在观察北京几种常见地被植物叶片形态特性的基础上,测定并计算单位叶面积的滞尘量和单位叶面积的最大滞尘量,试图揭示地被植物叶片阻滞、吸收大气颗粒污染物的机制,明确地被植物在缓解大气污染物种的贡献,并推荐应用于北京地区的优良滞尘地被植物,以期为控制和减轻北京大气污染,改善空气质量提供一定的科学理论依据。研究以北京绿化5种常见的地被植物——高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea.)、白三叶(Trifolium repens.)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis.)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon.)和匍匐剪股颖(Agrostis stolonifera.)为研究对象,观察其叶片特征并测定其滞尘能力。通过比较分析,发现不同地被植物滞尘能力存在显著差异(P0.05)。其中:(1)狗牙根和白三叶的单位面积滞尘量最大,草地早熟禾次之,高羊茅和匍匐剪股颖滞尘量较小;(2)狗牙根最大滞尘量最大,白三叶次之,最后为高羊茅、草地早熟禾和匍匐剪股颖;(3)在一定时间内,5种地被植物的滞尘量均随时间延长呈现有限增长的趋势;(4)叶片滞尘量和最大滞尘量与叶面积呈现负相关关系,叶面积越小,单位面积的滞尘量和最大滞尘量越大;(5)除此之外,滞尘量与叶片结构形态也存在一定的关系。被毛或边缘有齿的叶片,其滞尘量越大。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

影响厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化耦合的因素

氨氮、氮氧化物对产甲烷菌有一定的抑制作用,但可以通过驯化去除毒性.亚硝酸盐在厌氧氨氧化菌作用下与氨发生厌氧氨氧化反应.虽然厌氧氨氧化菌是自养菌,但具有异养代谢能力,并且NO2可提高厌氧氨氧化菌的活性.因此,通过特殊的反应器技术,将厌氧氨氧化菌与甲烷菌、反硝化菌复合在一个有利的微生态环境中,充分发挥它们之间的协同耦合作用,把有机物转化为清洁能源又同时脱氮,是极有前景的废水厌氧(缺氧)处理研究新方向.表1参31     

微量加碱法合成聚合氯化铝的改进及Al13形成机理

通过提高反应温度和加碱速度对做量加碱法进行了改进,从而提高了反应速度,缩短了反应时间,并提高了AlCl3、和NaOH的允许浓度及产品的总铝浓度．同时对AlCl3的形成机理进行了探讨．结果表明,_Ala形态首先与OH^-反应生成Ale形态,然后Ale形态与Ala形态反应生成了Alb形态,即AlCl3形态．第二步反应较慢,为总反应的速率控制步骤,且为吸热反应,AlCl3的生成速率随反应温度的升高而增大．     

好氧反硝化菌种DF2的分离鉴定及生理生化特性分析

分离了新型的高效反硝化细菌并研究其生物脱氮效率。通过观察形态学、生理生化鉴定和16SrRNA基因同源分析来鉴定菌种,致力于研究微生物污水脱氮处理的实际效果和克服反硝化过程中有害中间产物的积累。利用BTB培养基从水平潜流人工湿地基质中初步筛选出了9株平板阳性菌,革兰阴阳性均有。经试验研究发现该9种菌株在好氧条件下均具有一定的脱氮能力,其中以DF2和DF3 2种菌株脱氮能力最为显著,在3 d时间内NOX--N去除率达到了95%以上,NO2--N仅有微量积累;而其它7种菌株对NO3--N的去除率可以达到98%以上,但是NO2--N积累比较严重,积累量达到了NO3--N去除的50%~70%左右。经测序分析鉴定DF2和DF3分别属于德克斯氏菌属(Derxia)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonadaceae)。德克斯氏菌属作为除氮的反硝化菌属在以往的研究中鲜有报道,该菌在好氧条件下可以合成周质NAR的亚基基因(napA)。     

磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球固定反硝化菌去除地下水中硝酸盐氮

本研究从活性污泥中分离出氢自养反硝化细菌,在厌氧条件下利用氢气作为电子受体,将硝酸盐氮污染物彻底还原为氮气.通过原位共沉淀/柠檬酸钠交联法制备了一种磁性壳聚糖微球,将氢自养反硝化菌固定于磁性壳聚糖微球上组成固定化微生物反硝化体系.利用16SrDNA菌种鉴定、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对固定化前后的材料进行了表征,并与游离的氢自养反硝化菌进行对比,同时进行静态批实验考察了在不同影响因素下硝酸盐去除效果.结果表明,分离出的氢自养反硝化菌属于陶厄氏菌属(MK928401),且被成功固定在磁性壳聚糖微球上;相同时间内,固定化氢自养反硝化菌对硝酸盐氮去除率高出游离细菌59%,说明固定化菌克服了由于游离菌易团聚而限制反硝化速率的缺点;磁性壳聚糖微球的加入,在一定程度上拓宽了氢自养反硝化菌对硝酸盐氮浓度的适应范围,同时拓宽了氢自养反硝化菌对pH的耐受范围;固定化氢自养反硝化菌经5次重复利用后,仍能高效还原硝酸盐氮,相比于游离细菌具有可回收和循环利用性.以上结果得出,以磁性壳聚糖微球固定氢自养反硝化菌,为高效去除地下水中的硝酸盐氮提供了一种更有效的途径.     

好氧反硝化菌种DF2的分离鉴定及生理生化特性分析

分离了新型的高效反硝化细菌并研究其生物脱氮效率。通过观察形态学、生理生化鉴定和16SrRNA基因同源分析来鉴定菌种,致力于研究微生物污水脱氮处理的实际效果和克服反硝化过程中有害中间产物的积累。利用BTB培养基从水平潜流人工湿地基质中初步筛选出了9株平板阳性菌,革兰阴阳性均有。经试验研究发现该9种菌株在好氧条件下均具有一定的脱氮能力,其中以DF2和DF3 2种菌株脱氮能力最为显著,在3 d时间内NOX--N去除率达到了95%以上,NO2--N仅有微量积累;而其它7种菌株对NO3--N的去除率可以达到98%以上,但是NO2--N积累比较严重,积累量达到了NO3--N去除的50%~70%左右。经测序分析鉴定DF2和DF3分别属于德克斯氏菌属（Derxia）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonadaceae）。德克斯氏菌属作为除氮的反硝化菌属在以往的研究中鲜有报道,该菌在好氧条件下可以合成周质NAR的亚基基因（napA）。     

河湖相连水系水体污染控制技术与策略

太湖流域上游洮滆水系河湖相连,湖荡密布。以滆湖—太滆运河、漕桥河—太湖为例,分析了该区域水系特征、生态状况、水环境污染现状及存在的主要问题,提出河湖相连水系污染治理控制方案。通过加强流域污染物的源头控制,削减污染负荷,控污与生态修复相结合,提高湖荡自然净化能力和生态系统自我修复能力,拦截并净化水系入湖污染物,为入湖河流提供清洁水源;对入湖河流集水区各类污染源进行治理,拦截和控制沿线污染物进入入湖河流,建成清水河道,提高入湖河流自然净化能力,使污染物在入湖河流运移过程中进一步削减,在河湖连结处等关键水域构建强化净化污染物的生态拦截工程,再次削减入湖污染物,并对水系各污染控制要素进行系统调控和优化配置,在上游地区构建太湖污染防控和水环境保护的安全屏护体系。     

影响煤巷锚梁网支护施工速度因素浅析

通过对煤巷锚杆支护工艺的分析,指出了现场施工中煤巷锚梁网锚杆支护施工速度的影响因素,通过对这些影响因素的分析,找出了提高锚网施工的快速施工方法,技术人员要根据现场实际情况,不断地总结经验、修改设计参数,寻找出适应不同地质条件下的支护设计参数,优化施工工艺,缩短工艺时间,为煤巷锚杆支护实现真正的快速掘进做出各自的贡献.     

温带落叶林的植物物候特征及其对气候变化的响应

植被物候是气候变化对生物圈产生长期或短期影响的重要指示因子。气候变化已经明显改变了许多物种的营养生长和繁殖物候,尤其是在温带地区。研究温带森林物候变化及其对全球变暖的响应,对认识森林物种共存,协同进化以及森林保护和经营等有重要意义。通过概述温带森林下物候研究的进展发现,光照和积温是影响木本植物展叶及繁殖物候的关键因素,林下层树木通过更早展叶,以尽量减少生长季林冠层遮阴对下层树木生长的影响,更早时期开花的树木具有从顶部向四周次第开花的时空格局,林冠层树种开花具有较好的同步性。而草本植物的物候通常受融雪时间和冠层动态的影响更大,并且,温带森林下不同生活史对策的草本植物的物候特征对气候变化的响应也不尽相同,存在明显的季节动态。繁殖物候、光照的季节变化、光合特征、授粉成功之间的联系决定了林下不同繁殖特性的草本植物的繁殖成功率。量化的、多指标、多对象的定位监测是精准物候研究的基础,物候变化的机理和建立可预测的物候模型将是未来研究的重点。     

Sublittoral epifaunal communities at Signy Island,Antarctica. II. Below the ice-foot zone

Photographic samples were taken every 5 m along two 40 m transects on mostly rock face at Signy Island, Antarctica, during the austral winter of 1991. Dense and taxonomically rich communities of benthos occurred at most of the sublittoral study locations. These communities, however, varied significantly with substratum type, substratum profile and depth. Algae were generally the largest occupiers of space, but the area of substratum colonised by animal taxa increased whenever the profile approached vertical. Shallower than 15 m, disturbance effects, largely from ice, restricted community development to a high degree, but the frequency of disturbance at 25 m appeared to maintain high diversity by preventing domination of the assemblage by a few competitively superior taxa. Bryozoans, and to a lesser extent sponges, were the most abundant animal phyla. Among the bryozoans, species with an encrusting growth form occurred at the shallowest depths followed by encrusting massive/folaceous species and, at 40 m, the erect flexible forms. The ratio of encrusting to erect bryozoan species changed rapidly over the 0 to 50 m depth zone, from exclusively encrusting at 0 to 5 m to approaching 1 at 50 m. The erect bryozoans studied, from the shallow sublittoral to 290 m, could be classified as encrusting massive (foliaceous), erect flexible or erect rigid forms. There was some suggestion, despite the overlap between groups and considerable intra-group variation, that encrusting massive forms were abundant in the shallowest water, followed by erect flexible forms and then erect rigid forms with increasing depth. Some species which occurred as encrusting massive/foliaceous forms in deeper water occurred mostly in encrusting form only in shallow water (<15 m).     

A Conceptual Analysis of the Application of Tradable Permits to Biodiversity Conservation

Abstract: Tradable permits have been applied in many areas of environmental policy and may be a response to increasing calls for flexible conservation instruments that successfully conserve biodiversity while allowing for economic development. The idea behind applying tradable permits to conservation is that developers wishing to turn land to economic purposes, thereby destroying valuable habitat, may only do so if they submit a permit to the conservation agency showing that habitat of at least the equivalent ecological value is restored elsewhere. The developer himself does not need to carry out the restoration, but may buy a permit from a third party, thus allowing a market to emerge. Nevertheless, the application of tradable permits to biodiversity conservation is a complex issue because destroyed and restored habitats are likely to differ. There may be various trade‐offs between the ecological requirements that destroyed and restored habitats be as similar as possible, and the need for a certain level of market activity to have a functioning trading system. The success of tradable permits as an instrument for reconciling the conflicts between economic development and conservation depends on the existence of certain economic, institutional, and ecological preconditions, for example, a functioning institutional framework, sufficient expert knowledge, and adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.     

Effects of proximity to an offshore hard-bottom reef on infaunal abundances

Rock outcrops represent an extensive, commercially important habitat along the southeast coast of North America, supporting large abundances of algae, invertebrates and fish. These rock outcrops have often been viewed as largely self-supporting systems, but some studies have suggested that the fish and invertebrate predators that use the ledges for shelter are strongly dependent on food from adjacent, soft-bottom habitats. We examined benthic macrofaunal abundances along two 75-m transects away from a rock ledge near Wrightsville Beach. North Carolina (depth ca. 30 m) in July 1990 and April 1991. The July 1990 samples indicated significantly higher abundances of total infauna, and of polychaetes, bivalves, isopods, and scaphopods, at a distance of 75 m from the rock ledge. In April 1991, when macrofaunal abundances were generally higher than in the previous summer, distributions of major taxa with distance from the rock ledge were more variable. Caging studies on macrofaunal abundances 10 m from the ledge, and video observations of fish abundances at 10 and 75 m from the ledge, provide support for a trophic link between the rock ledge and the adjacent soft-bottom communities. Our studies suggest that there are potentially important indirect effects of predator-prey interactions among the rock ledge-associated predators and soft-bottom prey.     

Release of phosphorous from igneous phosphate rock through bioturbation: a low-cost approach for phosphorous fertilization in fish farms

The influence of bioturbation caused by common carp fry was treated in 24 transparent polythene jars (5?L each) in the laboratory and in outdoor vats (150?L), increasing the fertilizer value of phosphate rock in eight treatment combinations in triplicate. Input of water soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) was determined to quantify the effects of bioturbation, fish excrements and soil. The level of SRP in water was always lowest in the control series. Introduction of common carp fry resulted in a net increase of 0.009–0.010?mg phosphate g^?1day^?1 of SRP attributable to the effect of fish excrement. Bioturbation caused by common carp resulted in as high as a 64.8 to 90% influx of phosphate from bottom soil in the presence of phosphate rock but only about 6.3 to 7.2% in the absence of phosphate rock. The bioturbation that occurred in this treatment resulted in a significant release of phosphorous into the overlying water from an apatite source. The results confirm the environment friendly application of phosphate rock in fish-farming ponds at low cost.     

A role for selective contraception of individuals in conservation

Contraception has an established role in managing overabundant populations and preventing undesirable breeding in zoos. We propose that it can also be used strategically and selectively in conservation to increase the genetic and behavioral quality of the animals. In captive breeding programs, it is becoming increasingly important to maximize the retention of genetic diversity by managing the reproductive contribution of each individual and preventing genetically suboptimal breeding through the use of selective contraception. Reproductive suppression of selected individuals in conservation programs has further benefits of allowing animals to be housed as a group in extensive enclosures without interfering with breeding recommendations, which reduces adaptation to captivity and facilitates the expression of wild behaviors and social structures. Before selective contraception can be incorporated into a breeding program, the most suitable method of fertility control must be selected, and this can be influenced by factors such as species life history, age, ease of treatment, potential for reversibility, and desired management outcome for the individual or population. Contraception should then be implemented in the population following a step‐by‐step process. In this way, it can provide crucial, flexible control over breeding to promote the physical and genetic health and sustainability of a conservation dependent species held in captivity. For Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii), black‐flanked rock wallabies (Petrogale lateralis), and burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur), contraception can benefit their conservation by maximizing genetic diversity and behavioral integrity in the captive breeding program, or, in the case of the wallabies and bettongs, by reducing populations to a sustainable size when they become locally overabundant. In these examples, contraceptive duration relative to reproductive life, reversibility, and predictability of the contraceptive agent being used are important to ensure the potential for individuals to reproduce following cessation of contraception, as exemplified by the wallabies when their population crashed and needed females to resume breeding.     

Antifouling activity of six nontoxic chemicals on spore attachment of Ulva fasciata

Marine biofouling cause severe damage to all marine technologies. Indiscriminate use of toxic metallic antifouling (AF) chemicals (cuprous oxide and TBT) to control the biofouling in turn greatly affects the flora and fauna of the marine ecosystem. In search of environmentally safe and effective AF agents, six nontoxic AF candidates were studied against the spore attachment of Ulva fasciata. Spore attachment was inhibited at 100 microg of trans-cinnamic acid (TCA) and benzoic acid (BA). Sulfate-coumaric acid (SCA) had no significant effect on the spore attachment. The release rate of BA exhibited a constant release flow. Varied response of U. fasciata spores to AF chemicals and release rate to the surrounding medium are discussed.     

Controlling the monopolistic polluter: Nihilism or eclecticism?

This paper is concerned with the consequences of pollution control when the polluter is a monopolist who can choose between abating pollution by reducing output and by adopting a less-polluting technology. It is suggested that the risk of welfare losses resulting from control policy is lower when technology is flexible than when it is rigid. Nevertheless some risk does remain, so the paper concludes with a discussion of the possible use of selective control instruments to keep the risk to a minimum.     

The Structure of the Shear Layer in Flows over Rigid and Flexible Canopies

Flume experiments were conducted with rigid and flexible model vegetation to study the structure of coherent vortices (a manifestation of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability) and vertical transport in shallow vegetated shear flows. The vortex street in a vegetated shear layer creates a pronounced oscillation in the velocity profile, with the velocity near the top of a model canopy varying by a factor of three during vortex passage. In turn, this velocity oscillation drives the coherent waving of flexible canopies. Relative to flows over rigid vegetation, the oscillation in canopy geometry has the effect of decreasing the amount of turbulent vertical momentum transport in the shear layer. Using a waving plant to determine phase in the vortex cycle, each vortex is shown to consist of a strong sweep at its front (during which the canopy is most deflected), followed by a weak ejection at its rear (when the canopy height is at a maximum). Whereas in unobstructed mixing layers the vortices span the entire layer, they encompass only 70% of the flexibly obstructed shear layer studied here.