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“环境污染已经成为当前中国发展中的一个重大问题。这个问题至今没有得到很好的解决。‘十五’计划我们大多数的指标都基本完成了,但是坦白地告诉大家,环境指标没有完成。”3月14日,温家宝总理在全国人大中外记者招待会上的这一席话令人深思。 相似文献
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个人乘用车排放量占道路交通运输二氧化碳(CO2)排放量的三分之一。因此,逐步实现其燃料由传统石化燃料汽柴油向新能源转变是交通运输行业低碳减排和绿色发展的重要抓手之一。本文对当前可供个人乘用车使用的4大类新能源即生物燃油、燃料乙醇、氢和电的属性,特别是其CO2减排效果和使用成本进行了分析和对比,并对新能源加注(充电)设施在欧盟和美国的布局战略和实施成果进行了介绍。结合欧美的实践和中国的实际,本文提出了未来个人乘用车用可替代燃油布局的建设,建议我国直接从传统石化汽油跨越至氢和/或电,并将其作为未来个人乘用车的燃料。 相似文献
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Hydrogen management is a problem of increasing importance: hydrogen consumption of refineries is rising sharply with additional capacities of hydrocracking and hydrotreating units in order to comply with cleaner fuel specifications. Product Specifications for transportation fuels are becoming increasingly stringent to ensure production of environmentally more benign fuels. Hydrogen management techniques currently do not account for varying operating conditions of hydrogen consuming processes and assume constant operating conditions. A novel approach is developed for the design of flexible hydrogen networks that can remain optimally operable under multiple periods of operation. The proposed methodology for multi-period design of hydrogen networks can take into account pressure differences, maximum capacity of existing equipment, and optimal placement of new equipment such as compressors. 相似文献
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黄河是孕育中华五千年灿烂文化的"摇篮"之一."九曲黄河万里沙,浪淘风簸自天涯"正是这条世界上含沙最最多河流的真实写照.黄土高原地质结构本就松散,加上人口的迅速增长,无限制地开垦放牧等自然和人为的原因,使绿色植被遭到破坏,引起了水土流失,两岸的经济发展及居民的生存环境因此受到了威胁. 相似文献
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Johannes G. Leskens Christian Kehl Tim Tutenel Timothy Kol Gerwin de Haan Guus Stelling Elmar Eisemann 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(2):307-324
Developing strategies to mitigate or to adapt to the threats of floods is an important topic in the context of climate changes. Many of the world’s cities are endangered due to rising ocean levels and changing precipitation patterns. It is therefore crucial to develop analytical tools that allow us to evaluate the threats of floods and to investigate the influence of mitigation and adaptation measures, such as stronger dikes, adaptive spatial planning, and flood disaster plans. Up until the present, analytical tools have only been accessible to domain experts, as the involved simulation processes are complex and rely on computational and data-intensive models. Outputs of these analytical tools are presented to practitioners (i.e., policy analysts and political decision-makers) on maps or in graphical user interfaces. In practice, this output is only used in limited measure because practitioners often have different information requirements or do not trust the direct outcome. Nonetheless, literature indicates that a closer collaboration between domain experts and practitioners can ensure that the information requirements of practitioners are better aligned with the opportunities and limitations of analytical tools. The objective of our work is to present a step forward in the effort to make analytical tools in flood management accessible for practitioners to support this collaboration between domain experts and practitioners. Our system allows the user to interactively control the simulation process (addition of water sources or influence of rainfall), while a realistic visualization allows the user to mentally map the results onto the real world. We have developed several novel algorithms to present and interact with flood data. We explain the technologies, discuss their necessity alongside test cases, and introduce a user study to analyze the reactions of practitioners to our system. We conclude that, despite the complexity of flood simulation models and the size of the involved data sets, our system is accessible for practitioners of flood management so that they can carry out flood simulations together with domain experts in interactive work sessions. Therefore, this work has the potential to significantly change the decision-making process and may become an important asset in choosing sustainable flood mitigations and adaptation strategies. 相似文献
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近年来,雾霾天气成了中国经济发达地区冬季常见的天气现象,给人们的生活带来诸多不便,严重影响着人们的身体健康.通过对雾霾天气时空气成分的研究以及雾霾天气形成原因的分析,可知雾霾的主要成分有硫氧化物、氮氧化物和悬浮在空气中的颗粒物.雾霾的成因不仅仅是人为的因素,它还与自然因素有关.另外针对雾霾的特点列出了一些雾霾天人体的防护措施和治理雾霾的一些方法.希望可以给现已生活在雾霾天气下,且深受雾霾迫害的人们带来一点儿帮助.同时能够起到警醒环保意识差的人来共同治理和防治雾霾. 相似文献
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白腐菌固态发酵条件最优化及其降解植物生物质的研究 总被引:16,自引:3,他引:16
通过正交实验法对影响白腐菌固态发酵降解稻草木质素的5种单因素培养条件进行了优化.实验结果表明,5种因素的最佳综合水平为:菌种驯化培养8d后以0.8%(质量比)的接种量接种入发酵瓶中,于37℃培养,发酵基质的含水率为85%,同时添加0.3%的吐温80.此外,还对未经降解处理的稻草与在上述最佳发酵条件下经白腐菌降解后的稻草分别作了紫外光谱和红外光谱分析,结果表明经该菌降解后,稻草中的木质素结构被严重破坏,难降解的大分子长键烃被切断成易降解的小分子短键烃. 相似文献