典型脱硫工艺对燃煤锅炉烟气颗粒物的影响

脱硫是燃煤锅炉的重要除污环节,为探究脱硫工艺对烟气颗粒物的影响,选取4台不同脱硫工艺（石灰石/石膏法、炉内喷钙法、氨法和双碱法）的燃煤锅炉,利用再悬浮采样法和稀释通道采样法分别采集脱硫前后烟气颗粒物样品,并测定颗粒物中的水溶性离子、无机元素和碳组分.结果表明,脱硫剂对烟气PM_2.5的组分构成产生影响,烟气经过石灰石/石膏法脱硫后,PM_2.5中的Ca由5.1%提高至24.8%;经过氨法脱硫后,PM_2.5中NH₄⁺的质量分数由0.8%提高到7.3%;双碱法脱硫则使烟气PM_2.5中Na由0.9%提高到1.7%.湿法和干法脱硫工艺的作用显著不同,湿法脱硫排放颗粒物的离子含量较高,经过石灰石/石膏法和氨法脱硫,PM_2.5中SO₄^2-的质量分数分别由2.0%和6.7%提高到9.6%和11.9%,Cl^-分别由0.4%和1.2%提高到3.8%和5.2%,而Cr、Pb、Cu、Ti和Mn等重金属经过湿法脱硫出现含量下降;相对湿法脱硫,干法脱硫燃煤锅炉排放的PM_2.5中富含Al、Si和Fe等地壳元素.湿法脱硫同样对碳组分产生影响,石灰石/石膏法和氨法脱硫后,烟气PM_2.5的元素碳EC质量分数分别从6.1%降至0.9%和从3.6%降至0.7%,但是有机碳OC的含量并没有下降.     

北京市典型道路扬尘化学组分特征及年际变化

选择北京市具有代表性道路,于2004年9月和2013年5月进行采样,利用再悬浮设备制备道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5样品,并进行化学组分分析,建立了2004年和2013年北京市道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5源成分谱,以分析和探讨北京市道路扬尘化学组分特征及其组分年际变化.结果表明,北京市道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5源成分谱中的化学组分特征均为Ca、Si、有机碳（organic carbon,OC）、Al、Fe、K、Mg、SO₄^2-和元素碳（element carbon,EC）,其在道路扬尘中的含量之和分别为：2004年PM₁₀为46.7303%、PM_2.5为56.9198%和2013年PM_2.5为38.7478%;占全部被测组分的比例分别为95.9%、94.3%和94.7%.2004年道路扬尘中,环路Si、Al的含量显著低于其他道路类型,受到的土壤风沙尘影响最小;建筑水泥尘特征元素Ca主干道含量最高,高速五环进京口含量最低;EC在高速五环进京口的含量显著高于其他道路类型.而2013年PM_2.5中被测组分总含量及Si、Al、Ca的含量次干道均显著低于其他道路类型.2013年与2004年相比,北京市道路扬尘PM_2.5中除SO₄^2-含量略上升了2.0%外,其余组分含量下降显著,Ca、Si、OC、Al、Fe、K、EC和NO₃^-下降幅度分别为45.1%、31.5%、17.5%、20.3%、55.6%、33.3%、30.0%和50.3%.结果表明,［NO₃^-］/［SO₄^2-］比值不能准确反映固定源和移动源相对贡献大小的变化.［OC］/［EC］比值,2004年PM₁₀为9.77±3.88,PM_2.5为9.36±3.25,2013年PM_2.5为14.41±10.41,北京市道路扬尘存在二次有机碳（secondary organic carbon,SOC）,且SOC是道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5的重要组成部分.不同城市道路扬尘及同一城市不同粒径的道路扬尘成分谱相似度不高,应建立相应的成分谱并适时更新.     

太原市冬季PM2.5化学组分特征与来源解析

为研究太原市城区冬季PM_2.5污染特征及来源,于2017年1月对PM_2.5及其化学组分（水溶性离子、碳组分和微量元素）、气态污染物（SO₂、NO₂）进行在线观测,结合气象数据,分析了清洁天和污染天PM_2.5及其化学组分特征,并利用正定矩阵因子分析法（positive matrix factorization,PMF）对PM_2.5进行来源解析.结果表明,2017年1月太原市城区污染天PM_2.5质量浓度（239.92 μg·m^-3）为清洁天的5.70倍,污染天PM_2.5主要化学组分SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、OC和EC分别为清洁天的7.04、5.76、6.51、5.62、4.06和4.70倍;污染天硫的氧化速率（SOR）和氮的氧化速率（NOR）分别为0.12和0.19,明显高于清洁天,说明污染天二次转化程度更高;PMF解析结果显示,污染天二次源（35.06%）、燃煤源（30.19%）和机动车源（24.25%）较清洁天分别增长18.03%、7.39%和2.10%,说明太原市城区污染天在管控机动车和燃煤等一次排放源的基础上,更应该注意对二次源前体物的控制.     

中原城市群典型城市秋冬季大气PM2.5污染特征及溯源

为了研究中原城市群区域城市秋冬季大气PM_2.5的污染特征和其主要成分的潜在来源,于2018年10月到2019年1月在郑州、洛阳、安阳和新乡这4个典型城市展开秋冬季连续4个月PM_2.5膜样本采集,采用X射线荧光光谱法,碳分析法和离子色谱法分别对18种无机元素,有机碳（OC）/元素碳（EC）,和9种水溶性无机离子进行了测定.根据PM_2.5日均值浓度水平分为3个污染等级,并分别通过对氮氧化率（NOR）和二次有机碳（SOC）及富集因子的计算结果对PM_2.5主要成分NO₃^-和SOC及18种无机元素的时空变化进行了对比分析.通过化学质量平衡（CMB）模型计算了4个城市的排放源及贡献率,并通过后向轨迹（HYSPLIT）模型和潜在源贡献因子法（PSCF）分析了4个城市PM_2.5和主要成分NO₃^-及OC的潜在污染来源.结果表明,采样期间郑州、洛阳、安阳和新乡PM_2.5均值分别为（82.1±45.5）、（84.7±39.8）、（96.8±46.1）和（81.1±36.6）μg·m^-3,日均值的最高浓度值分别是国家二级标准的3.3、2.6、3.0和2.3倍;4个城市PM_2.5的主要组分都为NO₃^-和SOC,NO₃^-的浓度,NO₃^-/EC和NOR都随着污染等级的升高而显著升高,NO₃^-/EC和NOR的均值随着污染等级的升高总体上表现出郑州和洛阳略高于安阳和新乡;SOC的浓度和在OC中的占比及SOC/EC的比值都随着污染等级的升高而增大;从无机元素的浓度和富集程度来看,As在郑州最高,Mn和Fe在洛阳最高,Zn、Ni和Cr在安阳最高以及Cu和Pb在新乡最高;4个城市PM_2.5污染源为二次硝酸盐、二次硫酸盐、有机物、燃煤源、机动车源、扬尘源、生物质源和工艺过程源,二次硝酸盐的分担率在郑州（37.7%）最高,新乡（14.1%）机动车分担率最高,洛阳（7.0%）和安阳（6.8%）的工业过程源的分担率相对较高;郑州、洛阳、安阳和新乡分别有51.6%、49.2%、49.6%和46.3%的气流来自西北方向;郑州潜在污染区域主要集中在河南省,洛阳主要在河南省南部和汾渭平原,安阳和新乡则是主要在河南省和京津冀传输带上,另外安徽西北部、山东西南部、山西东南部和陕西北部也对安阳和新乡OC的污染造成了影响.     

南昌市扬尘PM2.5中多环芳烃的来源解析及健康风险评价

为了解南昌市道路扬尘和土壤风沙尘PM_2.5中多环芳烃（PAHs）的来源和健康风险,利用颗粒物再悬浮系统采集PM_2.5样品,测定了PM_2.5中16种优先控制的多环芳烃的含量.结果表明,南昌市道路扬尘PM_2.5中ΣPAHs含量范围为48.85~166.16μg·kg^-1,平均值为（114.22±39.95）μg·kg^-1,土壤风沙尘PM_2.5中ΣPAHs含量范围为31.05~62.92μg·kg^-1,平均值为（40.79±9.39）μg·kg^-1.道路尘和土壤风沙尘PM_2.5中的PAHs都是以4~5环组分为主.主成分分析/多元线性回归分析结果表明,南昌市道路扬尘PM_2.5中PAHs的来源包括机动车的排放和燃煤源与石油泄漏,贡献率分别为51.7%和48.3%,总估计值与实际值的线性拟合有很好的一致性.对于儿童和成年男性,不同暴露途径的PAHs致癌风险值从大到小依次是皮肤接触 > 摄食 > 呼吸吸入,而成年女性则表现为摄食 > 皮肤接触 > 呼吸吸入.各暴露途径中,PAHs对成人的致癌风险均高于儿童.所有人群中,PAHs的总致癌风险值均低于美国EPA推荐的致癌风险阈值10^-6,没有致癌风险.     

典型沿海城市采暖期细颗粒物组分特征及来源解析

为明确威海市采暖期细颗粒物的组分及来源,于2018年1~3月在威海市3个空气质量例行监测点采集了环境空气PM_2.5样品,分析OC、EC、水溶性离子及元素组分特征,利用PMF模型解析PM_2.5的来源.结果表明,采样期间威海市PM_2.5日均质量浓度为（33.80±22.45）μg·m^-3,NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-、OC和EC是其主要组分.作为沿海城市其Cl^-占比相对较高,同时PM_2.5组分特征体现出颗粒物成分受本地工业特征污染物排放的影响.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-和OC/EC比值均表明威海市采暖期移动源对PM_2.5贡献大;水溶性离子中酸碱离子比例分析表明,威海市采暖期PM_2.5呈弱碱性,NH₄⁺过量,主要以NH₄NO₃和（NH₄）₂SO₄等形式存在.污染时段威海市二次污染物浓度上升明显,主要组分NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、OC和EC质量浓度是清洁时段的4.21、5.27、3.23、2.02和1.81倍.源解析结果表明,二次气溶胶占PM_2.5的32.4%~36.0%,移动源（15.6%~18.9%）、燃煤源（12.1%~17.8%）、生物质燃烧源（9.0%~10.4%）和扬尘（8.6%~11.3%）是威海市环境空气PM_2.5的主要来源,而工艺过程源（2.1%~8.3%）、非道路移动源（2.4%~3.7%）和海盐（3.5%~5.6%）贡献比例较小.     

工业燃煤链条炉细粒子排放特征研究

链条燃煤锅炉是当前我国工业锅炉的最主要应用炉型,其容量占到了工业锅炉总容量的85%,是重要的大气污染物排放源之一.本研究在3个地区选取了5种典型容量的链条炉,应用自行设计的二级稀释系统现场测试其细粒子（PM_2.5）和各种气态污染物的排放特征.结果表明,链条炉烟气中的PM_2.5质量粒径呈单峰或双峰分布,第1个峰值在0.14 μm处,第2个峰值在1 μm后;湿法除尘和旋风除尘对PM_1.0的细粒子仍具有有效的去除效率;在相同或相似除尘控制技术的条件下,PM_2.5的排放水平随锅炉容量的增大而减小.在PM_2.5中,SO^2-₄是最丰富的离子,质量分数在20%～54%范围内;C是最丰富的元素,质量分数在7.5%～31.8%之间,其次是S,质量分数为8.4%～18.7%.采用碳平衡法计算得出PM_2.5、NO_x和SO₂的排放因子分别为0.046～0.486 　g·kg^-1、 1.63～2.47　g·kg^-1、 1.35～9.95　g·kg^-1,这为建立我国的工业锅炉排放清单及大气污染来源分析提供了必要的基础数据.     

郑州市PM2.5组分、来源及其演变特征

为探究郑州市PM_2.5主要来源以及季节差异特征,本研究于2019年进行PM_2.5周期采样,并分析PM_2.5中的无机水溶性离子、碳组分和元素浓度.结果表明,郑州市2019年采样膜样品的PM_2.5平均浓度为（67.0±37.2）μg·m^-3,冬季浓度最高,夏季最低.PM_2.5中主要组分依次为：硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根、有机物（OM）、地壳物质和元素碳,春秋季节受地壳物质影响较大,夏季主要受硫酸盐影响,冬季有机物与硝酸盐浓度显著增高.二次转化是硫酸盐和硝酸盐的主要来源,夏季受光化学反应贡献显著,冬季受高湿条件下的液相反应影响明显.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-和OC/EC的值表明郑州市PM_2.5受汽车尾气排放、煤炭燃烧以及生物质燃烧影响较大.源解析结果表明,2019年二次源贡献最高（49.8%）,其中在冬季贡献达到56.5%;一次源中,扬尘在春季（15.2%）和秋季（11.4%）占比略高,机动车源在夏季贡献最大（12.3%）,冬季受燃煤源影响较大（13.2%）.2014~2019年郑州市PM_2.5受二次源影响逐年升高;工业源、生物质燃烧源和燃煤源整体呈下降趋势.     

运城秋冬季大气细粒子化学组成特征及来源解析

为研究运城市秋冬季细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的化学组成特征和污染来源贡献,于2018年10月15日至2019年3月15日利用四通道小流量颗粒物采样器在运城市对大气PM_2.5样品进行了连续采集.主要对水溶性离子、元素碳、有机碳和金属元素等化学成分进行了分析,并结合颗粒物化学质量重构法和正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）深入探讨.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5质量浓度范围为29.37~370.11 μg·m^-3,期间有101 d高于我国《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095-2012）中的二级标准,超标率为70.63%,说明秋冬季运城市大气污染较为严重.按照空气质量指数（air quality index,AQI）将采集样品分类为清洁,轻-中度污染和重度-严重污染,水溶性离子、有机碳、元素碳和金属元素分别占总PM_2.5浓度的40%、19%、5%、7%（清洁天）,46%、18%、4%、5%（轻-中度污染）和46%、21%、4%、4%（重度-严重污染）.二次离子NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺是水溶性离子主要成分,分别占总离子浓度的81%（清洁天）、87%（轻-中度污染）和87%（重度-严重污染）.采样期间OC/EC的值分别为3.78（清洁天）、4.02（轻度-中度污染）和5.37（重度-严重污染）.随着污染程度的加剧,大气中二次有机气溶胶的污染情况也越发严重.此外,随着大气污染程度的加深,Fe和Cr元素浓度逐渐下降,而其余金属元素的浓度总体呈上升趋势.化学质量重构结果表明在运城市的PM_2.5中,二次无机盐、海盐、重金属、矿物尘、建筑尘、有机物和元素碳的质量分数分别为40%、1%、1%、5%、1%、32%和5%,且随着污染的加剧,二次无机盐的占比有所升高,矿物尘的占比降低.PMF分析结果表明,二次相关源、燃煤源、交通源与生物质燃烧及二次有机物是运城市灰霾暴发的主要原因.     

甘肃南部典型城镇PM2.5浓度及水溶性离子特征分析

为研究甘肃南部城镇PM_2.5及水溶性离子（WSIIs）浓度水平,于2019年4月—2020年2月在甘肃成县按季度进行PM_2.5样品采集,分析了其变化特征,并运用相关和主成分分析法进行来源解析.结果表明：采样期间甘肃成县PM_2.5年平均质量浓度为（57.2±26.9） μg·m^-3,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节变化特征,冬季质量浓度约为夏季的1.9倍,全年空气质量优良率为81%,其中夏季达100%.WSIIs质量浓度呈现SO₄^2->NO₃^->Na⁺>NH₄⁺>Ca²⁺> K⁺>Cl^->Mg²⁺的特征.SNA是浓度水平最高的3种水溶性离子,占8种主要水溶性离子浓度的70.1%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）平均值为0.6,表明工农业生产及化石燃料燃烧排放等固定源是颗粒物污染的主要来源.新型冠状病毒疫情期间人员管控对PM_2.5和水溶性离子中SNA质量浓度影响显著,PM_2.5平均质量浓度降幅达44.2%.源解析表明,PM_2.5中WSIIs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧及二次源和道路建筑扬尘等.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.