自吸式文丘里洗涤器引射量实验研究

以自吸式文丘里洗涤器为研究对象,采用空气-水为工作介质,针对喉部气速、吸液口静压差、喉部间距等因素对文丘里洗涤器引射特性的影响进行实验研究。结果表明,随着喉部气速的增加,文丘里洗涤器引射量呈快速增长趋势,且吸液口静压差越高增长越明显,但喉部气速过大会加剧液相贴壁流动现象,降低气液接触效率;吸液口静压差对洗涤器引射量的影响程度与喉部气速有关,当喉部气速超过66. 5 m/s后,增大吸液口静压差会显著提高洗涤器引射量;喉部间距增大会降低洗涤器引射量,但有利于液相分散,强化气液相间接触,与常规文丘里脱硫除尘液量需求相比,自吸式文丘里洗涤器引射量大,实验工况下液气比最大可达3. 95 L/m3。     

喷嘴位置对文丘里除尘器流场影响的模拟研究

通过选用欧拉-欧拉多相流模型和RNGκ-ε湍流模型对文丘里除尘器流动特性进行了数值模拟,为文丘里除尘器的结构优化提供依据。在74 m/s的喉管气速下比较喷嘴位置和喷嘴液体速度对文丘里除尘器性能的影响。结果表明,喷嘴位置对文丘里除尘器的压力降及喉管处的液体分布影响较大,当喉管气速和液体入射速度不变时,压力降随喷嘴位置后移而增加,而当喷嘴位置位于中部时喉管内的液体分布较为均匀。     

喉间距对自吸式文丘里引射量的影响研究

以自吸式文丘里洗涤器为研究对象,建立以空气-水为工作介质的耦合理论模型,并搭建相应的实验装置,用于研究喉间距和喉部压差对自吸式文丘里引射量的影响。由理论分析与实验结果可知,自吸式文丘里引射量受操作条件和结构参数共同影响。其中,喉部静压通过喉部气速、高度差和阻力损失共同作用影响文丘里引射量;喉部间距对自吸式文丘里引射量影响较复杂。低于某一临界喉部气速时,引射量与喉部间距成正比;高于该气速后,喉部间距增大,引射量急剧减小。该研究为自吸式文丘里洗涤器结构设计、引射效率评估及参数优化等提供了可靠的理论支持。     

低速文丘里高效除尘器

文丘里除尘器的压力损失主要是高速气水混合射流通过喉管而造成的，通过喉管的压力损失与射流速度的平方成正比，低速文丘里高效除尘器，是根据液流的最优捕尘液粒粒径范围在100-800μm的范围来选定适当的喉管内气流和水滴的相对速度，而使这个相对速度选定为15-20m/s，这样使这一速度比普通文丘里除尘器的相对速度小（4-8倍）-（3-6倍），故通过喉管的压力损失至少小9倍，再加上混合射流与帽罩壁的碰撞和紧接着形成的帽罩侧壁孔的水幕的再次除尘使该除尘器的除尘效率达到97%以上。     

不同喷雾方式下低阻文丘里振弦栅除尘配置优化实验研究

为了对比径向外喷和轴向喷雾下的低阻文丘里振弦栅耦合除尘效果,以除尘效率和系统阻力为参照,选定喉管气速、振弦栅数、纤维丝间隙和喉管液气比进行单因素实验。结果表明2种喷雾方式的除尘效率和系统阻力的变化趋势相同。利用SPSS软件进行4因素3水平正交实验设计,在特定参数条件下,2种喷雾方式的因素影响排序相同,除尘效率为纤维栅数＞纤维丝间隙＞喉管气速＞喷雾量;系统阻力为喉管气速＞纤维栅数＞纤维丝间隙＞喷雾量;径向外喷最佳配置为喉管气速24 m/s、喷雾量2.3 L/min、2块间隙为0.8 mm纤维栅板;轴向喷雾为喉管气速28 m/s、喷雾量2.4 L/min、2块间隙为0.8 mm纤维栅板;在最优配置下的除尘性能为径向外喷＞轴向喷雾。     

填料塔-文丘里耦合洗消设备研发与H2S洗消效率分析*

为提高H2S泄漏应急处置效率,分析H2S洗消效率影响因素,采用ASPEN模拟与实验相结合的方法获取填料层-文丘里耦合设备关键设计参数,研究进气量、入口浓度、液气比等参数对H₂S洗消效率的影响规律,并搭建填料层-文丘里耦合H2S洗消设备。结果表明:填料层-文丘里耦合洗消设备最大洗消效率达91%,可以高效处置H₂S泄漏危机。     

降膜对喷淋塔吸收特性的影响

吸收液在喷淋塔内以液滴和降膜两种形式存在,为了深入考察降膜对喷淋塔吸收特性的影响,以多孔分布板代替传统的压力式喷嘴,实现了降膜和液滴流量的可控调节,结合喷淋塔流体力学特性和双膜理论,建立了液滴及降膜的传质模型,并进行了试验验证,通过定量计算,分别考察了喷淋量及空塔气速对降膜吸收速率分率的影响.结果表明:所建模型可以较好地模拟喷淋塔脱氨过程,相对误差小于4％;降膜吸收速率分率几乎不随空塔气速而变化,但随喷淋量增大而减小;当大量吸收液在塔内壁形成降膜时,要达到相同吸收率所需喷淋液量将更大.     

基于文丘里效应的排烟风机出口优化设计

为改善某型排烟风机性能,本文基于文丘里效应对其出口进行了优化设计。分析确定了影响文丘里出口性能的主要因素。通过正交设计对不同因素配置的方案进行了仿真实验,利用综合评分法和极差分析法确定了各因素的主次顺序,获得了最优组合,即渐缩比为0.5、渐缩角为0.96rad、位置参数b为0.6、位置参数c为0.5,喉管长径比为1.3。对最优组合进行了实验验证,结果表明:选取最优的文丘里出口设计方案,可以使排烟风机总排烟量提升35.4%,出口烟气流动不稳定性也得到了改善。证明利用文丘里效应进行风机出口优化设计的方案是有效的。     

影响吹脱塔对垃圾渗滤液氨吹脱效率因素研究

垃圾渗滤液氨氮含量高,用吹脱塔进行氨吹脱时,pH值、水温、气液比对吹脱效率有较大的影响。当pH在9．2～11．5时,吹脱效率随pH值增加而提高;但高于11．5,吹脱效率随pH值增加变化不大。水温越高,吹脱效率越高。气液比在3500m^3／m^3以下时,随着气液比的升高,吹脱效率显著升高,但当气液比上升至3500m^3／m^3以上时,吹脱效率变化较平稳。氨氮浓度的高低对吹脱效率影响不大。     

GXS型脱硫除尘器喷淋系统的数值模拟

将一种干湿结合的多级脱硫除尘装置作为研究对象,运用计算流体动力学方法,基于DPM模型,采用RNG湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,对GXS型脱硫除尘器在喷淋状态下的气液两相流场进行了数值模拟.液滴颗粒相的运动轨迹表明,多级喷淋系统可使喷淋液在文丘里管内均匀分布,使得气液混合效果更好,进而实现较高的脱硫效率,达到国家脱硫标准.     

正态分布式弧形板除雾器压降的模拟研究

为提高除雾器对瓦斯气体中细水雾的分离效率,同时确保气雾两相流流经除雾器后的压降符合要求。以气雾两相流动的均相流动模型为前提,根据稳定一维流动的基本方程推导出气雾两相流动的压降计算式;通过对瓦斯细水雾在除雾器中的流动进行数值模拟、分析,结果表明除雾器板间距、叶片长度、转折角和气流速度对压降都有影响,其中气流速度的变化对除雾器压降的影响较大,压降随气流速度的增大而增大;转折角的变化对除雾器压降的影响最大,压降随着转折角的增大而减小。这对正态分布式弧形板除雾器的优化设计有一定的指导意义。     

矩形定径式喉口的设计与应用

针对双文氏管湿法除尘系统一级文氏管喉口存在的问题,开发设计了矩形定径式喉口.该工艺运行周期长,不存在调节翻板卡死问题,不存在溢流盆堵塞问题,喉口使用寿命长,效果良好.     

Effective method of predicting confined pressure behavior under isotropic turbulence

Explosion pressure prediction is indispensable to ensure process safety against accidental gas explosions. This work is aimed at establishing a theoretical method for predicting confined methane-air explosion pressure under isotropic turbulence. The results indicated that the pressure rise rate becomes significantly increased by the existence of isotropic turbulence, which effect on peak value of explosion pressure is negligible. Among various models of turbulent burning velocity, the calculated pressure rise rate using Chiu model, Williams model and Liu model is relatively closer to experimental value. With the increase of turbulent integral length and RMS turbulent fluctuation velocity, the pressure rise rate becomes increased continuously. The influence of adiabatic compression and isothermal compression on pressure rise rate could be ignored. To predict explosion pressure in a more accurate way, the dynamic variation of turbulent integral length and RMS turbulent fluctuation velocity should be considered in the future.     

瓦斯抽采钻孔反循环气力排屑数值模拟

反循环气力排屑是顺层钻孔的新技术,可以提高瓦斯抽采钻孔的成孔深度与成孔率,采用CFD-DEM耦合方法对瓦斯抽采钻孔反循环气力排屑过程进行数值模拟,研究了排屑气速、煤屑生成量对气力排屑性能和气力排屑系统压降的影响。研究结果表明:排屑气速较低时,煤屑在重力的作用下在钻杆内堆积,易导致钻杆堵塞,为保证顺利排屑,需要较大的排屑气速;随着煤屑生成量的增大,对气力排屑性能影响不大,但钻杆内煤屑的体积分数增大,煤屑-煤屑,煤屑-钻杆之间的碰撞加剧;气力排屑系统的压降与排屑气速、煤屑生成量均呈正相关,综合考虑能耗因素,在保证顺利排屑的前提下,应选择合适的排屑气速。     

非线性拉伸对甲烷-空气预混火焰燃烧特性的影响

使用定容燃烧弹与高速纹影照相系统研究了不同当量比下甲烷-空气预混气体的层流火焰燃烧特性。实验数据同时应用传统线性模型和非线性模型分析了不同当量比对球形扩展火焰的传播速率和马克斯坦长度的影响。结果显示:随着当量比的增加,层流燃烧速率先增大后减小,直到当量比为1.1时,火焰速率达到最大值。马克斯坦长度始终为正值,且随着当量比的增大而增大。在所有当量比条件下,线性和非线性方法计算的火焰速率大致相同,差值小于0.01 m/s;线性方法得到的马克斯坦长度均大于非线性模型计算的结果,并随着当量比的增大,两种方法得到的马克斯坦长度的差值更加显著。     

Protection Against Dust by Respirators

This article is a brief review of the mechanism of action of fibrous filters and of the performance of respirators; it neglects many of the complications discussed in longer and more detailed articles. An expression is given for the pressure drop across a filter in terms of fibre diameter and filtration velocity. The particle capture mechanisms of interception and diffusional deposition are introduced and the way in which filtration efficiency varies with particle size is discussed. Filters with fibres of small diameter are shown to be the most efficient, but their use can cause problems. Electrically charged materials are widely used in respirators because of their high efficiency and low pressure drop. Types of material, their means of charging, and their method of action are described. An account is given of respirator leakage, the protection factor, and of the way that these may vary in a period of use. The leakage of air and particles through face seal leaks and leaky valves is discussed. The frequent discrepancy in the protection given by respirators in the workplace, on the one hand, and that suggested by laboratory measurements, on the other, is reviewed, and the article ends with an account of the combined effect of aerosol penetration through a filter and through a leak.     

压缩空气泡沫水平管路压力损失数值模拟研究

为厘清压缩空气泡沫水平管道输运压力衰减规律,考虑压缩空气泡沫实际工程运用,利用STAR-CCM软件研究泡沫液种类、混合比和管径对湿泡沫水平管网输运过程中压力衰减的影响规律,并结合理论分析建立压缩空气泡沫水平输运过程中的压力衰减预测模型。研究结果表明：管路压降与泡沫液黏度呈正相关性,在混合液流量270 L/min,气体流量1 750 L/min条件下,相同管径高黏度抗溶性水成膜泡沫(AFFF/AR)压降约为低黏度A类和水成膜泡沫(AFFF)1.3倍;对于相同类型泡沫,混合比对管路压降影响较小,100 m长90 mm管径不同混合比之间最大压降差值约为7.21 kPa;管径对压降影响较大,相同泡沫条件下,50 mm管径压降是80 mm管径压降的约9.4倍,80 mm管径压降是100 mm管径压降的约2.8倍,当管径大于80 mm时,不同泡沫对压降的影响逐步减小。压力衰减预测模型计算的压降值与模拟值较前人开展研究所得实验值误差在18%以内,研究结果可以为压缩空气泡沫水平管网设计提供一定理论参考。     

The influence of the charge-to-mass ratio of the charged water mist on a methane explosion

To study the influence of the charge-to-mass ratio of a charged water mist on a methane explosion, the induction charging method was used to induce charge on a normal water mist; a mesh target method was employed to test the charge-to-mass ratio of its droplets. The propagation images, propagation average velocities, and overpressures of a methane explosion suppressed by charged water mist were analysed. The influence of the charge-to-mass ratio of the suppressant water mist on a methane explosion was studied. Results show that the explosion temperature, propagation average velocity, and peak overpressure deceased more obviously with charged water mist than ordinary water mist. With increasing charge-to-mass ratio, the suppression effect of the charged water mist underwent a significant increase. Under experimental conditions, compared with ordinary water mist, when the charge-to-mass ratio was 0.445 mC/kg and the mist flux was 4 L, the minimum flame propagation average velocity was 3.456 m/s, with a drop of 2.37 m/s (40.68%), and the peak overpressure of the methane explosion was 10.892 kPa, with a drop of 10.798 kPa (49.78%). The suppression effect is considered from the changes of the physico-chemical properties of the water mist as affected by the applied charge-to-mass ratio.     

On the determination of the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions

A methodology to determine the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions is explored. Unlike other methods which have been used to measure burning velocities from closed vessel explosions, this approach belongs to the category which does not involve observation of a rapidly moving flame front. Only the pressure–time curve is required as experimental input. To verify the methodology, initially quiescent methane–air mixtures were ignited in a 20-l explosion sphere and the equivalence ratio was varied from 0.67 to 1.36. The behavior of the pressure in the vessel was measured as a function of time and two integral balance models, namely, the thin-flame and the three-zone model, were fitted to determine the laminar burning velocity. Data on the laminar burning velocity as a function of equivalence ratio, pressure and temperature, measured by a variety of other methods have been collected from the literature to enable a comparison. Empirical correlations for the effect of pressure and temperature on the laminar burning velocity have been reviewed and two were selected to be used in conjunction with the thin-flame model. For the three-zone model, a set of coupled correlations has been derived to describe the effect of pressure and temperature on the laminar burning velocity and the laminar flame thickness. Our laminar burning velocities are seen to fall within the band of data from the period 1953–2003. A comparison with recent data from the period 1994–2003 shows that our results are 5–10% higher than the laminar burning velocities which are currently believed to be the correct ones for methane–air mixtures. Based on this observation it is concluded that the methodology described in this work should only be used under circumstances where more accurate methods can not be applied.