荒漠草原无林地PM2.5、PM10时间变化特征及与气象因素的关系

选取荒漠草原无林地的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度以及气象因子数据,对颗粒物浓度的时间变化特征及其与气象因子的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)1月的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)月平均浓度最高,7月的PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)达到最低。季节尺度上PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度变化为由大到小顺序依次为冬季秋季春季夏季。(2)风速≤4.0 m/s时,随着风速增加,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度不断降低;当风速4.0 m/s时,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度随风速增加而增加。PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度与温度负相关。相对湿度≤50%时,随着相对湿度增加,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度呈增加趋势;相对湿度50%时,随着空气湿度增加,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度呈降低趋势。随着大气气压上升,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)浓度随之增加。(3)不同季节的气象因子对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)影响存在差异。     

南阳市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染特征及其与气象因子的关系

利用2015年1月1日至12月31日南水北调中线源头南阳市主城区5个国控空气质量监测站24 h自动连续采样的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度数据和同期气象要素观测数据,分析了南阳市大气颗粒物浓度的污染特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:2015年南阳市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度分别为0.136、0.074 mg/m~3,超标率分别为31.8%、39.2%;PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)峰值均出现在1月,PM_(10)谷值出现在11月,PM_(2.5)谷值出现在9月;PM_(10)四季日变化均呈双峰型,而PM_(2.5)冬季日变化呈双峰型,其他季节无明显峰值;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)值在43%~65%,均值54%;PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)与大气压呈显著正相关,与温度、相对湿度呈显著负相关,与风速、降水相关性不明显。     

宁波市秋冬季大气能见度特征及影响因素分析

针对宁波市大气能见度的观测研究表明,宁波市秋冬季大气能见度均值为11.6 km,霾日发生率为31.6%,霾日的能见度均值为6.6 km,且PM_(2.5)质量浓度在100~120μg/m3范围内的频率最高。能见度随着PM_(2.5)浓度增大呈指数下降,且相同的PM_(2.5)浓度情况下,相对湿度越大,能见度越低。能见度为10 km的临界点上,PM_(2.5)质量浓度值对应为67.5μg/m3。不同相对湿度时,能见度为10 km对应的PM_(2.5)质量浓度临界值不同。通过建立能见度回归方程发现,低相对湿度(RH≤30%)时,PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响权重最大;高相对湿度(RH60%)时,相对湿度的权重最大;RH低于60%时,RH的权重随着PM_(2.5)浓度的增加而增大;而RH高于60%时,RH的权重随着PM_(2.5)浓度的增加而减小。分析结果可为宁波市灰霾防治和采取合适的管控措施提高能见度提供一定参考。     

新疆大气颗粒物的时空分布特征

基于2015年新疆12个城市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)地面监测数据,并结合同期气象观测数据,分析了新疆PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度的时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关联性。结果表明:新疆大气颗粒物年均质量浓度呈现南高北低特征,南疆各城市的年均PM_(10)质量浓度为150～262μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为50～118μg/m~3。北疆各城市的质量浓度相对较低,年均PM_(10)质量浓度为28～139μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为13～74μg/m~3。从时间变化来看,在春季和夏季,新疆以粗颗粒物污染为主,冬季以细颗粒物污染为主。此外,在南疆各城市3月PM_(10)质量浓度突然大幅升高与相对湿度明显下降、风速增大直接相关,沙尘天气是导致该区域春季高PM_(10)质量浓度的重要原因。     

无锡市区大气污染物状况及变化趋势分析

使用2012—2015年无锡市区的6种大气污染物监测数据,对无锡市区各污染物的年度变化、空间分布、影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2012—2015年无锡市区SO_2、O_3质量浓度呈下降趋势,且趋势显著;NO_2质量浓度呈下降趋势,但不明显;CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的质量浓度年际变化比较平稳。(2)无锡市区SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、CO的空气质量分指数(IAQI)均为冬季最高、夏季最低;O_3的IAQI则为夏季最高、冬季最低。(3)SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、CO浓度间呈两两正相关,且相关性极显著;O_3浓度与NO_2、CO呈显著负相关,与SO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度之间没有明显的关联。(4)分析了无锡市区各项大气污染物浓度的空间分布特征。(5)SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)浓度周内变化具有"周末效应"的特征,而O_3、CO和PM_(2.5)浓度周内变化出现"反周末效应"。     

杭州城区PM2.5和PM10污染特征及其影响因子分析

利用2013年12月—2014年11月杭州城区空气质量监测站PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度值结合气象、道路、人口数据以及站点周边绿地信息分析PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度时空特征及其影响因子。结果表明,杭州城区各监测站PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)晴天日浓度变化趋势基本一致,PM_(2.5)比PM_(10)污染严重;晴天日PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度值与对应的温度(-0.463,-0.281)、风速(-0.305,-0.332)呈负相关,与湿度(0.257,0.239)呈正相关;晴天有风时,杭州市区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染北部重于南部,东部重于西部,浓度极高值集中在风速小于5 m/s时段,且风速越小浓度值越高;温度为12℃左右,湿度在60%~80%时,颗粒物污染最严重;交通高峰时各监测站PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染程度存在明显差异。相关性分析表明,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染程度与道路密度成正比,与缓冲区内绿地覆盖面积成反比。PM_(2.5)污染程度与人口密度成正比,PM_(10)污染与人口密度成反比。     

苏州城市气溶胶和臭氧相互作用的观测分析

利用2014年苏州地区观测资料对城市气溶胶与O_3之间的相互作用进行研究,结果表明:苏州市晴空指数(CI)与PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)呈显著负相关; PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度每增加1μg/m3,晴天条件下白天向下短波辐射(DSR)分别下降1. 48 W/m2和1. 52 W/m2; DSR与O_3呈显著正相关; O_3与PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)呈负相关,表明气溶胶对O_3浓度存在衰减作用。2014年11月10日—12日个例研究表明,在到达地面的DSR几乎不变的情况下,气溶胶与O_3之间发生非均相化学反应,造成O_3浓度降低。2014年12月13日—14日个例研究表明,气溶胶通过对太阳辐射的消光作用,造成到达地面的DSR减弱,O_3浓度降低。     

齐齐哈尔市PM2.5与PM10污染趋势及相关性分析

对2014—2016年齐齐哈尔市PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)质量浓度的时间变化特征进行简要分析,并探究PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)以及PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的相关性。结果表明:2014—2016年齐齐哈尔的PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的年均质量浓度分别为36.7、62.9μg/m~3,且呈逐渐下降趋势;冬季的PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)浓度最高,秋季次之,春季与夏季相对较低;2014—2016年PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)质量浓度月变化趋势基本相同,整体呈现2—6月逐渐下降,9—11月逐渐上升的规律;PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)质量浓度的日变化均呈双峰现象;对PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)进行线性拟合,相关系数为0.896 3。同时,残差分析也说明两者拟合情况良好,四季相关系数为r_(秋季)(0.982 2)r_(冬季)(0.964 4)r_(夏季)(0.943 9)r_(春季)(0.829 6);2014—2016年PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)平均值为55.27%,大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)的贡献率高达一半以上。     

邢台市颗粒污染物变化特征和后向轨迹分析

为深入了解邢台市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度变化情况和气流后向轨迹,对邢台市2013—2016年环境大气颗粒污染物监测数据进行了分析,同时利用HYSPLIT模型计算出逐日72 h后向气流轨迹。结果表明:邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在2013—2016年间呈逐年下降趋势,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度高值出现在冬季(296μg/m~3和192μg/m~3),最低值出现在夏季(140μg/m~3和80μg/m~3),PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在日变化上均呈"双峰双谷"型分布;后向轨迹的季节聚类分析表明,春季大气颗粒物污染以粒径2.5～10μm的颗粒污染物为主,夏季、秋季和冬季的大气颗粒物污染以PM_(2.5)为主;逐日聚类分析表明,在路径为西北偏西向的、途经多个沙源地的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度处于一个相对高值;来源于偏南向的气流由于化合反应,污染物积聚导致PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度也处于相对高值;在来源于西北向和偏北向的、水汽含量相对较低的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度出现一个明显的下降。     

合肥市PM1.0污染特征及与PM2.5污染相关性

对合肥市2014—2019年秋冬季节PM_(1.0)、PM_(2.5)、气象和理化性质等进行分析研究发现,PM_(1.0)质量浓度呈现年度波动性下降趋势,其中2015—2016年度变化最为显著。同一年度内,月度浓度同样呈现波动性变化,总体表现为11、2月PM_(1.0)质量浓度相对较低,12、1月相对较高。无污染情形时(PM_(2.5)浓度不高于75μg/m~3),PM_(1.0)/PM_(2.5)逐小时值相对平稳且比有污染情形(PM_(2.5)浓度大于75μg/m~3)总体高约10%;有污染情形下,PM_(1.0)/PM_(2.5)小时值呈现较明显的日变化特征,09∶00呈现谷值,17∶00呈现峰值,日变化特征显著高于无污染情形。PM_(1.0)质量浓度随着PM_(2.5)级别的上升而逐渐增加,PM_(1.0)/PM_(2.5)值则呈减小的污染特征。严重污染时,PM_(1.0)/PM_(2.5)显著下降,PM_(1.0～2.5)占比增加。传输型污染过程中,PM_(1.0)与OC、PM_(2.5)、SO_4~(2-)等呈现出显著的正相关性,污染来源主要为工业源、燃煤源、道路尘等,共占载荷为83.90%。本地累积型污染过程中,PM_(1.0)与PM_(2.5)、SO_4~(2-)、Ba和Cu等呈现出较好相关性,污染来源主要为烟花爆竹与二次生成,共占载荷为87.94%。     

沿海城市PM10和PM2.5自动监测过程中质量浓度“倒挂”现象分析与成因探讨

2020年2—3月,位于福建沿海地区中部的莆田市在环境空气质量自动监测过程中出现了严重的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度"倒挂"现象,小时值"倒挂"率为19.86%,日均值"倒挂"率为16.67%。在高相对湿度和低风速气象条件下,颗粒物会出现严重的"倒挂"现象,"倒挂"过程中常伴随着颗粒物和气态污染物(SO_2、NO_2和CO)质量浓度的增加。因此,于2020年2月16日—3月26日开展了颗粒物自动监测和手工监测比对,并结合气象参数、气态污染物质量浓度,以及PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子和液态水的含量特征,进一步探讨了莆田市颗粒物质量浓度"倒挂"的主要成因。研究表明,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)自动监测仪器检测原理的差异是导致颗粒物质量浓度"倒挂"的重要原因之一,而气象条件(相对湿度、气温和风速等)、颗粒物质量浓度、颗粒物中主要吸湿组分(NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+)和液态水的含量也是颗粒物质量浓度"倒挂"的主要影响因素。莆田市2020年2—3月出现高频率"倒挂"现象是多重因素共同作用的结果,解决该问题需要同时考虑监测仪器检测原理、气象参数、颗粒物质量浓度和吸湿组分等的影响。     

Characterisation of PM10, PM2.5 and Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction of Particulate Matter in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India

In this study, the relationship between inhalable particulate (PM₁₀), fine particulate (PM_2.5), coarse particles (PM_{2.5 – 10}) and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed were statistically analyzed and modelled for urban area of Kolkata during winter months of 2003–2004. Ambient air quality was monitored with a sampling frequency of twenty-four hours at three monitoring sites located near traffic intersections and in an industrial area. The monitoring sites were located 3–5 m above ground near highly trafficked and congested areas. The 24 h average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected using Thermo-Andersen high volume samplers and exposed filter papers were extracted and analysed for benzene soluble organic fraction. The ratios between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were found to be in the range of 0.6 to 0.92 and the highest ratio was found in the most polluted urban site. Statistical analysis has shown a strong positive correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and inverse correlation was observed between particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and wind speed. Statistical analysis of air quality data shows that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are showing poor correlation with temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Regression equations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and meteorological parameters were developed. The organic fraction of particulate matter soluble in benzene is an indication of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration present in particulate matter. The relationship between the benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF) of inhalable particulate (PM₁₀) and fine particulate (PM_2.5) were analysed for urban area of Kolkata. Significant positive correlation was observed between benzene soluble organic fraction of PM₁₀ (BSM10) and benzene soluble organic fraction of PM_2.5 (BSM2.5). Regression equations for BSM10 and BSM2.5 were developed.     

Numerical Simulations on the Effect of Sea–Land Breezes on Atmospheric Haze over the Pearl River Delta Region

The atmospheric haze over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) was investigated by using the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system with meteorological fields simulated by the Fifth-generation National Center for Atmospheric Research/Penn State University Mesoscale Model (MM5) from September 26th to September 30th, 2004. The model-simulated meteorological elements and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM₁₀) were compared with observations at four air quality-monitoring stations. The results showed that MM5 successfully reproduced the diurnal variations of temperature, wind speed, and wind directions at these stations. The temporal variations of the simulated values were consistent with those of the observed (such as temperature, wind speed, and wind direction). The correlation coefficient was 0.91 for temperature and 0.56 for wind speed. The modeling results show that the spatial distributions of simulated PM₁₀ were closely related to the source emissions indicating three maxima of PM₁₀ over the PRD. The sea–land breezes diurnal cycle played a significant role in the redistribution and transport of PM₁₀. Nighttime land breeze could transport PM₁₀ to the coast and the sea, while daytime sea breeze (SB) could carry the accumulated PM₁₀ offshore back to the inland cities. PM₁₀ could also be transported vertically to a height of up to about 1000 m because of strong turbulence in the SB front. Process analyses indicated that the emission sources and the vertical diffusion were the major processes to influence the concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5).     

Effects of meteorological conditions on PM10 concentrations - A study in Macau

Review on the annual PM₁₀ concentrations over a 10-year period shows that Macau is subjected to severe fine particulate pollution. Investigations of its variation in monthly and daily time scales with the local meteorological records reveal further details. It is found that a distinct feature of the Asian monsoon climates, the changes of wind direction, mainly controls the general trend of PM₁₀ concentration in a year. The monsoon driven winter north-easterly winds bring upon Macau dry and particle enriched air masses leading to a higher concentration in that period while the summer south-westerly winds transport humid and cleaner air to the region leading to a lower PM₁₀ value. This distinct seasonal feature is further enhanced by the lower rainfall volume and frequency as well as mixing height in winter and their higher counterparts in summer. It is also found that the development of tropical cyclones near Macau could also impose episode like PM₁₀ concentration spikes due to the pre-typhoon induced stagnant air motion followed by the swing of wind direction to the northerly.     

宜都市PM2.5与O3季节性分布特征及潜在源区分析

为了解宜都市PM_2.5与O₃的污染特征及潜在来源,利用宜都市2020年3月至2022年2月在线监测数据及气象数据,对宜都市PM_2.5与O₃质量浓度变化特征、气象影响因素及潜在源区进行了分析,结果表明:宜都市PM_2.5质量浓度冬高夏低,日变化呈双峰特征,O₃质量浓度夏高冬低,日变化呈单峰特征。高湿、静稳的气象条件以及较强偏北风作用下的区域污染传输对PM_2.5污染有重要影响,高温以及中湿度对O₃污染过程有重要作用。春、夏、秋季偏南方向气流轨迹占主导,且携带较高的污染物浓度,冬季来自湖北东北及西南方向的气流占比较高且携带的PM_2.5浓度较高;宜都市PM_2.5、O₃的潜在源区具有季节性差异,总体来看,主要分布在河南南部、湖北东部及湖南的北部区域。     

Aerosol characteristics of different types of episode

Daily and hourly average data from nine air-quality monitoring stations distributed across central Taiwan, which include ten items (i.e., PM₁₀, PM_2.5, wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, SO₂, NO₂, NO, and CO), were collected from 2005 to 2009. Four episode types: long-range transport with dust storms (DS), long-range transport with frontal pollution (FP), river dust (RD), and stagnant weather (SW), and one mixed type of episode were identified. Of these four episode types, the SW was the dominant type, averaging about 70 %. The mean ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ was the lowest during the RD episodes (0.42), while the mean ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ was the highest during the SW episodes (0.64). Fine aerosol (PM_2.5) and coarse aerosol (PM_10–2.5) samples were collected by high-volume samplers for chemical composition analysis, from only three stations (Douliou, Lunbei, and Siansi) during the days of SW, RD, DS, and FP. The concentrations of PM_2.5 and three ionic species (NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^?, and SO₄ ^2?) all showed significant differences among the four episode types. The highest levels of NO₃ ^? (12.1 μg/m³) and SO₄ ^2? (20.5 μg/m³) were found during the SW and FP episodes, respectively. A comparison on the spatial similarity of aerosol compositions among the episodes and/or non-episodes (control) was characterized by the coefficient of divergence (CD). The results showed higher CD values in PM_10–2.5 than in PM_2.5, and the CD values between RD episodes and the other three episodes were higher than those between two types of episode for the other three episodes. The ratios of SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio), SO₄ ^2?/EC (elemental carbon), NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio), and NO₃ ^?/EC showed that sulfate formation was most rapid during the FP, while nitrate formation was most rapid during the SW.     

Influence of Meteorological Parameters on Particulates and Atmospheric Pollutants at Taichung Harbor Sampling Site

Atmospheric aerosol particles and metallic concentrations, ionic species were monitored at the Experimental harbor of Taichung sampling site in this study. This work attempted to characterize metallic elements and ionic species associated with meteorological conditions variation on atmospheric particulate matter in TSP, PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10. The concentration distribution trend between TSP, PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10 particle concentration at the TH (Taichung harbor) sampling site were also displayed in this study. Besides, the meteorological conditions variation of metallic elements (Fe, Mg, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn and Pb) and ions species (Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, NH₄ ⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺) concentrations attached with those particulate were also analyzed in this study. On non-parametric (Spearman) correlation analysis, the results indicated that the meteorological conditions have high correlation at largest particulate concentrations for TSP at TH sampling site in this study. In addition, the temperature and relative humidity of meteorological conditions that played a key role to affect particulate matter (PM) and have higher correlations then other meteorological conditions such as wind speed and atmospheric pressure. The parameter temperature and relative humidity also have high correlations with atmospheric pollutants compared with those of the other meteorological variables (wind speed, atmospheric pressure and prevalent wind direction). In addition, relative statistical equations between pollutants and meteorological variables were also characterized in this study.     

烟花爆竹禁燃对春节期间东北地区空气质量影响评估

利用2015—2017年春节期间东北地区主要大气污染物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O3)质量浓度监测资料及相应气象因子(温度、湿度、风速和气压)观测资料,分析了春节期间烟花爆竹禁燃对东北地区空气质量的影响。结果表明:随着东北地区主要城市禁燃力度的增强,空气质量逐年提升,PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度逐年大幅度下降。禁燃可明显降低城区PM_(2.5)浓度,而由于春节期间污染源整体减少,城区和城郊监测点PM_(2.5)浓度值差异减小。烟花爆竹对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度影响高于对气体污染物SO_2、NO_2和CO的影响。此外,气象条件对东北地区春节期间禁燃改善空气质量的效果也有明显影响。因此,结合春节期间的气象条件,在东北地区实施禁燃政策动态调整非常必要。     

呼和浩特市空气颗粒物影响因素研究

选择呼和浩特市城东腾飞路中段为研究地,在内蒙古环境监测中心站实验大楼楼顶设置空气质量自动监测点,于2009年11月至2012年12月连续3年对该区域空气质量进行研究性监测。采用数理统计方法,对实测数据进行分析和研究,利用AQI评价的结果显示,颗粒物已经成为影响当地空气质量的主要污染物;PM2.5/PM10年平均值为0.47,随季节变化明显,春夏季比值偏小(春季为0.361,夏季为0.398),秋冬季比值偏大(秋季为0.499,冬季为0.635);受风速和湿度影响明显,比值与风速在0.01水平上呈现显著负相关,与湿度呈现显著正相关;利用3年污染物数据建立回归方程,经检验所建立的方程有效,说明其他污染物对PM2.5浓度变化有较显著影响。     

襄阳市秋冬季PM2.5污染特征及潜在源区分析

为了解襄阳市秋冬季PM_2.5的污染特征及来源，基于2020年11月至2021年1月在线监测数据，对PM_2.5质量浓度、气象因素、化学组分、来源及潜在源区进行了分析。结果表明，襄阳市秋冬季污染天首要污染物均为PM_2.5,且随污染程度加重，PM_2.5与PM₁₀质量浓度比呈上升趋势，二次颗粒物的形成对PM_2.5的贡献更高。在PM_2.5化学组分中，水溶性离子占比最大，随着污染程度加重，二次离子(SNA)快速增长，二次离子的生成转化是污染的重要成因。轻度、中度污染时，湿度高、风速小、气温低，有利于污染的积累，重度污染时湿度大、风速回升，有利于上游污染的输送与二次转化。PMF模型解析出襄阳市PM_2.5主要来源及贡献率为二次源58.0%、工业企业源22.6%、机动车源10.7%、扬尘源8.7%。襄阳市潜在源区主要分布在河南省中北部、河北省南部、山东省西部、安徽省北部、江汉平原东部及南部区域，极少量分布在襄阳区域，长距离区域传输...