Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing, 2012

The characteristics of water-soluble ions in airborne particulate matter in Beijing were investigated using ion chromatography. The results showed that the total concentrations of ions were 83.7 ± 48.9 μg/m³ in spring, 54.0 ± 17.0 μg/m³ in summer, 54.1 ± 42.9 μg/m³ in autumn, and 88.8 ± 47.7 μg/m³ in winter, respectively. Furthermore, out of all the ions, NO₃⁻, SO₄^2 − and NH₄⁺ accounted for 81.2% in spring, 78.5% in summer, 74.6% in autumn, and 76.3% in winter. Mg^2 + and Ca^2 + were mainly associated with coarse particles, with a peak that ranged from 5.8 to 9.0 μm. Na⁺, NH₄⁺ and Cl⁻ had a multi-mode distribution with peaks that ranged from 0.43 to 1.1 μm and 4.7 to 9.0 μm. K⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄^2 − were mainly associated with fine particles, with a peak that ranged from 0.65 to 2.1 μm. The concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Mg^2 +, Ca^2 +, NH₄⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄^2 − were 2.69, 2.32, 1.01, 4.84, 16.9, 11.8, 42.0, and 44.1 μg/m³ in particulate matter (PM) on foggy days, respectively, which were 1.4 to 7.3 times higher than those on clear days. The concentrations of these ions were 2.40, 1.66, 0.92, 4.95, 17.5, 7.00, 32.6, and 34.7 μg/m³ in PM on hazy days, respectively, which were 1.2–5.7 times higher than those on clear days.     

Pollutants identification of ambient aerosols by two types of aerosol mass spectrometers over southeast coastal area, China

Two different aerosol mass spectrometers, Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(AMS) and Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(SPAMS) were deployed to identify the aerosol pollutants over Xiamen, representing the coastal urban area. Five obvious processes were classified during the whole observation period. Organics and sulfate were the dominant components in ambient aerosols over Xiamen. Most of the particles were in the size range of 0.2–1.0 μm, accounting for over 97% of the total particles measured by both instruments.Organics, as well as sulfate, measured by AMS were in good correlation with measured by SPAMS. However, high concentration of NH4+was obtained by AMS, while extremely low value of NH4+was detected by SPAMS. Contrarily, high particle number counts of NO3-and Clwere given by SPAMS while low concentrations of NO3-and Cl-were measured by AMS. The variations of POA and SOA obtained from SPAMS during event 1 and event 2 were in accordance with the analysis of HOA and OOA given by AMS, suggesting that both of AMS and SPAMS can well identify the organic clusters of aerosol particles. Overestimate or underestimate of the aerosol sources and acidity would be present in some circumstances when the measurement results were used to analyze the aerosol properties, because of the detection loss of some species for both instruments.     

Characteristics of size distributions and sources of water-soluble ions in Lhasa during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons

To understand the physical and chemical characteristics, particle size distribution and sources of size-separated aerosols in Lhasa, which is located on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six sizes of aerosol samples were collected in Lhasa in 2014. Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, SO₄^2?and Cl^? were the dominant ions. The ratio of cation equivalents (CE) to anion equivalents (AE) for each particle size segment indicated that the atmospheric aerosols in Lhasa were alkaline. SO₄^2? and NO3^? could be neutralized by Ca²⁺, but could not be neutralized by NH₄⁺, according to the [NH₄⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] and [Ca²⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] ratios. Mobile sources were dominant in PM_0.95–1.5, PM_1.5–3 and PM_3–7.2, while stationary sources were dominant in the other three size fractions according to the [NO₃^?]/[SO₄^2?] ratios. The particle size distribution of all water-soluble ions during monsoon and non-monsoon periods was characterized by a bimodal distribution due to the different sources and formation mechanisms, and it was revealed that different ions had different sources in different seasons and different particle size segments by combining particle size distribution with correlation analysis. Source analysis of aerosols in Lhasa was performed using the Principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time, which revealed that combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust, photochemical reaction sources and various types of dust were the main sources of Lhasa aerosols. Furthermore, Lhasa''s air quality was also affected by long-distance transmission, expressed as pollutants from South Asiaand West Asia, which were transmitted to Lhasa according to backward trajectory analysis.     

Size-resolved aerosol water-soluble ions at a regional background station of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, North China

The characteristics of water-soluble ions in size-resolved particulate matter were investigated usingion chromatography at Shangdianzi,a regional background station of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei.Seasonal total concentrations of ions(Na~+,Mg~(2+),K~+,Ca~(2+),NH_4~+,Cl~-,SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~-) were75.5±52.9 μg/m~3 in spring,26.5±12.3μg/m~3 in summer,22.7±20.4μg/m~3 in autumn,and31.1±23.9 μg/m~3 in winter,respectively.The secondary ions(NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+),mainly associated with fine particles,accounted for 84.2%in spring,82.1%in summer,81.5%in autumn and 76.3%in winter of all ions.Strong correlations were found between NH_4~+ and SO_4~(2-)(r=0.95,p0.01) as well as NH_4~+ and NO_3~-(r=0.90,p0.01) in fine particles;while in coarse particles,correlations between Mg~(2+) and NO_3~-(r=0.80,p0.01),and Ca~(2+) and NO_3~-(r=0.85,p0.01) were found.The concentrations of Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),NH_4~+,Cl~-,NO_3~-,and SO_4~(2-) were 2.02,0.81,0.36,1.65,9.58,4.01,18.9,and 18.4 μg/m~3 in particulate matter from southeast-derived air masses,which were typically 1.58-3.37 times higher than in northwest trajectories.Thus,concentrations of water-soluble ions at this background station were heavily influenced by regional transport of serious pollution derived from biomass burning,coal combustion,industrial and vehicle exhaust emissions from Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei.     

济南市秋季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布研究

为了解济南市大气颗粒物的粒径分布特征,于2009年10月利用多级撞击式颗粒物采样器(MOUDI)进行了大气颗粒物采集,采用离子色谱仪分析了其中水溶性离子浓度.结果表明,SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和Ca2+是主要的水溶性离子,浓度总和约占总水溶性离子浓度的92%.SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、K+和Cl-浓度随时间变化较为显著,浓度变化主要原因是受风速以及气流来源方向的影响.SO42-和NH4+主要集中在细粒子中,其浓度呈单模态分布,随着颗粒物中含量的升高其峰值从0.32~0.56 μm粒径段逐渐移动到1~1.8 μm粒径段.NO3-浓度呈双峰分布,细粒子中的NO3-随着浓度的升高峰值从0.56~1μm粒径段移动到1~1.8μm粒径段,粗粒子中的峰值出现在3.2~5.6μm粒径段. NH4+可以完全中和细粒子中的SO42-和NO3-,在细粒子中主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在.     

Size-resolved carbonaceous components and water-soluble ions measurements of ambient aerosol in Beijing

A MOUDI-120 sampler was used in Beijing to collect multi-stage samples in the summer and winter of 2013 to 2015. Thirty-three sample sets were collected during the daytime,nighttime, and different pollution levels. The actual relative humidity in the impactors was calculated for the first time. The carbonaceous components(organic and elemental carbon,OC and EC, respectively) and water-soluble inorganic ions(Na~+, NH_4~+, K~+, Mg~(2+), Ca~(2+), Cl~-, NO_3~-,and SO_4~(2-)) were analyzed in each sample. The characteristics of the mass concentration distribution and charge balance were discussed. On the basis of relative humidity in the impactors, aerosols less than 1.0 μm were sampled under relatively dry conditions in most cases. The concentration levels for the chemical species were higher in the winter than in the summer. Three modes(condensation mode, droplet mode, and coarse mode) could be identified from the distributions of NH_4~+, NO_3~-, SO_4~(2-), Cl~-, K~+, OC and EC. The distribution characteristics for the pollution dissipation process were different from the pollution accumulation process. NO_3~-and NO_2~-contributed most of the negative electric charges in the stage below 0.1 μm. In the condensation mode, the cations were dominated by NH_4~+, which was sufficient to balance the anions. In the droplet mode of the heavily polluted samples,the ammonium was not sufficient to balance the anions. In the coarse mode, the positive electric charges were primarily composed of metal cations. The analyzed anions were not sufficient to neutralize the measured cations.     

南京地区大气气溶胶及水溶性无机离子特征分析

于2010~2011年在南京市城郊两个采样点收集了气溶胶样品,并利用离子色谱(IC)法分析了其中的水溶性无机离子成分.结果表明,采样期间除了夏季,其他3个季节南京城郊气溶胶污染都较严重.南京城郊气溶胶谱分布特征基本在0.65~2.1μm和5.8~9μm粒径段出现峰值.PM2.5与能见度的相关性很大.城郊离子总质量浓度均是春冬季高于夏秋季,四季阴离子质量浓度明显高于阳离子,且这一特征在细粒子上表现明显.水溶性离子在气溶胶中所占比例是夏秋冬季城区高于郊区.南京城郊NO3-/SO42-年均值表明采样期间燃煤仍然是主要污染源,且该比值夏季最低,冬季最高.NH4+、K+、NO3-和SO42-主要富集在细粒子上;Na+、Cl-和NO2-在粗粒子和细粒子上都有富集;Ca2+、Mg2+和F-主要在粗粒子上富集.因子分析(FA)的方法表明南京城区气溶胶主要有3个来源.     

Pollution sources of atmospheric fine particles and secondary aerosol characteristics in Beijing

To investigate the secondary formation and pollution sources of atmospheric particles in urban Beijing,PM_2.5 and its chemical components were collected and determined by URG-9000 D ambient ion monitor(AIM) from March 2016 to January 2017.Among water-soluble ions(WSIs), NO_3-,SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺(SNA) had the largest proportion(77.8%) with the total concentration of 23.8 μg/m³.Moreover,as fine particle pollution wors...     

青岛大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征

为了解大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的来源及环境效应,利用安德森采样器连续采集青岛近海2008年1~12月大气颗粒物分级样品,用离子色谱法分析其中主要的水溶性离子,并讨论其粒径分布特征.结果表明, NH4+、K+、Cl-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-主要存在于粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子中,Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-则主要存在于粒径大于2.1μm的粗粒子中.各离子的粒径分布存在明显的季节变化.NH4+、K+和SO42-四季均主要分布于细粒子中,而Mg2+和Ca2+则主要分布在粗粒子中,两者均在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值;Na+在春、夏、秋3个季节主要存在于粗粒子中,集中分布在3.3~7.0μm粒径范围内,而在冬季则集中分布于0.43~1.1μm且细粒子含量高于粗粒子;春季Cl-在粗粒子中分布较多,尤以2.1~3.3μm范围内的最为突出,而其他3个季节均是细粒子比例明显偏高;NO3-春、夏两季在粗、细粒子中的含量各占50%,秋、冬季节均为细粒子占多数;PO43-夏季只出现在0.65~1.1μm以及>11μm的粒径范围内,粗粒子占95%,其他3个季节则是细粒子含量较高;春季F-在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值,夏季各粒径均未检出,而秋、冬两季粗、细粒子各占50%.K+、NH4+、F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和PO43-受供暖期燃煤取暖的影响较大.K+和NH4+在供暖期和非供暖期峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径范围;F-供暖期在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段出现峰值;供暖期Cl-的峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期,则出现在2.1~3.3μm的粗粒径段;SO42-和NO3-在供暖期和非供暖期的峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段;供暖期PO43-的最大峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期其最大峰值出现在3.3~4.7μm粒径段.     

Comparative study on water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 from two distinct climate regions and air quality

Recently, air quality has significantly improved in developed country, but that issue is of concern in emerging megacity in developing country.In this study, aerosols and their precursor gas were collected by NILU filter pack at two distinct urban sites during the winter and summer in Osaka, Japan and dry and rainy seasons in Ho Chi Minh City(HCMC),Vietnam.The aims are to investigate the contribution of water-soluble inorganic ions(WSIIs) to PM_(2.5), thermodynamic characterization and possible formation pathway of secondary inorganic aerosol(SIA).The PM_(2.5) concentration in Osaka(15.8 μg/m~3) is lower than that in HCMC(23.0 μg/m~3), but the concentration of WSIIs in Osaka(9.0 μg/m~3) is two times higher than that in HCMC(4.1 μg/m~3).Moreover, SIA including NH_4~+, NO_3~-and SO_4~(2-)are major components in WSIIs accounting for 90% and 76%(in molar) in Osaka and HCMC,respectively.Thermodynamic models were used to understand the thermodynamic characterization of urban aerosols.Overall, statistical analysis results indicate that very good agreement(R~2 0.8) was found for all species, except for nitrate aerosol in HCMC.We found that when the crustal species present at high amount, those compositions should be included in model calculation(i.e.in the HCMC situation).Finally, we analyzed the characteristics of NH_4~+– NO_3~-– SO_4~(2-)system.A possible pathway to produce fine nitrate aerosol in Osaka is via the homogeneous reaction between NH_3 and HNO_3, while nonvolatile nitrate aerosols can be formed by the heterogeneous reactions in HCMC.     

长三角沙尘中气溶胶粒径分布及化学组分特征

基于PM、10nm~10μm气溶胶数谱、水溶性离子和气象要素数据,分析了2017年5月3日~8日一次沙尘远距离输送过程中长三角地区气溶胶粒径分布及其化学组成的污染特征.结果表明,此次沙尘伴随天气系统由北往南的传输过程中,PM的浓度逐渐降低,但是高浓度PM持续时间逐渐增加.沙尘在呼和浩特市影响时间为38h,而在南京的影响时间超过60h.沙尘期间气溶胶数浓度谱的峰值向大粒径段偏移,沙尘和非沙尘期间峰值分别位于33和26nm.表面积浓度谱在非沙尘期间为三峰型分布,但是在沙尘期间为四峰型分布.在沙尘期间PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性离子的排序为Ca²⁺ > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > Cl^- > NO₂^- > K⁺ > F^-,非沙尘期间为NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Cl^- > NO₂^- > K⁺ > Na⁺ > F^-.沙尘期间不同水溶性离子的浓度变化不同,沙尘天PM_2.5和PM₁₀中Ca²⁺浓度分别是非沙尘天的9.5和13.7倍,Na⁺分别是非沙尘天的4.4倍和4.6倍.沙尘天PM_2.5和PM₁₀中Ca²⁺占总离子的比例分别为24.7%和24.9%,是非沙尘天的4.9和5.7倍.NO₃^-在PM₁₀中的占总离子的比例为18.7%,高于非沙尘天（13.9%）,但是在PM_2.5中占总离子的比例仅为7.9%,低于非沙尘天（13.2%）.沙尘天F^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺和K⁺离子在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中所占总离子的比例均低于非沙尘天.     

深圳大气气溶胶中水溶性有机物粒径分布特征

建立了雾化器-气溶胶化学组分检测仪(ACSM)联用的分析方法,实现了对2013年春季深圳MOUDI多级采样膜(0.056~18μm)中WSOM与无机离子组分的同时测定.结果表明:所测得的水溶性颗粒物总质量浓度变化范围为(17.4±2.1)μg/m3,其中有机物和硫酸盐是最主要的两种化学组分;粗、细粒子中的WSOM主要以二次来源为主,且大部分粗粒子中的WSOM可能来源于非均相反应;不同粒径范围WSOM的氧化态(以O/C计)估计值在0.46~1.4范围内,平均为0.96,对应的有机物/有机碳比(OM/OC)估计值在1.8~2.9范围内,平均为2.4,粗粒子中WSOM的O/C比细粒子更高,暗示粗粒子中WSOM可能经历了更多的老化过程.     

室内木柴燃烧排放水溶性离子粒径分布特征

基于实验室模拟燃烧和稀释通道采样系统,采用荷电低压撞击采样器采集了6种典型木柴燃烧排放的14级粒径段颗粒物.采用离子色谱分析了8种水溶性离子,获得水溶性离子的分粒径排放因子和排放特征.结果 表明,Ca2+的排放因子呈双峰分布,在0.25～0.38和2.5～3.6μm粒径段出现峰值,分别为0.14和0.16mg/kg.其...     

2008年奥运前后北京城、郊PM2.5及其水溶性离子变化特征

2008年6月至9月,在北京城区清华大学和郊区密云水库开展大气颗粒物观测,采集了PM2.5样品共180个,并获得了PM2.5及12种水溶性离子的质量浓度.观测期间城区和郊区PM2.5浓度接近,分别为68.9 μg·m-3和52.9μg·m-3;二次无机离子SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是PM2.5中含量最高的水溶性离子...     

Size distributions of aerosol and water-soluble ions in Nanjing during a crop residual burning event

To investigate the impact on urban air pollution by crop residual burning outside Nanjing, aerosol concentration, pollution gas concentration, mass concentration, and water-soluble ion size distribution were observed during one event of November 4-9, 2010. Results show that the size distribution of aerosol concentration is bimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 60-70 and 200-300 nm, respectively. Aerosol concentration is 10⁴ cm^-3. nm^-1 on pollution days. The peak value of spectrum distribution of aerosol concentration on pollution days is 1.5-3.3 times higher than that on a normal day. Crop residual burning has a great impact on the concentration of fine particles. Diurnal variation of aerosol concentration is trimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 03:00, 09:00 and 19:00 local standard time. The first peak is impacted by meteorological elements, while the second and third peaks are due to human activities, such as rush hour traffic. Crop residual burning has the greatest impact on SO₂ concentration, followed by NO₂, O₃ is hardly affected. The impact of crop residual burning on fine particles (< 2.1 μm) is larger than on coarse particles (> 2.1 μm), thus ion concentration in fine particles is higher than that in coarse particles. Crop residual burning leads to similar increase in all ion components, thus it has a small impact on the water-soluble ions order. Crop residual burning has a strong impact on the size distribution of K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, and F^- and has a weak impact on the size distributions of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-.     

Intensified wintertime secondary inorganic aerosol formation during heavy haze pollution episodes (HPEs) in Beijing, China

Air pollution in China is complex, and the formation mechanism of chemical components in particulate matter is still unclear. This study selected three consecutive heavy haze pollution episodes (HPEs) during winter in Beijing for continuous field observation, including an episode with heavy air pollution under red alert. Clean days during the observation period were selected for comparison. The HPE characteristics of Beijing in winter were: under the influence of adverse meteorological conditions such as high relative humidity, temperature inversion and low wind speed; and strengthening of secondary transformation reactions, which further intensified the accumulation of secondary aerosols and other pollutants, promoting the explosive growth of PM_2.5. PM_2.5/CO values, as indicators of the contribution of secondary transformation in PM_2.5, were approximately 2 times higher in the HPEs than the average PM_2.5/CO during the clean period. The secondary inorganic aerosols (sulfate nitrate and ammonium salt) were significantly enhanced during the HPEs, and the conversion coefficients were remarkably improved. In addition, it is interesting to observe that the production of sulfate tended to exceed that of nitrate in the late stage of all three HPEs. The existence of aqueous phase reactions led to the explosive growth sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and rapid generation of sulfate under high relative humidity (RH>70%).     

Chemical characteristics of size-resolved aerosols in winter in Beijing

Size-resolved aerosols were continuously collected by a Nano Sampler for 13 days at an urban site in Beijing during winter 2012 to measure the chemical composition of ambient aerosol particles. Data collected by the Nano Sampler and an ACSM(Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) were compared. Between the data sets,similar trends and strong correlations were observed,demonstrating the validity of the Nano Sampler. PM10 and PM2.5concentrations during the measurement were 150.5 ± 96.0 μg/m3(mean ± standard variation)and 106.9 ± 71.6 μg/m3,respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.70 ± 0.10,indicating that PM2.5dominated PM10. The aerosol size distributions showed that three size bins of 0.5–1,1–2.5 and 2.5–10 μm contributed 21.8%,23.3% and 26.0% to the total mass concentration(TMC),respectively. OM(organic matter) and SIA(secondary ionic aerosol,mainly SO42-,NO3-and NH4+) were major components of PM2.5. Secondary compounds(SIA and secondary organic carbon) accounted for half of TMC(about 49.8%) in PM2.5,and suggested that secondary aerosols significantly contributed to the serious particulate matter pollution observed in winter. Coal burning,biomass combustion,vehicle emissions and SIA were found to be the main sources of PM2.5. Mass concentrations of water-soluble ions and undetected materials,as well as their fractions in TMC,strikingly increased with deteriorating particle pollution conditions,while OM and EC(elemental carbon) exhibited different variations,with mass concentrations slightly increasing but fractions in TMC decreasing.     

华南地区大气气溶胶中EC和水溶性离子粒径分布特征

利用1988~2010年在华南地区广州、深圳、海口等多地采得的126组样品,初步分析了华南地区不同时段不同地区和水溶性离子成分的浓度变化及其粒径分布特征.结果表明:各站的AEC(等效元素碳)浓度和水溶性无机离子浓度差异较大,Na+和Cl-基本表现为海岛站点>海岸站点>乡村站点>城市站点,其余主要离子成分和AEC则表现为城市站点>乡村站点>海岸站点>海岛.城市站点、乡村站点、海岸站点和海岛站点AEC质量浓度在不同年段随粒径分布的变化趋势比较一致的,基本呈双峰结构,主峰主要位于0.43~0.65mm,次峰主要位于4.7~5.8mm.根据各离子的粒径分布的相似性可以将各种离子的垂直分布形态分为3类:二次离子(SO42-、NO3-和NH4+)呈现明显的三峰分布形态;F-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+和Cl-呈双峰分布形态;K+和AEC呈单峰分布形态,主峰位于细粒子模态.各成分浓度随高度的变化则呈现不同的变化规律.降水对气溶胶粒子的清除作用是显著的,尤其是粒径大于1μm的颗粒,而1.1~2.1μm的粒子段是降水清除的关键区.局地污染中,AEC质量浓度随粒径的分布呈现出了很明显的“单峰”结构,且主要集中在次微米段粒径范围内.     

合肥市郊夏季PM10浓度及其与能见度的关系

年8—9月在合肥市郊对ρ(PM₁₀)进行了观测,并分析了其中9种水溶性离子(NO₂-、Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、NH₄+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+)质量浓度. 结果表明:采样期间该地区ρ(PM₁₀)日均值为78.9 μg/m3,9种水溶性离子的平均质量浓度为18.93 μg/m3,占ρ(PM₁₀)的26.6%,表明水溶性组分是PM₁₀的重要组成之一. SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+和Ca2+是主要的阴、阳离子,日均质量浓度分别为8.14、4.81、3.46和1.33 μg/m3. 不同RH(相对湿度)下PM₁₀对能见度的影响不同,RH小于80%时,二者呈显著的线性负相关〔R(相关系数)为-0.80〕;RH大于80%时,二者呈指数负相关(R为-0.48). 离子间相关性分析显示,PM₁₀中水溶性离子的主要结合方式为(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄、NH₄NO₃、KCl及K₂SO₄. 采样期间ρ(NO₃-)/ρ(SO₄2-)平均值为0.59,说明在该地区固定源对水溶性组分的贡献大于移动源. 另外,扬尘也是PM₁₀重要来源之一.      

Seasonal variations, temperature dependence, and sources of size-resolved PM components in Nanjing, east China

Size-segregated ambient particulate matter (PM) samples were collected seasonally in suburban Nanjing of east China from 2016 to 2017 and chemically speciated. In both fine (< 2.1 µm, PM_2.1) and coarse (> 2.1 µm, PM_>2.1) PM, organic carbon (OC) accounted for the highest fractions (26.9% ± 10.9% and 23.1% ± 9.35%) of all measured species, and NO₃⁻ lead in average concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs). The size distributions of measured components were parameterized using geometric mean diameter (GMD). GMD values of NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, OC, and PM for the whole size range varied from < 2.1 µm in winter to > 2.1 μm in warm seasons, which was due to the fact that the size distributions of semi-volatile components (e.g., NH₄NO₃, NH₄Cl, and OC) had a dependency on the ambient temperature. Unlike OC, elemental carbon (EC), and elements, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻ exhibited an increase trend in GMD values with relative humidity, indicating that the hygroscopic growth might also play a role in driving seasonal changes of PM size distributions. Positive matrix factorization was performed using compositional data of fine and coarse particles, respectively. The secondary formation of inorganic salts contributing to the majority (> 70%) of fine PM and 20.2% ± 19.9% of speciated coarse PM. The remaining coarse PM content was attributed to a variety of dust sources. Considering that coarse and fine PM had comparable mass concentrations, more attention should be paid to local dust emissions in future air quality plans.