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1.
James M. Omernik Robert G. Bailey 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(5):935-949
ABSTRACT: In an effort to adopt more holistic ecosystem approaches to resource assessment and management, many state and federal agencies have begun using watershed or ecoregion frameworks. Although few would question the need to make this move from dealing with problems and issues on a case by case or point-type basis to broader regional contexts, misunderstanding of each of the frameworks has resulted in inconsistency in their use and ultimate effectiveness. The focus of this paper is on the clarification of both frameworks. We stress that the issue is not whether to use watersheds (or basins or hydrologic units) or ecoregions for needs such as developing ecosystem management and non-point source pollution strategies or structuring water quality regulatory programs, but how to correctly use the frameworks together. Definitions, uses, and misuses of each of the frameworks are discussed as well as ways watersheds and ecoregions can be and have been used together effectively to meet resource management needs. 相似文献
2.
Mori K 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(2):1191-1194
The purpose of this short article is to set static and dynamic models for optimal floodplain management and to compare policy implications from the models. River floodplains are important multiple resources in that they provide various ecosystem services. It is fundamentally significant to consider environmental externalities that accrue from ecosystem services of natural floodplains. There is an interesting gap between static and dynamic models about policy implications for floodplain management, although they are based on the same assumptions. Essentially, we can derive the same optimal conditions, which imply that the marginal benefits must equal the sum of the marginal costs and the social external costs related to ecosystem services. Thus, we have to internalise the external costs by market-based policies. In this respect, market-based policies seem to be effective in a static model. However, they are not sufficient in the context of a dynamic model because the optimal steady state turns out to be unstable. Based on a dynamic model, we need more coercive regulation policies. 相似文献
3.
Theory into Practice: Implementing Ecosystem Management Objectives in the USDA Forest Service 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
In the United States and around the world, scientists and practitioners have debated the definition and merits of ecosystem management as a new approach to natural resource management. While these debates continue, a growing number of organizations formally have adopted ecosystem management. However, adoption does not necessarily lead to successful implementation, and theories are not always put into practice. In this article, we examine how a leading natural resource agency, the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, has translated ecosystem management theory into concrete policy objectives and how successfully these objectives are perceived to be implemented throughout the national forest system. Through document analysis, interviews, and survey responses from 345 Forest Service managers (district rangers, forest supervisors, and regional foresters), we find that the agency has incorporated numerous ecosystem management components into its objectives. Agency managers perceive that the greatest attainment of such objectives is related to collaborative stewardship and integration of scientific information, areas in which the organization has considerable prior experience. The objectives perceived to be least attained are adaptive management and integration of social and economic information, areas requiring substantial new resources and a knowledge base not traditionally emphasized by natural resource managers. Overall, success in implementing ecosystem management objectives is linked to committed forest managers. 相似文献
4.
Dalton TM 《Journal of environmental management》2004,70(4):333-349
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are one tool that can be used in the comprehensive management of human activities in areas of the ocean. Although researchers have supported using MPAs as an ecosystem management tool, scientific research on MPAs in areas other than fisheries and fisheries management is limited. This paper presents a model for designing marine protected areas that protect important components of the ecosystem while minimizing economic impacts on local communities. This model combines conservation principles derived specifically for the marine environment with economic impact assessment. This integrated model allows for consideration of both fishery and non-fishery resources and activities such as shipping and recreational boating. An illustration of the model is presented that estimates the total economic impacts on Massachusetts' coastal counties of restricting fishing and shipping at certain sites in an area in the southern Gulf of Maine. The results suggest that the economic impacts on the region would differ according to the site in which shipping and fishing were restricted. Restricting activities in certain sites may have considerable impacts on local communities. The use of the model for evaluating and comparing potential MPA sites is illustrated through an evaluation of three different policy scenarios. The scenarios demonstrate how the model could be used to achieve different goals for managing resources in the region: protecting important components of the ecosystem, minimizing economic impacts on the local region, or a combination of the two. 相似文献
5.
TIMOTHY J. SULLIVAN 《Environmental management》1997,21(1):15-21
2 concentration, and global or regional temperature change. Such model projections are frequently used as the basis or justification
for public policy decisions and legislation. A substantial need has therefore arisen to test and substantiate the veracity
of mathematical model projections. Unfortunately, environmental models can never be truly validated because natural systems
are never closed and model solutions are always nonunique. Partial model confirmation is possible, however, and entails demonstration
of agreement between prediction and observation. Experimental ecosystem manipulation provides one of the best, and in many
cases only, available basis for model confirmation. The use and potential misuse of data from experimental ecosystem manipulations
for model testing is explored using examples drawn from the application of an acid–base chemistry model, MAGIC. As model projections
provide an increasingly important basis for public policy decisions, and as both the scientific questions and the models become
increasingly complex, it will become critical to provide data from a suite of well-designed ecosystem manipulation experiments
in order to evaluate the quality and uncertainty of those model projections and the models upon which they are based. 相似文献
6.
At the 7th conference of the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD-COP7, Kuala Lumpur, 2004) it was agreed
to establish a global network of marine and coastal protected areas by 2012. The defined objectives of this MPA-network are
based on the ecosystem approach: to protect biodiversity and other ecological values, and to ensure sustainable use. The (inter)national
policy guidelines state that the selection of MPAs should be based on scientific information and ecological criteria only.
As a signatory to the Convention, the Netherlands is now faced with meeting this obligation, and the process of designating
the first Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Dutch part of the North Sea is currently in progress. We focus on the science–policy
interactions that are part of this Dutch MPA selection process. By taking a closer look at the contemporary site selection
process as well as its historical background, we show that ecological, socio-economic and political considerations cannot
always be easily separated. Uncertainty is high and the ultimate selection and delimitation of candidate sites rather seems
to be the result of a balancing act between ecological, socio-economic and political interests, in which scientific and policy
guiding procedures blend with ad-hoc political decision making, and with expert judgment in cases where data is lacking. As
such, this paper presents an example of present-day environmental policy making in action. 相似文献
7.
Ecosystem health: I. Measuring ecosystem health 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Ecosystem analysis has been advanced by an improved understanding of how ecosystems are structured and how they function. Ecology has advanced from an emphasis on natural history to consideration of energetics, the relationships and connections between species, hierarchies, and systems theory. Still, we consider ecosystems as entities with a distinctive character and individual characteristics. Ecosystem maintenance and preservation form the objective of impact analysis, hazard evaluation, and other management or regulation activities. In this article we explore an approach to ecosystem analysis which identifies and quantifies factors which define the condition or state of an ecosystem in terms of health criteria. We relate ecosystem health to human/nonhuman animal health and explore the difficulties of defining ecosystem health and suggest criteria which provide a functional definition of state and condition. We suggest that, as has been found in human/nonhuman animal health studies, disease states can be recognized before disease is of clinical magnitude. Example disease states for ecosystems are functionally defined and discussed, together with test systems for their early detection.This article is contribution VI in D.J. Schaeffer's Environmental Audit series. 相似文献
8.
Threshold-Based Resource Management: A Framework for Comprehensive Ecosystem Management 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The problems posed by adaptive management for improved ecosystem health are reviewed. Other kinds of science-informed ecosystem
management are needed for those regions of conflict between rapid human population growth, increased resource extraction,
and the rising demand for better environmental amenities, where large-scale experiments are not feasible. One new framework
is threshold-based resource management. Threshold-based resource management guides management choices among four major science
and engineering approaches to achieve healthier ecosystems: self-sustaining ecosystem management, adaptive management, case-by-case
resource management, and high-reliability management. As resource conflicts increase over a landscape (i.e., as the ecosystems
in the landscape move through different thresholds), management options change for the environmental decision-maker in terms
of what can and cannot be attained by way of ecosystem health. The major policy and management implication of the framework
is that the exclusive use or recommendation of any one management regime, be it self-sustaining, adaptive, case-by-case, or
high-reliability management, across all categories of ecosystems within a heterogeneous landscape that is variably populated
and extractively used is not only inappropriate, it is fatal to the goals of improved ecosystem health. The article concludes
with detailed proposals for environmental decision-makers to undertake “bandwidth management” in ways that blend the best
of adaptive management and high-reliability management for improved ecosystem health while at the same time maintaining highly
reliable flows of ecosystem services, such as water. 相似文献
9.
A new environmental paradigm has emerged, reflecting a change in the public's understanding of resource sustainability. Forest
policy makers need to be better informed about such changes to achieve economic, social, and environmental objectives in a
manner that balances human needs and aspirations with ecosystem constraints. As an aid to this task, a forest resource accounting
system based on the key concept of natural capital could help reshape forest policies to provide an even wider spectrum of
benefits for both present and future generations by maintaining and enhancing the productive capacity of forest capital. Such
a resource accounting system would provide a tool for integrating multidimensional information requirements in measuring the
health of both forest ecosystems and economic systems. This paper outlines some of the features of this accounting system
and proposes and framework that would integrate economic and ecological characteristics of natural resources. Forest resource
accounting is urgently needed to achieve the sustainability goals of ecosystem management. 相似文献
10.
Lake Erie water quality has improved dramatically since the degraded conditions of the 1960s. Additional gains could be made,
but at the expense of further investment and reductions in fishery productivity. In facing such cross-jurisdictional issues,
natural resource managers in Canada and the United States must grapple with conflicting objectives and important uncertainties,
while considering the priorities of the public that live in the basin. The techniques and tools of decision analysis have
been used successfully to deal with such decision problems in a range of environmental settings, but infrequently in the Great
Lakes. The objective of this paper is to illustrate how such techniques might be brought to bear on an important, real decision
currently facing Lake Erie resource managers and stakeholders: the choice of new phosphorus loading targets for the lake.
The heart of our approach is a systematic elicitation of stakeholder preferences and an investigation of the degree to which
different phosphorus-loading policies might satisfy ecosystem objectives. Results show that there are potential benefits to
changing the historical policy of reducing phosphorus loads in Lake Erie. 相似文献
11.
Quantifying and Evaluating Ecosystem Health: A Case Study from Moreton Bay, Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
As part of the program monitoring the ecosystem health of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, we developed a means for assessing
ecosystem health that allows quantitative evaluation and spatial representations of the assessments. The management objectives
for achieving ecosystem health were grouped into ecosystem objectives, water quality objectives, and human health objectives.
For the first two groups, aspects of the ecosystem (e.g., trophic status) were identified, and an indicator was chosen for
each aspect. Reference values for each indicator were derived from management objectives and compared with the mapped survey
values. Subregions for which the indicator statistic was equal to or better than the assigned reference value are referred
to as “compliant zones.” High-resolution surface maps were created from spatial predictions on a fine hexagonal grid for each
of the indicators. Eight reporting subregions were established based on the depth and predicted residence times of the water.
Within each reporting subregion, the proportion that was compliant was calculated. These results then were averaged to create
an integrated ecosystem health index. The ratings by a team of ecosystem experts and the calculated ecosystem health indices
had good correspondence, providing assurance that the approach was internally consistent, and that the management objectives
covered the relevant biologic issues for the region. This method of calculating and mapping ecosystem health, relating it
directly to management objectives, may have widespread applicability for ecosystem assessment. 相似文献
12.
Environmental planning,ecosystem science,and ecosystem approaches for integrating environment and development 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
D. Scott Slocombe 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):289-303
Currently popular concepts such as sustainable development and sustainability seek the integration of environment and development
planning. However, there is little evidence that this integration is occurring in either mainstream development planning or
environmental planning. This is a function of the history, philosophies, and evolved roles of both. A brief review of the
experience and results of mainstream planning, environmental planning, and ecosystem science suggests there is much in past
scientific and professional practice that is relevant to the goal of integrated planning for environment and development,
but still such commonly recommended reforms as systems and multidisciplinary approaches, institutional integration, and participatory,
goal-oriented processes are rarely achieved. “Ecosystem approaches,” as developed and applied in ecology, human ecology, environmental
planning, anthropology, psychology, and other disciplines, may provide a more transdisciplinary route to successful integration
of environment and development. Experience with ecosystem approaches is reviewed, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed,
and they are compared to traditional urban and regional planning, environmental planning, and ecosystem science approaches.
Ultimately a synthesis of desirable characteristics for a framework to integrate environment and development planning is presented
as a guide for future work and a criterion for evaluating existing programs. 相似文献
13.
Social consequences associated with the use of various optimization methods in the protection of air quality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jacek Żeliński Jolanta Telenga-Kopyczyńska 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2019,62(6):960-978
The fundamental tactics employed by the EU against air contamination, which are intended to maintain concentrations at a level that does not exceed the permissible values, usually entail considerable expense. To reduce this to a minimum, the procedure of economic optimization of air quality can be applied. When performed for a heavily polluted industrial city, it shows that it is possible to maintain concentrations below the threshold of air quality standards with relatively moderate expenditure. These evaluations also reveal that variations in population density distribution call into question the conventional wisdom that uniform air quality standards provide the best protection against air contamination for a whole region. On the contrary, an optimization that forces a drop in concentration to be evenly spread over the population, without reference to air quality standards, may lead to more efficient protection of human health and make no difference to overall expenditure. 相似文献
14.
The Politics of Participation in Watershed Modeling 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Korfmacher KS 《Environmental management》2001,27(2):161-176
While researchers and decision-makers increasingly recognize the importance of public participation in environmental decision-making,
there is less agreement about how to involve the public. One of the most controversial issues is how to involve citizens in
producing scientific information. Although this question is relevant to many areas of environmental policy, it has come to
the fore in watershed management. Increasingly, the public is becoming involved in the sophisticated computer modeling efforts
that have been developed to inform watershed management decisions. These models typically have been treated as technical inputs
to the policy process. However, model-building itself involves numerous assumptions, judgments, and decisions that are relevant
to the public. This paper examines the politics of public involvement in watershed modeling efforts and proposes five guidelines
for good practice for such efforts. Using these guidelines, I analyze four cases in which different approaches to public involvement
in the modeling process have been attempted and make recommendations for future efforts to involve communities in watershed
modeling. 相似文献
15.
Creating and sustaining community capacity for ecosystem-based management: Is local government the key? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Recently, collaborative approaches to natural resource management have been widely promoted as ways to broaden participation and community involvement in furthering the goals of ecosystem management. The language of collaboration has even been incorporated into controversial legislation, such as the US Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003. This research examines collaboration and sharing management responsibility for federal public land with local communities through a case study of the Ashland Municipal Watershed in southern Oregon. A policy sciences approach is used to analyze community participation and institutional relationships between the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and local city government in the planning processes of five land management actions occurring over a 7-year period. The knowledge gained from examining differing approaches to planning and decision making in the Ashland watershed is used to suggest future planning processes to develop and sustain the community capacity necessary to support implementation of community-based ecosystem management. 相似文献
16.
In ecological assessment many abiotic and biotic indicators, reflecting the many facets of ecosystems, are used. Reporting
on the state of the environment requires that information on separate indicators be integrated into comprehensive yardsticks
or indices. In this paper we describe a method for assessing the quality of natural resources in agroecosystems and present
a case study on the Dutch Lowland Peat area. Using a coherent set of physical, chemical, and biotic indicators, we compare
the present situation with the long-term policy objective of strategic policy plans. Results are depicted in a radial plot.
The present ecological quality of the Lowland Peat area has been found to deviate strongly from that of the desired state. 相似文献
17.
A Typology of Collaboration Efforts in Environmental Management 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Margerum RD 《Environmental management》2008,41(4):487-500
Collaboration involves stakeholders and the public in a process of consensus building to address some of the most difficult
environmental management problems facing society today. Collaborative groups vary widely, ranging from small watershed councils
to regional ecosystem collaboratives to groups addressing large-scale policy issues. While these collaboratives all match
the common principles of collaboration, a closer examination reveals many differences. Using institutional theories about
levels of decision making provides a way of classifying collaboratives along a spectrum from action level to organizational
level to policy level. This typology is applied to thirty-six collaboration case studies in Australia and the United States
that were investigated over a series of years through interviews, observation, document analysis, and surveys. The application
reveals different tendencies among the case types in terms of population, size, problem significance, institutional setting,
and focus of activities. The typology also reveals functional differences in the types of stakeholders involved, the management
arrangements for implementation, and the approaches to implementing change. This typology can help practitioners better understand
the challenges and appropriate types of collaborations for different settings. It helps highlight differences in the role
of government and decentralization of power. It distinguishes the different theoretical foundations for different types of
collaboratives. Finally, it elucidates the different evaluation approaches for different types of collaboratives. 相似文献
18.
David R. Montgomery 《Environmental management》1995,19(2):183-188
Input- and output-oriented approaches to landscape management have distinct roles for resource protection, environmental restoration,
and sustainable land management. Implementing recent proposals for ecosystem management in the western United States involves
a synthesis of input and output management. Within the broader context of ecosystem management, input management focuses on
tailoring land use to the landscape, whereas output management employs assessments of resource condition to trigger modified
management activity once resources are degraded to specified threshold conditions. Current approaches to landscape-scale management,
however, tend to rely primarily on output-oriented strategies that are most effective for monitoring environmental conditions.
Current uses of input management focus on environmental impact assessments, which generally are site- or project-specific
analyses. The compeexity and dynamic nature of ecosystems, and the range of scales over which ecological processes operate,
imply that development and incorporation of input-oriented approaches into landscape-scale management is necessary to implement
ecosystem management as a strategy for sustainable land use. 相似文献
19.
James Pipkin 《Environmental management》1996,20(6):793-797
While extinctions of individual species are part of a normal cycle, the current rate of extinctions should be a concern to us all. The maintenance of biological diversity is important for utilitarian reasons, quality of life considerations, and because biodiversity is important to sustainable regional economies. Single-species approaches are too limited to protect biodiversity at the landscape, habitat, and watershed levels. New approaches are necessary to deal with the complexity of biological diversity. The administration is using provisions in the Endangered Species Act to bring about broader multispecies habitat protection. The ecosystem approach provides a framework for ensuring that ecological considerations are taken into account, along with economic and social factors, and that all interested parties are able to participate in the decision-making process. 相似文献
20.
Results from a 1995 survey of utility company biologists indicate that aquatic biodiversity is an emerging and poorly understood issue. As a result, there is some confusion about what aquatic biodiversity actually is, and how we can best conserve it. Only one fourth (24%) of the respondents said their company has a stated environmental policy that addresses biodiversity. Many respondents indicate that over the years they have not specifically managed for biodiversity, but have been doing that through their efforts to assure balanced indigenous populations. While regulations are still the major driver for biological work, an increasing number of companies are involved in voluntary partnerships in managing water resources. Of these voluntary partnerships, 70% have biodiversity as a goal. Biodiversity is becoming an increasingly common subject of study, and a vast majority (75%) of the respondents suggested it should be a goal for utility resource management. Conservation of aquatic biodiversity is a complex task, and to date most aquatic efforts have been directed toward fish and macroinvertebrates. Ecological research and technological development performed by the utility industry have resulted in a number of successful biopreservation and biorestoration success stories. A common theme to preserving or enhancing aquatic biodiversity is preserving aquatic habitat. Increasingly, ecosystem management is touted as the most likely approach to achieve success in preserving aquatic biodiversity. Several utilities are conducting progressive work in implementing ecosystem management. This paper presents the potential interactions between power plants and biodiversity, an overview of aquatic biodiversity preservation efforts within the electric utility industry, more detail on the results of the survey, and recent initiatives in ecosystem management. 相似文献