北京、南京、广东地区土壤中铅、锌、镉

铅、锌、镉都是土壤中的痕量元素,它们在天然土壤中含量很低,正常情况下,土壤中含镉为0.01—2ppm,平均为0.35ppm,含铅为2—300ppm,平均为35ppm,含锌为1—900ppm,平均为90ppm。它们都是环境中重要元素,现已证明,铅和镉对动植物都是有害的。锌是动植物的营养元素,但是,在一定条件下,过量的锌对人和动物可能有致癌性。因此,它们在土壤中的含量多少对动植物生长和人体健康有着重要的影响。本文根据中国科学院土壤背景协作组提供的数据,对北京、南京、广东地区土壤中铅、锌、镉的含量水平、元素间的关系等问题进行初步探讨。 一、样品来源及分析方法 根据各地区土壤母质类型,远离污染源以及按野外观察划分自然层次,采集不同类     

CaCl2氯化焙烧分离铁尾矿中的重金属铅铜镉

为实现铁尾矿中铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)与铁(Fe)、铝(Al)、硅(Si)等氧化物的分离,以CaCl2为氯化剂对铁尾矿进行氯化焙烧,探究焙烧温度和CaCl2添加量对Pb、Cu和Cd挥发率的影响,并采用X射线荧光和X射线衍射等方法研究铁尾矿的基本特性和晶相结构.结果 表明,足够的Cl含量是氯化焙烧挥发铁尾矿中P...     

重金属螯合絮凝剂对废水中铅、镉的去除性能

以三乙烯四胺(TETA)、环氧氯丙烷、氢氧化钠和二硫化碳为原料合成了一种重金属螯合絮凝剂(HMCF),考察了其对游离和络合Pb2+、Cd2+废水的处理效果,以及所得重金属螯合沉淀物的稳定性;采用红外光谱和紫外光谱对其和所得重金属螯合沉淀物的结构进行了表征;通过扫描电镜和电子能谱考察了絮体的形貌和组成.结果表明,对游离P...     

水体中锌背景值的研究——滤膜和滤器对锌和铜、铅、镉分析影响初评

水体中重金属形态是复杂的,一般可分成溶解态和固体悬浮态。在天然条件下,水体中重金属含量随着水文等因素的变化有一定的差异,其中水体悬浮物的变化严重影响水中重金属的含量水平。为了获得江、河、湖、海水中重金属的正确含量和在时空上有可靠的对比性,近十年来,国际上采用水样通过0.45微米孔径的滤膜,截留在滤膜上的重金属为悬浮态,滤液中的称溶解态。这样,滤膜就成了研究水环境中重金属形态分布的基本工具之一。在我国水质监测和水源保护研究中也会广泛使用滤膜,国外对过滤方式和滤膜的种类、型号、规格、性能和应用等已有评述。     

污泥果肥利用中重金属迁移特征研究

为了厦门城市污泥的安全利用,将石渭头污水处理厂污泥经过好氧堆肥后施用于柚子树,对重金属元素在土壤、树叶及果肉中的迁移特征进行了研究。结果表明：Cd在土壤中的富集能力强;重金属元素从土壤向树叶迁移累积能力比向果肉的大得多,污泥肥料不能用于叶类食用植物的施用;Cr向树叶、Ni向果肉的迁移累积能力强;泥肥的施用加重了土壤中Cd的污染,提高了Cr向树叶、Ni向果肉的迁移能力;污泥果肥利用需降低Ni的浓度,对污泥中含量较高的Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Cd需进行跟踪检测。     

利用柠檬酸去除污泥中镉、铅的研究

考察了利用柠檬酸去除厦门某化工厂污泥中重金属镉、铅的适宜工艺条件,包括pH、柠檬酸浓度、转速、温度、反应时间等。考察发现,在pH-3、柠檬酸摩尔浓度为0．2mol／L、转速为200r／min、温度为室温、反应时间为1d左右时,污泥中镉、铅的最大去除率分别为91．5％和96．5％。     

粉煤灰中镉、铬、铜、铁、锰、镍、铅、锌的测定及其样品处理方法研究

粉煤灰是以煤为燃料的火力发电厂排出的废渣。目前我国电力系统每年排出的粉煤灰近三千万吨,大量废渣堆积如山,不仅占用大片土地、阻塞河道,而且造成环境污染。近几年来,在粉煤灰的综合利用方面已做了很多工作,如用来制造建筑材料,造田或改良土壤等。粉煤灰中一般含有多种微量元素,当它们超过一定浓度时,往往具有毒性,如果污染水源或     

乳酸发酵液淋洗铅锌矿尾矿坝口底泥中的重金属铅

为了降低尾矿中重金属对环境造成的危害,利用乳酸发酵液对铅尾矿坝口底泥进行了淋洗研究,从而探析低分子质量有机酸在土壤重金属淋洗修复中的应用前景。结果表明:乳酸对底泥中的Pb具有较好的去除率,当选择发酵菌种为米根霉,发酵时间为48 h,米根霉发酵生产的乳酸含量可达到14%;该发酵液对Pb的去除率达到了19.52%,与同一酸度纯乳酸淋洗铅的去除率仅差2.6%。从铅的形态分析可知,乳酸发酵液对尾矿坝口底泥中酸可提取态铅和可氧化态铅的去除率分别为80%和50%。利用发酵生产有机酸淋洗修复土壤中的重金属具有很好的潜力。     

Enhanced mobilization of arsenic and heavy metals from mine tailings by humic acid

Arsenic and heavy metal mobilization from mine tailings is an issue of concern as it might pose potential groundwater or ecological risks. Increasing attention recently has been focused on the effects of natural organic matter on the mobility behavior of the toxicants in the environment. Column experiments were carried out in this research study to evaluate the feasibility of using humic acid (HA) to mobilize arsenic and heavy metals (i.e., Cu, Pb and Zn) from an oxidized Pb-Zn mine tailings sample collected from Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada. Capillary electrophoresis analyses indicated that arsenate [As(V)] was the only extractable arsenic species in the mine tailings and the addition of HA at pH 11 did not incur the oxidation-reduction or methylation reactions of arsenic. A 0.1% HA solution with an initial pH adjusted to 11 was selected as the flushing solution, while distilled water (initial pH adjusted to 11) was used as the control to account for the mobilization of arsenic and the heavy metals by physical mixing and the effect of pH. It was found that the HA could significantly enhance the mobilization of arsenic and heavy metals simultaneously from the mine tailings. After a 70-pore-volume-flushing, the mobilization of arsenic, copper, lead and zinc reached 97, 35, 838 and 224 mg kg(-1), respectively. The mobilization of arsenic and the heavy metals was found to be positively correlated with the mobilization of Fe in the presence of the HA. Moreover, the mobilization of arsenic was also correlated well with that of the heavy metals. The mobilization of co-existing metals to some extent might enhance arsenic mobilization in the presence of the HA by helping incorporate it into soluble aqueous organic complexes through metal-bridging mechanisms. Use of HA in arsenic and heavy metal remediation may be developed as an environmentally benign and possible effective remedial option to reduce and avoid further contamination.     

含磷材料对矿区铅镉污染土壤重金属形态转化的影响

以湖南郴州东江湖风景区矿区遗留地重金属污染土壤为研究对象,研究了3种含P材料,及其与蒙脱石的组合材料,对矿区土壤铅镉污染的修复效果。实验设6组处理,分别为P1组、P2组、P3组、P1+M组、P2+M组、P3+M组,通过添加5%的稳定剂,稳定2d后,分析土壤中铅镉的形态变化。实验结果表明:添加含P材料,及组合材料后,土壤中铅镉的离子交换态、铁锰结合态、有机结合态大幅度降低,残渣态显著升高。对Pb离子转化效果均在90.00%以上, Cd离子的转化效率相对较差,最优P1处理效果为74.20%。离子交换态的减少,有效地降低了重金属的生物有效性,有效地降低了环境风险。同时,含P材料均增加了土壤有效磷的含量,对矿区土壤的肥力也有一定提升。     

Non-enhanced phytoextraction of cadmium,zinc, and lead by high-yielding crops

Heavy metal soil contamination from mining and smelting has been reported in several regions around the world, and phytoextraction, using plants to accumulate risk elements in aboveground harvestable organs, is a useful method of substantially reducing this contamination. In our 3-year experiment, we tested the hypothesis that phytoextraction can be successful in local soil conditions without external fertilizer input. The phytoextraction efficiency of 15 high-yielding crop species was assessed in a field experiment performed at the Litavka River alluvium in the P?íbram region of Czechia. This area is heavily polluted by Cd, Zn, and Pb from smelter installations which also polluted the river water and flood sediments. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in the herbaceous plants’ aboveground and belowground biomass and in woody plants’ leaves and branches. The highest Cd and Zn mean concentrations in the aboveground biomass were recorded in Salix x fragilis L. (10.14 and 343 mg kg^?1 in twigs and 16.74 and 1188 mg kg^?1 in leaves, respectively). The heavy metal content in woody plants was significantly higher in leaves than in twigs. In addition, Malva verticillata L. had the highest Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in herbaceous species (6.26, 12.44, and 207 mg kg^?1, respectively). The calculated heavy metal removal capacities in this study proved high phytoextraction efficiency in woody species; especially for Salix × fragilis L. In other tested plants, Sorghum bicolor L., Helianthus tuberosus L., Miscanthus sinensis Andersson, and Phalaris arundinacea L. species are also recommended for phytoextraction.     

HTM铜矿尾矿库浅层剖面重金属赋存形态及污染特征

在HTM铜矿尾矿库不同位置进行剖面分层取样,取样深度200 cm,测定了不同深度层次尾矿的pH、重金属Cu、Zn、Cd全量及各化学形态含量;为了估算尾矿库表层污染物流失量,采用荷兰产大型取土器,以50 m×50 m网格法对尾矿库表层0~120 cm剖面间隔20 cm分层取样,测定尾矿中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd的全量.结果显示,各层尾矿pH值在3.01~7.79之间,表层0~40 cm pH最低,且随深度增加而升高;尾矿中Cu、Zn、Cd主要以相对稳定的有机结合态和残余态2种形式存在,0~60 cm尾矿中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cu、Zn、Cd含量较高.尾矿库浅层剖面可以划分为3个明显的层次:氧化层、胶结层和未氧化层,该尾矿库尾矿重金属的淋失主要发生在0~40 cm氧化层.据测定结果估算,尾矿库表层尾矿在闭库20年间持续释放的Cd为516.38 kg,Zn为42.24 t,S总量为762.75 t.研究结果为改进尾矿库现行治理措施与模式提供了依据.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对酸化铅锌尾矿中Zn、As淋溶释放的影响

以青海某铅锌尾矿为研究对象进行酸预处理加速模拟静态淋溶实验,重点研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌（At.f菌）接种量变化对尾矿中重金属Zn、As迁移释放的影响。结果表明,随时间延长,接种量变化均可导致淋溶体系pH值下降、电导率上升,氧化还原电位先上升后下降。At.f菌可明显促进Zn、As的释放,不同接种量对重金属的迁移释放作用不同;At.f菌存在下,Zn的释放能力大于As,Zn优先于As溶出,Zn、As浓度均表现为快速释放和缓慢释放并趋于平稳两个阶段,Evolich模型和Guass模型可分别描述Zn、As的释放过程。通过对细菌淋溶前后残渣SEM-EDS及XRD图谱分析发现,淋溶后尾矿颗粒结构疏松,表面腐蚀明显,生成了CaSO4、钙磷石等不溶物,使Zn、As后期释放减慢。     

Loading estimates of lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc in urban runoff from specific sources

Urban stormwater runoff is being recognized as a substantial source of pollutants to receiving waters. A number of investigators have found significant levels of metals in runoff from urban areas, especially in highway runoff. As an initiatory study, this work estimates lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc loadings from various sources in a developed area utilizing information available in the literature, in conjunction with controlled experimental and sampling investigations. Specific sources examined include building siding and roofs; automobile brakes, tires, and oil leakage; and wet and dry atmospheric deposition. Important sources identified are building siding for all four metals, vehicle brake emissions for copper and tire wear for zinc. Atmospheric deposition is an important source for cadmium, copper, and lead. Loadings and source distributions depend on building and automobile density assumptions and the type of materials present in the area examined. Identified important sources are targeted for future comprehensive mechanistic studies. Improved information on the metal release and distributions from the specific sources, along with detailed characterization of watershed areas will allow refinements in the predictions.     

镍渣的重金属浸出特性

在分析镍渣的矿物相组成和重金属元素含量的基础上,鉴定了镍渣样品的浸出毒性,并考察了pH、液固比和浸出时间等条件对镍渣样中铬、铅、铜和锌等重金属浸出特性的影响。结果表明,镍渣中的重金属总量约为渣样的0.9%,且铬、铜和锌的含量较高,需进行安全管理。实验所用镍渣样品为第Ⅰ类一般工业固体废物。在强酸条件下镍渣中重金属浸出浓度较大,pH3后浸出浓度显著降低;液固比40 L/kg时,镍渣中重金属不断溶出,液固比40 L/kg后,浸出达到饱和,浸出浓度趋于平衡;随着浸出时间的增加,重金属离子的浸出浓度先增加后减少,但由于各重金属性质不同,各重金属达到最大浸出浓度的时间不同。     

兰坪铅锌矿区不同污染梯度下优势植物的重金属累积特征

对兰坪铅锌矿区污染程度不同的3个样地(云南松林、魁蒿群落和马桑灌丛)进行植被调查,选择其中9种共有的自然生长的优势草本植物为研究对象,测定了土壤及植物体的重金属含量.结果显示,3个样地土壤Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn等4种重金属含量均表现为马桑灌丛>魁蒿群落>云南松林;植物体内重金属积累呈现出随着土壤污染程度增加而增加的趋势;所选择的9种植物均不符合超富集植物的标准,依据不同的耐性机制将9种植物分为3类,野棉花能较强吸收土壤中重金属,并转移到地上部分,属于富集型植物;西南金丝梅、倒提壶、长籽柳叶菜、魁蒿、翻白叶和四脉金茅吸收的重金属主要积累在根部,属于根部囤积型植物;尼泊尔蓼和中华山蓼体内重金属含量较低,属于规避型植物.讨论了利用这些植物进行矿山治理.     

铅锌冶炼厂周边重金属的空间分布及生态风险评价

以关中西部某铅锌厂周边农田为对象,研究了厂区周边土壤中7种重金属含量的水平及垂直分布特征,用Lars Hakanson潜在生态危害指数对重金属的危害程度进行了评价.研究表明,厂区周围土壤中重金属在水平分布上具有局部高度富集的特征.以厂区为中心,重金属水平分布主要在西北-东南方向上,地势低的土壤中重金属含量明显较高;重金属在垂直分布上主要富集在0～ 25 cm的表层土壤中,且随着深度的进一步增加,土壤中重金属浓度变化幅度减弱,基本趋于稳定.厂区周边Cd和Hg污染水平为重度污染,Pb污染水平为中度污染,潜在生态危害程度为重度.