用于石油污染土壤降解的高效降解菌的筛选及其降解条件优化

经过富集、分离优选出高效石油降解菌L-1,根据形态观察和生理生化特征初步鉴定为琼氏不动杆菌;采用单因素花盆实验模拟微生物原位修复并对其降解条件进行优化。结果表明,将高效石油降解菌应用于修复石油污染土壤,适宜接种量、表面活性剂浓度、CNP比、翻耕频率分别为15%、0.1%、100∶10∶1和1 d 1次;在该降解条件下修复28 d,可达到16.80%的石油降解率,远远高于土著微生物6.92%的降解率。     

脂肽生物表面活性剂作用下多菌种石油生物降解影响因素优化

探索多种菌种降解石油过程中菌种和脂肽生物表面活性剂的作用,筛选石油降解的主要因素及最佳合,并为石油污染物的降解机理研究和石油污染修复提供指导。基于正交实验筛选主要影响因素,采用Box-Behnken实验探讨各因素最佳水平。正交实验中脂肽生物表面活性剂是多菌种降解石油过程中最主要的影响因素,在Box-Behnken实验中,其能显著地影响石油降解率。菌种降解能力是石油饱和烃组分生物降解的最主要影响因素,但脂肽生物表面活性剂是芳烃、胶质和沥青质组分降解的最主要的影响因素。研究所用菌种中,解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)在石油降解过程最重要,是本实验的石油降解最优菌。菌种和脂肽生物表面活性剂的添加浓度配比对于石油降解具有重要的影响。解淀粉芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌添加量5%,脂肽生物表面活性剂粗品添加量200 mg·L~(-1)的降解效果最优,理论上,最高降解率可达63.78%,验证降解率达到了53.89%,相对于多菌种正交实验最高降解率提高了5.54%。利用正交实验和Box-Behnken实验筛选最优降解菌和最优菌种组合的方法,具有分析因素多、实验量少等优点,具有较好的应用前景。     

利用不同组分原油逐级驯化筛选高效石油烃降解混菌

利用不同组分原油逐级驯化的方法对克拉玛依油田的石油污染土样进行石油烃降解混菌的富集驯化,得到一组对稀油和稠油均具有高效降解能力的混菌M3。与采用单一原油驯化方法相比,混菌M3对稀油和稠油的降解率分别提高了12.5%和22%。该混菌具有较强的产表面活性剂的能力,能够使发酵液的表面张力从69.8 mN·m~(-1)降至27.9 mN·m~(-1)。通过混菌M3的生长条件优化实验得出:在温度30℃、pH 7～8、盐度1%、氮源选择尿素的条件下,混菌M3对原油的降解率最高。通过考察混菌M3在污染土壤中对原油的降解效果,发现:在修复期间,土壤脱氢酶呈先升高后降低的趋势;混菌M3可使饱和烃组分增加,并使芳香分、胶质和沥青质组分降低,对重质组分具有较好的降解效果。混菌M3的加入改变了原油性质,促进了土壤中原油的降解,经过56 d修复,土壤中原油降解率达到55.3%。     

石油降解菌产表面活性剂的条件优化

为了了解陕北石油降解菌产表面活性剂的情况,对实验菌株CT-6以原油为唯一碳源时产表面活性剂的排油活性、表面张力和乳化性能进行了研究,并对实验菌株产表面活性剂的条件进行了优化.结果表明,排油圈直径达到8.0cm,表面张力降低到33 mN/m,乳化指数达89.9％,石油降解率达到68.0％;优化后的条件为:接种量10％、pH为8、温度28℃、转速220 r/min,该条件下,排油圈直径增加了13.1％,7d时乳化指数达到93.0％.     

石油污染土壤生物修复菌Z1a-B的分离鉴定与调控效应研究

从山东东营胜利油田附近的石油污染土壤中分离筛选得到一株高效石油降解菌Z1a-B,通过菌落形态及显微镜个体形态观察对其初步鉴定到属,并采用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)法分析了Z1a-B的石油降解性能,采用投加石油降解菌、调节土壤N、P含量和优化环境因素等措施,进行了为期60d的石油污染土壤室外自然堆制生物修复实验。结果表明,Z1a-B为链霉菌属白孢类群,其摇瓶培养的石油降解率为66.4%;Z1a-B有着很宽的烷烃降解谱;N、P最佳的添加量组合为KNO32.50g/kg、K2HPO40.35g/kg,即N/P(质量比)为5.57:1.00,此时的石油降解率达63.5%,土壤脱氢酶活性达最高值,为2.99μL/g;石油降解的最佳环境条件为:将石油质量分数为3.3%的100g土样调节pH至8.5后,装入容积为300mL的锥形瓶中灭菌,再接种孢子密度为2.7×108个/mL的菌剂5.5mL,于28℃下进行生物降解,在此条件下的石油降解率可达76.5%;土壤脱氢酶活性的测定结果可以作为检验石油污染土壤生物修复效果的重要指示指标之一;室外自然堆制生物修复实验中,添加菌剂、锯末、秸秆以及N、P后,石油降解率可达69.9%,总体来说,室外自然堆制生物修复是一种投资少、见效快、治理效果较好的石油污染土壤治理方法。     

一株产表面活性剂石油降解菌筛选及其特性

为了从含有原油的样品中筛选出降解性能良好的产生表面活性剂菌株。利用富集、驯化培养、不同配方培养基筛选和排油活性测定,筛选出产高效生物表面活性剂的菌株。在形态特征和生理生化鉴定的基础上,对其16S rDNA序列进行了分析,并分别采用称重法和薄层层析法(TLC)测定其原油降解率和鉴别其表面活性剂的类型。进一步考察了不同种类的碳源和氮源、不同梯度的温度、盐度、酸碱度对其生长和排油活性的影响。筛选出一株高效脂肽类生物表面活性剂的菌株A-08,对其进行形态学、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列同源分析,此菌株为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)。A-08最适条件为碳源是食用油和液体石蜡,氮源为(NH_4)_2SO_4,温度40℃,盐度20%,pH 7.0,培养7 d后原油降解率为40.37%。实验筛选的菌株能适应较广泛的环境条件,可以对石油污染进行有效生物修复,具有较好的意义和应用价值。     

石油降解菌XD-1产表面活性剂的性能

从含油废水中筛选分离到1株原油降解菌XD-1,鉴定为假单胞菌（Pseuomonas sp.）.初步实验表明菌XD-1具有较强的产表面活性剂乳化原油的作用,对该菌的产表面活性剂性能进行了研究.实验证明,菌XD-1所产表面活性剂为脂肽类物质,菌在生长对数期产表面活性剂,表面活性剂的产生为生长相关型;充足的碳源是产表面活性剂的必需条件,菌利用原油为碳源时能持续大量地产表面活性剂;原油和尿素为产表面活性剂的最适碳源和氮源,菌XD-1产表面活性剂的最佳营养培养基组成为葡萄糖10 g,尿素4 g,磷酸二氢钾1 g,微量元素液4 mL,水1 L,pH 8.0.     

石油降解菌XD-1产表面活性剂的性能

从含油废水中筛选分离到1株原油降解菌XD-1,鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseuomonas sp.).初步实验表明菌XD-1具有较强的产表面活性剂乳化原油的作用,对该菌的产表面活性剂性能进行了研究.实验证明,菌XD-1所产表面活性剂为脂肽类物质,菌在生长对数期产表面活性剂,表面活性剂的产生为生长相关型;充足的碳源是产表面活性剂的必需条件,菌利用原油为碳源时能持续大量地产表面活性剂;原油和尿素为产表面活性剂的最适碳源和氮源,菌XD-1产表面活性剂的最佳营养培养基组成为葡萄糖10 g,尿素4 g,磷酸二氢钾1 g,微量元素液4 mL,水1 L,pH 8.0.     

3种石油烃降解菌对石油烃的降解效果及其细胞表面疏水性

选取3种石油烃降解菌:假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.,DS-1)、铜绿色假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,DS-2)和无色杆菌(Achromobacter sp.,DS-3),研究其对石油烃的降解效果及其细胞表面疏水性。结果表明,经过6d的降解,3种石油烃降解菌对石油烃的降解率分别为99.08%、79.75%、84.34%。石油烃的黏附性测试和盐析聚集测试结果表明,3种石油烃降解菌均表现出较高的细胞表面疏水性,其规律为DS-1DS-3DS-2。其中DS-1的细胞表面疏水性最高,达65.90%。DS-1、DS-2和DS-3菌株发生盐析聚集所需最小(NH4)2SO4摩尔浓度分别为2.0、2.8、2.4 mol/L。菌株的细胞表面疏水性和降解有机物的能力有着较高的相关性。     

一株高效耐冷菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

寒冷地区水温偏低,污水生物处理效果差,出水达标困难。从寒冷地区水土样品中,分离到数株能在2℃下生长的低温菌株,选择优势菌N进行重点研究。从脱氢酶活性机制上,考察了不同条件对N菌株降解能力的影响;对比研究了它与常温活性污泥降解能力和脱氢酶活性的差异。结果表明:N菌株属于耐冷型低温微生物,结合16S rDNA序列同源性分析及生理生化特性鉴定为黄假单胞菌;5℃曝气8 h,接种废水COD、氨氮去除率均在90%以上;低温条件下,该耐冷菌对生活污水降解率比常温活性污泥高出40%,脱氢酶具有更高的活性,在低温污水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.