降低城市生活垃圾焚烧发电设施建设与运行费用的本土化方法研究

城市生活垃圾焚烧发电技术是比较完善的城市生活垃圾处理与资源综合利用方法，其推广应用的困难在于建设与运行费用较高。本文分析费用较高的原因，提出设备本土化是最好的降低费用方法，并分析了城市生活垃圾焚烧发电设备本土化的基础、必要性、可行方案、成功实例以及现行政策及发展趋向，可供城市生活垃圾焚烧发电设施建设、运行方案及相关政策决策人员参考。     

垃圾衍生燃料作为生活垃圾焚烧炉辅助燃料的费用-效益分析

在分析垃圾焚烧技术及垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)技术的基础上,进一步分析了中国城市生活垃圾特点,表明了中国更适合利用陈旧垃圾制造高品质的RDF.通过RDF用于生活垃圾焚烧炉辅助染料的费用-效益分析,显示了RDF辅助城市生活垃圾焚烧是完全可行的,具有显著的经济、环境和社会效益.     

垃圾焚烧发电的应用前景分析及应对措施

介绍了城市生活垃圾的危害和处置方式，通过对各种处置方式存在问题的比较，得出垃圾焚烧发电前景广阔，符合垃圾利用减量化、资源化、无害化的利用原则。同时对垃圾焚烧发电的应用提出了一些应对措施。     

广州市城市生活垃圾管理系统规划

运用最小费用规划模型,选取运输费用以及各处理设施（包括垃圾焚烧、制肥、回收利用、 填埋和中转处理）的处理费用为因子,同时把经济收入作为负的费用从中扣除,对选取的三个规划方案进行了计算,得出了广州市市区城市生活垃圾管理系统处理的最低费用,并给出了市属8个区的垃圾量相应的处理设置。     

高热值城市生活垃圾归类分流处置的能值分析

生活垃圾处理已成为限制城市化进程和城市经济发展的重大问题之一,采用垃圾归类分流处置方法可以有效地促进垃圾减量化和资源化的效果。以西安市典型高校校园生活垃圾为代表性高热值焚烧型城市生活垃圾,通过绘制能值系统图辨析卫生填埋-沼气发电、焚烧发电、生物质燃料混烧发电等3种垃圾处理系统的能值投入和产出过程。依据垃圾物理组成和热值数据分别计算了2种处理系统的能值产出率、环境负载率、能值投资率、可更新能源投入率和能值可持续指数等5项基本能值指标,并从能量利用的角度对3种生活垃圾处理方法的环境可持续性与经济竞争力进行了比较分析。能值分析结果表明,采用生活垃圾焚烧和生物质燃料混烧发电处理法在能量转化效率和环境影响方面具有显著优势,对高热值焚烧型生活垃圾采用“归类分流-集中焚烧处理”的方式有利于提高城市生活垃圾减量化处理的环境效益与经济收益。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液产甲烷潜力

为研究城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的产甲烷潜力及其影响因素,在常规水质分析的基础上,采用瑞典AMPTSⅡ系统进行中温((37±1) ℃)厌氧消化实验,探究稀释倍数和污泥投加量对城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的甲烷产率和可生物降解性的影响。结果表明：城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的甲烷产率(以CH4/CODadd计)高于326.0 mL·g-1(理论甲烷产率为350 mL·g-1),可生物降解性高于93.1%;城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液是一种高COD、高NH3-N的有机废水,但可生化性较好;无论污泥投加量还是稀释倍数对城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的甲烷产率和可生物降解性影响都很小,但稀释倍数的增加可明显降低污泥驯化时间和厌氧消化时间。在工程应用中,采用生化出水回流稀释城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的方法,可降低厌氧反应器启动时间和厌氧消化时间,提高城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液处理效率。     

垃圾焚烧烟气净化技术探讨及实践

焚烧城市固体垃圾所产生的烟气是一种含有有机化合物和无机化合物的复杂混合物。文章分析了垃圾焚烧烟气的产生与特性 ,探讨了一些典型垃圾焚烧厂的烟气净化方法 ,比选推荐了垃圾焚烧烟气净化的主工艺 ,以确保焚烧后烟气排放降低到最低水平 ,满足日趋严格的环保排放标准。介绍了生活垃圾焚烧厂烟气净化处理的最新实例     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属污染物处理方法

随着垃圾焚烧技术在各个城市生活垃圾处理中的广泛应用,对生活垃圾焚烧的残余物,主要是飞灰的处理、处置,已成为困扰人们生产生活的重要难题之一。飞灰的处理是控制重金属污染的关键,目前处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染物的常用方法有：水泥固化法、化学药剂稳定法、飞灰热处理、化学浸提法等,生物淋滤法是近年新兴起来的金属浸提技术。经处理后的飞灰可进行填埋或资源化利用。因此,着重叙述了当前有关垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染的控制方法与处置技术的研究现状。     

国内最大的垃圾焚烧厂日前在上海点火投产

既能无污染处理垃圾又能用来发电的国内最大垃圾焚烧厂日前在上海点火投产。坐落在上海西郊江桥的生活垃圾焚烧厂占地 2 0 0余亩 ,政府投资额为 2 .4亿元人民币 ,一期工程生活垃圾日处理能力为 10 0 0 t,年处理垃圾可达 33万 t,其垃圾处理服务范围可覆盖上海 1/ 3的城市面积。二期工程建成后 ,将达到日处理垃圾 15 0 0 t的规模。上海生活垃圾日产生量达到万 t,而此前 7成以上都用来填埋。填埋处理既占用大量土地资源 ,环保性也不高。新点火的上海江桥生活垃圾焚烧厂采用焚烧、生化、填埋综合方式来处理垃圾。其烟气排放严格执行欧盟标准 ,废…     

国内外生活垃圾焚烧烟气排放与监管标准比较分析

我国生活垃圾焚烧发电规模占全球的66.1%,环境风险不容忽视,需要制定适宜的烟气污染物排放限值与监管措施,可参考欧盟、美国、日本等较早应用生活垃圾焚烧处理的国家 (地区) 的有益经验。但是,现有的国内外对比研究仅关注了排放限值的差异,忽略了国内外标准在历史沿革、基准条件、适用对象、执行尺度等方面的差异及原因。本研究基于2017年以来国内生活垃圾焚烧行业专项整治取得的成效,深入分析国内外标准的差异及原因,得出以下结论：1) 烟气排放限值落地执行需要与之配套的监管措施,自动监测手段有利于实现对生活垃圾焚烧烟气常规污染物及炉温的全天候监管,在欧盟、美国已广泛应用,在我国的应用已取得良好成效;2) 与国外相比,我国生活垃圾焚烧烟气排放限值未考虑焚烧炉规模与技术差异化的影响,在排放与监管标准中未兼顾小型焚烧炉,但实际上有必要给予小型焚烧炉适度的、合理的差异化要求,以规范市场并增强环境监管的严肃性;3) 与国外相比,我国生活垃圾焚烧烟气排放限值总体上处于严格行列,监管刚性很强但柔性不足,部分省市制定的地方标准限值严于欧盟,但缺乏类似欧盟标准B类限值的达标评价方式,有必要在探索“正面清单”等更为灵活的监管方式的同时,基于自动监测手段表现出的精准监管能力,进一步优化和拓展更具弹性的排放限值与监管措施。本研究有利于识别我国生活垃圾焚烧行业环境监管政策和模式与发达国家 (地区) 的差异,可为进一步优化固定源环境监管政策和模式提供依据。     

城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程研究及数值模拟

研究城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程,建立了垃圾在炉排炉移动床内燃烧过程中垃圾体积变化、水分蒸发、挥发分析出及燃烧、垃圾颗粒的移动、气-固两相热传递、焦炭燃烧等各个反应阶段的热化学模型,采用一维非稳态模型分别建立了床层内气固两相介质控制方程。通过对炉排上垃圾焚烧过程的数值模拟研究,获得料层中温度分布、料层高度、炉床机械负荷、气相中反应物组分和污染物浓度分布。利用建立的模型对某大型垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧过程进行数值仿真,对燃烧过程、烟气成分进行预测,为垃圾焚烧炉排炉的设计和燃烧控制提供理论依据。     

城市固体废物优化管理模型及管理成本影响因素研究

采用不确定性多目标动态优化模型,以优化环境和经济为目标,对中国佛山市固体废物管理进行规划.结果表明,该模型能大幅度降低固体废物管理与处理成本,节省财政支出.研究得出影响固体废物总处理费用的3个重要影响因素为产生量、回收量、处理容量.针对以上3个因素深入分析比较,提出了广义和狭义的综合处理技术,这是经济、环保、可行的技术策略:首先,将广义综合处理应用到实际中,采用分类回收、压缩收集、优化模型对废物进行合理配置,尽量降低经济成本和环境影响;其次,从狭义角度出发,采用多种技术组合,达到处理率高、资源化程度高、环境影响小的目的.     

An economic evaluation and assessment of environmental impact of the municipal solid waste management system for Taichung City in Taiwan

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is an important environmental challenge and subject in urban planning. For sustainable MSWM strategies, the critical management factors to be considered include not only economic efficiency of MSW treatment but also life-cycle assessment of the environmental impact. This paper employed linear programming technique to establish optimal MSWM strategies considering economic efficiency and the air pollutant emissions during the life cycle of a MSWM system, and investigated the correlations between the economical optimization and pollutant emissions. A case study based on real-world MSW operating parameters in Taichung City is also presented. The results showed that the costs, benefits, streams of MSW, and throughputs of incinerators and landfills will be affected if pollution emission reductions are implemented in the MSWM strategies. In addition, the quantity of particulate matter is the best pollutant indicator for the MSWM system performance of emission reduction. In particular this model will assist the decision maker in drawing up a friendly MSWM strategy for Taichung City in Taiwan. Implications: Recently, life-cycle assessments of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) strategies have been given more considerations. However, what seems to be lacking is the consideration of economic factors and environmental impacts simultaneously. This work analyzed real-world data to establish optimal MSWM strategies considering economic efficiency and the air pollutant emissions during the life cycle of the MSWM system. The results indicated that the consideration of environmental impacts will affect the costs, benefits, streams of MSW, and throughputs of incinerators and landfills. This work is relevant to public discussion and may establish useful guidelines for the MSWM policies.     

An economic evaluation and assessment of environmental impact of the municipal solid waste management system for Taichung City in Taiwan

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is an important environmental challenge and subject in urban planning. For sustainable MSWM strategies, the critical management factors to be considered include not only economic efficiency of MSW treatment but also life-cycle assessment of the environmental impact. This paper employed linear programming technique to establish optimal MSWM strategies considering economic efficiency and the air pollutant emissions during the life cycle of a MSWM system, and investigated the correlations between the economical optimization and pollutant emissions. A case study based on real-world MSW operating parameters in Taichung City is also presented. The results showed that the costs, benefits, streams of MSW, and throughputs of incinerators and landfills will be affected if pollution emission reductions are implemented in the MSWM strategies. In addition, the quantity of particulate matter is the best pollutant indicator for the MSWM system performance of emission reduction. In particular, this model will assist the decision maker in drawing up a friendly MSWM strategy for Taichung City in Taiwan.

Implications: Recently, life-cycle assessments of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) strategies have been given more considerations. However, what seems to be lacking is the consideration of economic factors and environmental impacts simultaneously. This work analyzed real-world data to establish optimal MSWM strategies considering economic efficiency and the air pollutant emissions during the life cycle of the MSWM system. The results indicated that the consideration of environmental impacts will affect the costs, benefits, streams of MSW, and throughputs of incinerators and landfills. This work is relevant to public discussion and may establish useful guidelines for the MSWM policies.     

采用循环流化床技术焚烧城市生活垃圾

根据目前我国城市生活垃圾热值偏低的实际情况 ,提出以煤为辅助燃料 ,采用循环流化床焚烧技术处理生活垃圾 ,可大幅度降低运行成本 ,符合国情。阐述了循环流化床焚烧技术在降低NOx、SO2 和二噁等方面的优越性。尾气处理建议采用喷活性碳 +布袋除尘组合工艺 ,飞灰处理建议采用高温熔融处理     

Fuel consumption, emissions estimation, and emissions cost estimates using global positioning data

The methodology laid out in this paper shows that typical operational data from vehicle fleets monitored by a global positioning system (GPS) can be used to estimate heavy-duty diesel vehicle (HDDV) emissions, thereby enabling waste managers and governing bodies to internalize the responsibility for socioenvironmental costs traditionally absorbed by external parties. Although municipal solid waste (MSW) collection vehicles are the subjects of this particular study, the methodology presented here can be applied to any fleet of vehicles monitored by GPS. This study indicates that MSW collection trucks may be considerably less fuel efficient in the field than published values for HDDV fuel efficiency suggest. The average fuel efficiency of one MSW collection truck was estimated as 0.90 +/- 0.44 km/L (2.12 +/- 1.03 mi/gal). This same truck would generate approximately 42 metric tons of CO2 equivalents/yr, which is comparable to the greenhouse gas emissions of a large sport utility vehicle driving six times the distance, in town, for a year. In terms of the impacts such emissions have, projections for the monetary cost of emissions are available but highly variable. They suggest that the external monetary costs of emissions range between 6 and 39% of the annual fuel costs for the studied MSW collection truck. The results of this study indicate a need for further research into valuation of the hidden, external costs of emissions, borne by local and global socioecological communities. The possible implications of this result include poorly advised fleet procurement decisions and underestimation of MSW collection fleet emissions.     

Batch test assessment of waste-to-energy combustion residues impacts on precipitate formation in landfill leachate collection systems

Disposal practices for bottom ash and fly ash from waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities include emplacement in ash monofills or co-disposal with municipal solid waste (MSW) and residues from water and wastewater treatment facilities. In some cases, WTE residues are used as daily cover in landfills that receive MSW. A recurring problem in many landfills is the development of calcium-based precipitates in leachate collection systems. Although MSW contains varying levels of calcium, WTE residues and treatment plant sludges have the potential to contribute concentrated sources of leachable minerals into landfill leachates. This study was conducted to evaluate the leachability of calcium and other minerals from residues generated by WTE combustion using residues obtained from three WTE facilities in Florida (two mass-burn and one refuse-derived fuel). Leaching potential was quantified as a function of contact time and liquid-to-solid ratios with batch tests and longer-term leaching tests using laboratory lysimeters to simulate an ash monofill containing fly ash and bottom ash. The leachate generated as a result of these tests had total dissolved solid (TDS) levels ranging from 5 to 320 mg TDS/g ash. Calcium was a major contributor to the TDS values, contributing from 20 to 105 g calcium/kg ash. Fly ash was a major contributor of leachable calcium. Precipitate formation in leachates from WTE combustion residues could be induced by adding mineral acids or through gas dissolution (carbon dioxide or air). Stabilization of residual calcium in fly ashes that are landfilled and/or the use of less leachable neutralization reagents during processing of acidic gases from WTE facilities could help to decrease the calcium levels in leachates and help to prevent precipitate formation in leachate collection systems.     

Evaluation of solid waste management strategies in the Taipei metropolitan area of Taiwan

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major concern for highly urbanized societies. Among proposed MSW management systems, regionalization programs generally have received considerable attention. This study analyzes real-world operational data to assess different MSW management policies, especially regionalization strategies, and their impact on MSW management systems in the Taipei metropolitan area. Linear programming is also used to identify the minimum costs sustained by each policy. The linear programming results show that regionalization programs are more economical and also improve incinerator operation efficiency. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the minimum treatment requirement of incinerators is a very sensitive influence on the MSW flows distributed through the entire region. The MSW of several "sensitive" administrative districts will be allocated to different treatment facilities according to different management strategies. A list of preferential sequences of MSW treatment and disposal facilities can also be identified by the model presented in this study. The results of this study may provide a useful tool for aiding decision-making related to real-world MSW management problems.     

Evaluation of Solid Waste Management Strategies in the Taipei Metropolitan Area of Taiwan

Abstract

Chenfang Lin is with the Department of Soil and Environmental Science at National Chung Hsing University.Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major concern for highly urbanized societies. Among proposed MSW management systems, regionalization programs generally have received considerable attention. This study analyzes real-world operational data to assess different MSW management policies, especially regionalization strategies, and their impact on MSW management systems in the Taipei metropolitan area. Linear programming is also used to identify the minimum costs sustained by each policy. The linear programming results show that regionalization programs are more economical and also improve incinerator operation efficiency. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the minimum treatment requirement of incinerators is a very sensitive influence on the MSW flows distributed through the entire region. The MSW of several “sensitive” administrative districts will be allocated to different treatment facilities according to different management strategies. A list of preferential sequences of MSW treatment and disposal facilities can also be identified by the model presented in this study. The results of this study may provide a useful tool for aiding decision-making related to real-world MSW management problems.     

循环流化床锅炉燃烧城市生活垃圾的研究进展

城市生活垃圾(MSW)产量的与日俱增及环保要求的不断提高,使循环流化床(CFB)燃烧技术逐渐在MSW的回收和利用方面扮演越来越重要的角色.简要分析了国内外采用分类回收及综合利用、卫生填埋、堆肥和一般焚烧方法处理MSW的不足之处以及采用CFB燃烧技术的优越性,重点介绍了国内外采用CFB燃烧装置焚烧MSW的研究和应用现状,指出了目前存在的问题及努力的方向.采用CFB燃烧装置焚烧MSW关于SO2、NOx、CO排放的实验研究和运行结果令人满意,但对HCl、二恶英及重金属排放还需要进一步研究.试验及实际运行结果都表明,采用CFB燃烧装置对MSW进行焚烧处理是切实可行的,它将是未来解决MSW问题的重要手段.