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1.
Mennill Daniel J. Doucet Stéphanie M. Montgomerie Robert Ratcliffe Laurene M. 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,53(6):350-357
Sexual dichromatism and phenotypic variation in elaborate male traits are common products of sexual selection. The spectral properties of carotenoid and structurally-based plumage colors and the patch sizes of melanin-based plumage colors have received considerable attention as sexual signals in birds. However, the importance of variation in achromatic plumage colors (white, gray and black) remains virtually unexplored, despite their widespread occurrence. We investigated a potential signal function of the achromatic black and white plumage of black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla). We captured and color-banded 178 free-living chickadees and assessed winter flock dominance hierarchies by tabulating pairwise interactions at feeders. We recaptured 73 of these birds and measured plumage coloration for six body regions using a reflectance spectrometer and the area of melanin-based plumage patches from standardized photographs. We found extensive individual variation in chickadee plumage traits and considerable sexual dichromatism. Male black-capped chickadees have significantly brighter white plumage than females, larger black patches, and greater plumage contrast between adjacent white and black plumage regions. We also found rank differences in the plumage reflectance of males; high-ranking males, who are preferred by females as both social and extra-pair partners, exhibit significantly darker black plumage and grow their feathers more rapidly than low-ranking males. This variation among individuals reveals a potential signal function for achromatic plumage coloration in birds. 相似文献
2.
Lisa A. Taylor David L. Clark Kevin J. McGraw 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(5):1133-1146
In many animals, conspicuous coloration functions as a quality signal. Indicator models predict that such colors should be
variable and condition dependent. In Habronattus pyrrithrix jumping spiders, females are inconspicuously colored, while males display brilliant red faces, green legs, and white pedipalps
during courtship. We tested the predictions of the indicator model in a field study and found that male body condition was
positively correlated with the size, hue, and red chroma of a male’s facial patch and negatively correlated with the brightness
of his green legs. These traits were more condition dependent than non-display colors. We then tested a dietary mechanism
for condition dependence using two experiments. To understand how juvenile diet affects the development of coloration, we
reared juvenile spiders on high- and low-quality diets and measured coloration at maturity. To understand how adult diet affects
the maintenance of coloration, we fed wild-caught adults with high- or low-quality diets and compared their coloration after
45 days. In the first experiment, males fed high-quality diet had redder faces, suggesting that condition dependence is mediated
by juvenile diet. In the second experiment, red coloration did not differ between treatments, suggesting that adult diet is
not important for maintaining the color after it is produced at maturity. Diet had no effect on green coloration in either
experiment. Our results show different degrees of condition dependence for male display colors. Because red is dependent on
juvenile diet, it may signal health or foraging ability. We discuss evidence that green coloration is age dependent and alternatives
to indicator models for colorful displays in jumping spiders. 相似文献
3.
Judith Morales Alberto Velando Roxana Torres 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(2):197-203
Avian eggshell color is remarkably variable among and within species and its possible function has long been controversial.
Female birds use biliverdin pigment to color their eggs blue and green. Although evidence is accumulating that blue-green
eggshell coloration is costly to produce, the exact mechanisms underlying its expression are little studied. Biliverdin pigment
is involved in important maintenance functions such as immune and antioxidant defenses and shows similar properties to carotenoid
pigments. Carotenoids play a role as immunoenhancers and have the potential to ameliorate the impact of oxidative processes,
although their antioxidant function could be minor for some bird species. Important life-history components can be limited
by carotenoid availability, including sexual displays and fecundity. Here we explored if biliverdin-based eggshell pigmentation
was affected by carotenoid availability in a seabird, by performing a carotenoid supplementation experiment in female blue-footed
boobies (Sula nebouxii) after laying their first egg. In this species, blue eggshell color is associated with incubation patterns, and carotenoid
availability affects the crucial trade-off between female foot ornamentation and fecundity. We found that under natural conditions,
there was a decline in eggshell color with laying order, suggesting pigment limitation for females. However, carotenoid-supplemented
females had enhanced second egg coloration compared to controls, and the color increase was independent of their previous
pigment allocation to the first egg. Our results suggest that biliverdin-based eggshell coloration is costly to produce and
can be alleviated by current carotenoid availability. 相似文献
4.
Several experimental studies have shown that female birds use ornamental melanin and carotenoid plumage coloration as criteria
in mate choice. Whether females choose mates based on natural variation in structural coloration, however, has not been well
established. Male eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) display brilliant ultraviolet (UV)-blue plumage coloration on their head, back, wings, and tail, which is positively correlated
with condition, reproductive effort, and reproductive success. We experimentally tested the hypothesis that female eastern
bluebirds prefer as mates males that display brighter structural coloration by presenting breeding-condition females with
males of variable coloration. We conducted two types of mate-choice experiments. First, females chose between males whose
coloration was manipulated within the natural range of variation in the population; feathers were either brightened with violet
marker or dulled with black marker. Second, females chose between males with naturally dull or bright plumage coloration.
In both manipulated and unmanipulated coloration trials, female choice did not differ significantly from random with respect
to structural coloration. We found no support for the hypothesis that the UV–blue coloration of male eastern bluebirds functions
as a criterion in female mate choice. 相似文献
5.
Louis Hautier Jean-Claude Grégoire Jérôme de Schauwers Gilles San Martin Pierre Callier Jean-Pierre Jansen Jean-Christophe de Biseau 《Chemoecology》2008,18(3):191-196
Summary. Under laboratory conditions, the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis is well known as an intraguild predator of other ladybirds. However the real impact of this exotic species on native species
was poorly investigated in the field. Because many ladybird species produce alkaloids as defensive compounds, we propose here
a new method of intraguild predation monitoring in coccinellids based on alkaloid quantification by GC-MS. In laboratory experiments,
adaline was unambiguously detected in fourth instar larvae of H. axyridis having ingested one egg or one first instar larva of Adalia bipunctata. Although prey alkaloids in the predator decreased with time, traces were still detected in pupae, exuviae and imagines of
H. axyridis having ingested one prey when they were fourth instar larvae. Analysis of H. axyridis larvae collected in two potato fields shows for the first time in Europe the presence of exogenous alkaloids in 9 out of
28 individuals tested. This new method of intraguild predation detection could be used more widely to follow the interactions
between predators and potential chemically defended insect preys. 相似文献
6.
Limitations to colour-based sexual preferences in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Female three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are suggested to select mates based on their red nuptial coloration, males with a redder display being more preferred. Although
there are both laboratory and field data to support this view, there are also published accounts where females do not show
a preference for the redder male. Here we report the results of a series of 19 trials where receptive gravid female three-spined
sticklebacks were allowed to choose between two size-matched rival males. We used photographic and image analysis techniques
to quantify male nuptial coloration to investigate how the magnitude of the colour difference between the two alternative
males influenced female preferences. Using the amount of time a female spent oriented towards each male as a measure of his
attractiveness to her, females were not always found to select the redder of the two presented males. We did, however, find
that that the relative difference in coloration of the two males in each pair was important in determining the level of coloration-based
preference, with females only selecting redder males consistently when the difference in coloration was sufficiently large.
Received: 26 October 1999 / Received in revised form: 10 January 2000 / Accepted: 13 February 2000 相似文献
7.
Michael W. Butler Matthew B. Toomey Kevin J. McGraw 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(2):401-413
For a variety of technical and conceptual reasons, biologists have come to use several different methods to quantify the colors
of animals. However, the relative abilities of these different color-scoring procedures to capture variation in the actual
color-generating mechanisms—pigment or structural composition of the integument—have never been tested systematically. Here,
we examined which commonly employed color metrics predict carotenoid content of ornaments in three avian species (house finch
Carpodacus mexicanus, mallard duck Anas platyrhynchos, and zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata). We used spectrophotometry to measure reflectance spectra from beak and feather tissue, calculated numerous color metrics
(e.g., hue, chroma, brightness, principal components, and tetrahedral color space position) from these spectra, and determined
carotenoid content at the site of color measurement with high-performance liquid chromatography. We found that several principal
component, tristimulus, and avian visual model metrics significantly correlated with carotenoid content of house finch feathers
and duck beaks. Carotenoid content of mallard beaks was most closely correlated with brightness and saturation metrics, whereas
in house finch feathers, carotenoid concentration was best captured by hue and saturation metrics. According to tristimulus
scores and visual models, we found that the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum was not an essential predictor of variation
in carotenoid content. Also, visual model chromatic contrasts generally were not significant predictors of carotenoid content,
although some achromatic contrasts and tetrahedral color space vector parameters were. Our results indicate that numerous
methods, especially tristimulus scores, are suitable for capturing pigment-based color variation in two carotenoid-containing
ornaments, and we discuss the merits and shortcomings of these different approaches. In contrast, there were no significant
relationships between any color metrics and the carotenoid content of zebra finch beaks, suggesting that other color-generating
mechanisms besides carotenoids may contribute to color variability in this species. 相似文献
8.
Dietary carotenoids and male mating success in the guppy: an environmental component to female choice 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Astrid Kodric-Brown 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1989,25(6):393-401
Summary This study examined the relationship between dietary carotenoids, female choice, and male mating success in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Using a split-brood design, male siblings were either raised on a diet enhanced with astaxanthin and canthaxin or fed a basal diet without carotenoids. Males were photographed, and the location, size, and brightness of their red and orange pigment spots on the body were measured. Courtship behaviors were recorded during visual and mating trials. Males fed the carotenoid-enhanced diet had red and orange spots that averaged 2.5 times brighter, spent significantly more time near the female in visual response trials, were preferred by females in visual choice tests, and had a higher mating success than their siblings raised on the carotenoid-free diet. Diet did not affect male size, location or size of the red and orange pigment spots, or the intensity of courtship behavior. The results of this study show that females respond to environmentally-induced variation in the expression of a secondary sexual trait and that this has important consequences for male mating success. 相似文献
9.
Caroline Isaksson Tobias Uller Staffan Andersson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(4):556-562
Carotenoid pigments have attracted much interest in behavioural and evolutionary ecology because of their dual function in immune physiology and as color signals. In vertebrates, carotenoids must ultimately be obtained from the diet, and the mechanisms and magnitude of this environmental dependence are central for understanding carotenoid signal functions and evolution. In the present cross-fostering experiment with great tits Parus major, we investigate pre- and postnatal parental effects (egg yolk carotenoids, parental coloration) on nestling size and carotenoid coloration, using HPLC analysis of egg yolk carotenoids, and a reflectance-based measure of ‘chroma’ that reflects the plumage pigment concentration. Both rearing environment and origin influenced offspring size and plumage chroma. Maternal allocation of carotenoids to eggs had a weak positive effect on nestling plumage chroma, whereas we found no prenatal maternal effects (egg size or yolk carotenoid concentration) on size. Nestling plumage chroma was also significantly predicted by the chroma of the rearing father, but not by the color of the rearing mother or either of the original (genetical) parents. Thus, both prenatal maternal effects and postnatal paternal effects influence the carotenoid-based plumage coloration of nestling great tits. Future studies will reveal if parental effects have long-term consequences for plumage development and associated fitness components. 相似文献
10.
Lynn Siefferman Kristen J. Navara Geoffrey E. Hill 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(5):651-656
Egg coloration has been hypothesized to reflect female condition. Because of the proposed physiological costs associated with
deposition of biliverdin pigments and because of their conspicuousness, eggs with blue-green coloration may reliably convey
information about female or brood quality. We tested the hypothesis that expression of blue-green coloration of eastern bluebird
(Sialia sialis) eggs positively correlates to female condition. First, we documented the incidence of egg color polymorphism within the
population. We observed that 98% of females laid blue-green eggs while less than 2% laid white eggs and less than 1% laid
pink eggs. In a subset of clutches, we used full spectrum reflectance spectrometry (300–700 nm) to compare eggshell coloration
to measures of female condition. We found that the color of eggs within clutches was more similar than the color of eggs from
different clutches, and that the blue-green eggs have spectral peaks that are consistent with the characteristic absorbance
spectra of biliverdin pigmentation. Females in better body condition and older females laid more colorful eggs. Moreover,
individual females laid more colorful eggs later in the laying sequence. Overall, these data indicate that egg coloration
covaries with female condition, suggesting that egg coloration could function as a reliable signal of female quality or that
egg coloration may allow females to recognize eggs laid by conspecific brood parasites. 相似文献
11.
David L. Clark J. Andrew Roberts Meghan Rector George W. Uetz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(6):1237-1247
Animal color patterns often reflect a compromise between natural selection for crypsis or inconspicuousness to predators and
sexual selection for conspicuousness to potential mates. In leaf litter-dwelling wolf spider species like Schizocosa ocreata, body coloration often closely matches the background coloration of a generally brown environment. However, body parts used
in communication should exhibit high contrast against background coloration. We used spectral analysis to examine male and
female S. ocreata for matching and contrasting coloration against leaf litter. Values were plotted in multivariate color space, based on reflectivity
in different frequency ranges. When viewed from above, colors of both males and females overlap with values for dead brown
leaf litter and soil, suggesting cryptic coloration when viewed by potential predators. However, when viewed from a lateral
perspective, both males and females show color values that are polar opposites of litter backgrounds, suggesting higher contrast
when viewed by other spiders. Moreover, male secondary characters used in visual signaling by S. ocreata (tibia brushes) show the highest level of background contrast. These findings suggest that S. ocreata wolf spiders have color patterns that provide both crypsis and background contrast at the same time, depending on receiver
viewing perspective. 相似文献
12.
Osmo Rätti Matti Hovi Arne Lundberg Håkan Tegelström Rauno V Alatalo 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1995,37(6):419-425
The pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) is sexually dichromatic with extreme variation in male plumage coloration. The benefit for males of having black plumage is controversial, and few studies have found evidence for a sexual selection benefit of being black rather than brown. However, blacker males may be better able to achieve extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs), which may be an important component of sexual selection. We studied the role of EPFs in sexual selection in the pied flycatcher by establishing a set-up where two males with different back coloration (blacker vs browner) bred simultaneously near each other. DNA fingerprinting analysis revealed that 11% of offspring resulted from EPFs, and that 22% of broods included extra-pair young (EPY) among 36 nests containing 223 nestlings. We found no evidence that browner males suffered more often from EPFs than blacker males. There was no correlation of male or female morphology or age with EPF frequency. However, breeding pairs with low genetic similarity had EPY in their nests significantly more often. Thus we argue that females paired with genetically dissimilar males may try to avoid the effects of extreme outbreeding by seeking extra-pair copulations (EPCs). Alternatively, incompatibility between genetically dissimilar mates may simply expose females to more extra-pair copulations. 相似文献
13.
Craig F. Aumack Charles D. Amsler James B. McClintock Bill J. Baker 《Marine Biology》2011,158(8):1879-1885
Amphipods along the western Antarctic Peninsula appear to gain refuge from predators by associating with chemically defended
macroalgae rather than palatable macroalgae. However, nothing is known about amphipod activity at night. If foraging on non-chemically
defended macroalgae regularly occurs, then nocturnal foraging seems beneficial since visual predators are disadvantaged. To
test this hypothesis, we collected three common macroalgal species and affiliated mesograzers, approximately 3 h before and
after sunset. All associated mesofauna were counted and densities recorded. Amphipod densities were significantly decreased
during the night on the chemically defended Desmarestia menziesii, while significantly increased on the palatable Iridaea cordata. Additionally, the amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica was found in significantly higher densities at night on Palmaria decipiens, a species shown to be readily eaten by G. antarctica and omnivorous fish. We believe that chemically defended macroalgae act as a refuge for mesograzers during the day, while
more widespread foraging occurs at night. 相似文献
14.
R. T. Bauer 《Marine Biology》1981,64(2):141-152
Color patterns of the shallow-water shrimps Heptacarpus pictus and H. paludicola are formed by chromatosomes (usually termed chromatophores) located beneath the translucent exoskeleton. Development of color patterns is related to size (age) and sex. The color expressed is determined by the chromatosome pigment dispersion, arrangement, and density. In populations with well-developed coloration (H. pictus from Cayucos, California, 1976–1978, H. paludicola from Argyle Channel, San Juan Island, Washington, June–July, 1978), prominent coloration was a characteristic of maturing females, breeding females, and some of the larger males. In the Morro Bay, California, population of H. paludicola (sampled 1976–1978), color patterns were poorly developed except in a few large females. In both species, most shrimp lose color at night because of pigment retraction in certain chromatosomes. In both species, there are 5 basic morphs: 1 transparent and 4 colored morphs. In the colored morphs, the color patterns are composed of bands, stripes, and spots which appear to disrupt the body outline. Each color morph also has a common environmental color in its color pattern, e.g the green of green algae, the whites and pinks of dead and living coralline algae, and various shades of tidepool litter. These shrimps are apparently under heavy predation pressure by fish, and it is suggested that the color patterns are camouflage against such visually-hunting predators. 相似文献
15.
Melissa G. Meadows Nathan I. Morehouse Ronald L. Rutowski Jonathan M. Douglas Kevin J. McGraw 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(6):1317-1327
Quantification of animal colors is important to a variety of fields of research, especially those dealing with visual communication
and sexual selection. Most animal colors are easily measured using well-established spectrophotometric techniques. However,
the unique characteristics of iridescent colors present particular challenges and opportunities to quantify novel color metrics.
Due to the fine-scale angle dependence of iridescent coloration, color metrics, such as hue and brightness, must be measured
using methods that allow for repeatable comparison across individuals (e.g., by carefully controlling and measuring viewing
geometry). Here, we explain how the optical characteristics of iridescent colors should be considered when developing measurement
techniques, describe the pitfalls of some commonly used techniques, and recommend improved methods and metrics (angular degree
of color change and breadth of reflectance) for quantifying iridescent color. In particular, most studies of iridescent birds
to date have used less than ideal procedures and have not provided repeatability estimates for their methods. For example,
we demonstrate here that measuring coloration from overlapping patches of iridescent feathers may be problematic, and we argue
against methods that do not carefully control viewing geometry. We recommend measuring iridescence at maximal reflectance
angles using an apparatus that allows for sample rotation, and we compare this technique to some other commonly used methods
using iridescent gorget and crown feathers from Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Our apparatus allows for the quantification of angular color change, and we found that maximal reflectance measurements
using single feathers are highly repeatable both within feather samples and among samples within an individual. 相似文献
16.
Kevin J. McGraw Jocelyn Hudon Geoffrey E. Hill Robert S. Parker 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,57(4):391-397
Animals use several different types of pigments to acquire their colorful ornaments. Knowing the types of pigments that generate animal colors often provides valuable information about the costs of developing bright coloration as well as the benefits of using these signals in social or sexual contexts. It is often assumed that red, orange, and yellow colors in animals are derived from carotenoid pigments, when in fact there are other pigments that confer similar colors on animals. These include the pteridine pigments in a wide range of organisms, hemoglobin in blood-filled sinuses, the psittacofulvins of parrot feathers, and the phaeomelanin pigments in rufous or yellow feathers and fur. In this paper, we describe a quick and easy, two-step chemical method for field biologists to determine if their study species uses carotenoid pigments as integumentary colorants. This laboratory procedure first employs a thermochemical extraction technique, in which acidified pyridine is used under high temperature to free carotenoid pigments from tissue to produce a colorful, pigmented solution. Red, orange, or yellow tissues containing pteridines, hemoglobin, or eumelanins do not release colored pigments into heated pyridine. However, psittacofulvins, and occasionally phaeomelanins, will also solubilize using this method. Thus, a follow-up test is needed, using solvent transfer, to confirm the presence of carotenoids in animal tissues. The use of absorbance spectrophotometry on the colorful solution may also provide information about the predominant carotenoids that bestow color on your study animal. 相似文献
17.
Although evidence is accumulating on the adaptive function of female ornamentation, very little is known about maternal allocation
decisions involving sexual signaling and other reproductive functions. Blue egg coloration has been suggested as a sexually
selected signal of female quality to males, and some recent studies are in accordance with this hypothesis. Blue eggshell
coloration results from the deposition of biliverdin pigment by laying females, which is a potent antioxidant. Thus, egg pigmentation
should be costly in terms of antioxidants, an assumption of the signaling hypothesis that has not been tested yet. We induced
increased reproductive effort in a set of female pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca through nest removal and measured egg pigmentation and plasma antioxidant levels in relation with a control group. Experimental
females showed a negative association between egg color and plasma antioxidant levels, while there was no relationship for
control birds. This supports that egg pigmentation is costly in terms of general antioxidant defenses and suggests a tradeoff
between the allocations to both traits. Furthermore, experimental females with more colorful eggs raised more fledglings,
especially when breeding early. Controls did not show a relationship between egg color and reproductive success. Females laying
more colorful eggs could have shifted their allocation decisions towards current reproduction, at the expense of their own
antioxidant defenses. Our results highlight that blue egg coloration is a life-history trait, subject to tradeoffs with other
attributes, and seems to be especially informative under harsh breeding conditions. 相似文献
18.
Females across many taxa commonly use multiple or complex traits to choose mates. However, the functional significance of
multiple or complex signals remains controversial and largely unknown. Different elements of multiple or complex signals may
convey independent pieces of information about different aspects of a prospective mate (the “multiple messages” hypothesis).
Alternatively, multiple or complex signals could provide redundant information about the same aspect of a prospective mate
(the “redundant” or “back-up” signal hypothesis). We investigated these alternatives using spadefoot toads, Scaphiopus couchii. Spadefoot toads primarily use calls to attract their mates, but males also exhibit sexually dimorphic coloration. We investigated
whether male coloration is indicative of male size, condition, or infection status by a socially transmitted monogenean flatworm.
We found that male coloration and dorsal patterning predicts male size and condition but not infection status. Moreover, when
we presented females with a choice between a bright male model and a dark male model, we found that females preferred the
bright model. Because aspects of males’ calls are also associated with male size and condition, we conclude that coloration
is a potentially redundant indicator of male phenotype. We suggest that coloration could enhance mate choice in conjunction
with male calling behavior by providing females with a long distance cue that could enable them to identify prospective mates
in a noisy chorus environment where the discrimination of individual calls is often difficult. Generally, such redundant signals
may facilitate mate choice by enhancing the quality and accuracy of information females receive regarding prospective mates. 相似文献
19.
Multiple traits may either signal different characteristics of a male or be redundant. These multiple signals may convey different
messages if they are intended for different receivers (e.g., male or females) that have different interests. We examined the
functions of multiple colorful visual traits of male Schreiber’s green lizard (Lacerta schreiberi). Results showed that interindividual variation in the characteristics of coloration of males can be related to variation
in morphology, health state, dominance status, and pairing status, but that different relationships were found for each color
signal. For example, dominant males had brighter “blue” throat and with higher values of ultraviolet (UV) and bluish coloration
and darker and greenish dorsal coloration than subordinate males. Health state was also reflected in coloration; males with
a higher immune response had “blue” throats with lower amounts of UV coloration, but had “yellow” chests with higher amounts
of UV coloration. Males found guarding females also differed in coloration from males found alone. These data suggest that
characteristics of coloration of the different multiple signals may reveal different messages for different receivers, either
male or female conspecifics. The development of the different signals, based on different morphological and physiological
mechanisms and trade-offs, may allow signal reliability of multiple colorful traits in different social contexts. 相似文献
20.
Summary. Allopatric populations of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica are known to feed upon either willow (Salicaceae) or birch (Betulaceae). This study aimed to elucidate the differentiation
process of these allopatric populations. We investigated whether these allopatric populations specialized on different host
plants are still able to produce fertile offspring when interbreeding. Individuals from a population in Finland (willow specialists)
and one in the Czech Republic (birch specialists) were crossed in laboratory. Hybrid formation succeeded only between females
from the Czech, birch specialized population and males from the Finnish, willow specialized population, while no eggs were
produced by females of the willow specialists having mated males of the birch specialists. Behavioral, morphological, physiological,
and chemical features of the F1 hybrids were studied. The chemical composition of larval defensive secretion and feeding preferences of the resulting F1 hybrids mainly showed similarities with the paternal phenotype, while the area of black coloring on the offspring’s elytra
was intermediate between those of the parental elytra. F1 hybrids did not accept the host plant (birch) of their mothers for feeding and only survived on willow. Thus, since mothers
only lay eggs on birch, we found evidence for a postzygotic isolation mechanism between the individuals of the two investigated
populations: when having been mated with willow specialized Finnish males, the birch specialized Czech mothers place the hybrid
eggs on a plant species (birch), on which the hatching larvae cannot survive. 相似文献