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1.
Host specificity of mites with respect to different species of small mammals in forest ecosystems was studied. The preferences of some parasites for certain host species differed from those described previously. In some cases, most parasites preferred to feed on the species that were most numerous in a certain biogeocenosis, rather than on their specific hosts. Conversely, other species of mites fed mostly on their specific hosts, irrespective of their low abundance, thus manifesting close connections with these mammals. Two mite species, Myonyssus dubinini and M. rossicus, were found in the study region for the first time. 相似文献
2.
The need for environmental and urban planning reached a critical point in the year 2007, when one-half of the world's population
could be defined as living in cities. Urbanisation in India is also increasing at a fast rate. Urban chaos in India, emanating
from the continuous ignorance of fragile ecosystems, calls for the reshaping of existing cities as ‘eco-cities’. The ‘eco-city’—a
well-known concept in the western world—is new to the Indian context. While western connotations of eco-cities should not
be discarded outright in the context of India, core concerns vary significantly for obvious reasons. Recognising two facts—firstly,
eco-city development is altogether a fresh approach to human settlement development in India, and, secondly, the manifold
increase in the vulnerability of cities—this paper discusses documented good practice, reinforcing evolution towards the eco-city
vision. Lessons drawn from the examples cited are further deconstructed in the light of their contribution to urban risk reduction,
which provides direction to appreciating the ‘disaster-resilient eco-community’ concept in Puri, a coastal city in India.
Further, this paper attempts to unravel existing community-based practices in Puri, which are boon to the local environment
and invariably reduce disaster risk. These seemingly modest neighbourhood initiatives symbolise immense societal wealth, which
can be calibrated appropriately for reducing urban environmental risk as well. This paper also illustrates how a ‘disaster
resilient eco-community’ approach is inevitable in the present and future contexts not only to preserve sustainable development
gains but also to secure human well-being. 相似文献
3.
Sustainability science: an ecohealth perspective 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
David J. Rapport 《Sustainability Science》2007,2(1):77-84
Sustainability science is emerging as a transdisciplinary effort to come to grips with the much-needed symbiosis between human
activity and the environment. While there is recognition that conventional economic growth must yield to policies that foster
sustainable development, this has not yet occurred on any broad scale. Rather, there is clear evidence that the Earth’s ecosystems
and landscapes continue to degrade as a consequence of the cumulative impact of human activities. Taking an ecohealth approach
to sustainability science provides a unique perspective on both the goals and the means to achieve sustainability. The goals
should be the restoration of full functionality to the Earth’s ecosystems and landscapes, as measured by the key indicators
of health: resilience, organization, vitality (productivity), and the absence of ecosystem distress syndrome. The means should
be the coordinated (spatially and temporally) efforts to modify human behaviors to reduce cumulative stress impacts. Achieving
ecosystem health should become the cornerstone of sustainability policy—for healthy ecosystems are the essential precondition
for achieving sustainable livelihoods, human health, and many other societal objectives, as reflected in the Millennium Development
Goals. 相似文献
4.
Achieving sustainability by introducing alternative livelihoods 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The millennium ecosystem assessment report on global assessment of desertification has highlighted its worldwide impacts on
the environment—increasing dust storms, floods and global warming—as well as on societies and economies. It links sustainable
management of resources, and inter alia well-being of dryland populations, to reducing societal pressures on dryland ecosystems
through adoption of alternative livelihoods. This paper, in combination with a companion paper by Safriel and Adeel, presents
the conceptual underpinnings of this approach as well as examples of how innovative approaches for creating livelihoods can
help reduce the pressure on marginal drylands. Three case studies presented are based on activities undertaken within a joint
international project called sustainable management of marginal drylands. First, introduction of chicken farming to farmers
in Hunshundake Sandland in northern China has reduced the pressure on grasslands and led to a major recovery of these ecosystems.
Second, development of desert-based aquaculture, with accompanied longer-term storage of water, on the margins of the Cholistan
desert in Pakistan has provided a new source of income for the villagers. Third, development of a new income-generating activity
based on soap production from olive oil in Dana Biosphere Reserve in Jordan has demonstrated that traditional olive farming
can be linked to community-based innovation to create a new, high-demand market for goods. Working with communities to develop
new, sustainable livelihoods that reduce pressure on marginal drylands can thus be used as powerful tool for overcoming and
reversing desertification. 相似文献
5.
Simone Gingrich Karl-Heinz Erb Fridolin Krausmann Veronika Gaube Helmut Haberl 《Regional Environmental Change》2007,7(1):37-47
This article presents a comprehensive data set on Austria’s terrestrial carbon stocks from the beginnings of industrialization
in the year 1830 to the present. It is based on extensive historical and recent land use and forestry data derived from primary
sources (cadastral surveys) for the early nineteenth century, official statistics available for later parts of the nineteenth
century as well as the twentieth century, and forest inventory data covering the second half of the twentieth century. Total
carbon stocks—i.e. aboveground and belowground standing crop and soil organic carbon—are calculated for the entire period
and compared to those of potential vegetation. Results suggest that carbon stocks were roughly constant from 1830 to 1880
and have grown considerably from 1880 to 2000, implying that Austria’s vegetation has acted as a carbon sink since the late
nineteenth century. Carbon stocks increased by 20% from approximately 1.0 GtC in 1830 and 1880 to approximately 1.2 GtC in
the year 2000, a value still much lower than the amount of carbon terrestrial ecosystems are expected to contain in the absence
of land use: According to calculations presented in this article, potential vegetation would contain some 2.0 GtC or 162%
of the present terrestrial carbon stock, suggesting that the recent carbon sink results from a recovery of biota from intensive
use in the past. These findings are in line with the forest transition hypothesis which claims that forest areas are growing
in industrialized countries. Growth in forest area and rising carbon stocks per unit area of forests both contribute to the
carbon sink. We discuss the hypothesis that the carbon sink is mainly caused by the shift from area-dependent energy sources
(biomass) in agrarian societies to the largely area-independent energy system of industrial societies based above all on fossil
fuels. 相似文献
6.
J. A. Dearing R. W. Battarbee R. Dikau I. Larocque F. Oldfield 《Regional Environmental Change》2006,6(1-2):1-16
The analysis of palaeoenvironmental archives—sediments, archaeological remains, tree-rings, documents and instrumental records—is
presented as a key element in the global scientific endeavour aimed at understanding human–environment interactions at the
present day and in the future. The paper explains the need for the focus on palaeoenvironmental studies as a means of ‘learning
from the past’, and presents the rationale and structure of the IGBP-PAGES Focus 5 programme ‘Past Ecosystem Processes and
Human–Environment Interactions’. The past, as described through palaeoenvironmental studies, can yield information about pre-impact
states, trajectories of recent change, causation, complex system behaviour, and provide the basis for developing and testing
simulation models. Learning from the past in each of these epistemological categories is exemplified with published case-studies. 相似文献
7.
Analyzing different pathways by which social–ecological systems can loose resilience and enter trajectories of collapse constitutes
an important aspect of our quest towards understanding resource sustainability. This paper’s goal was to better understand
the effect of a particular class of disturbance—the accumulative effects of routine stressors—in the context of marine social–ecological
systems. To that effect, we built a system dynamics model using empirically collected institutional and biological field data
of an artisanal fishery in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Among our findings, we identified different scenarios under which
even very small endogenous changes in the relationship between ecological and institutional variables can send a seemingly
resilient system into a trajectory of collapse. We discuss why these types of disturbances are so difficult to prevent and
be identified by the users of the resource, as well as potential strategies to address these challenges. 相似文献
8.
Frank Eierdanz Joseph Alcamo Lilibeth Acosta-Michlik Dörthe Krömker Dennis Tänzler 《Regional Environmental Change》2008,8(4):197-205
This paper presents the technical aspects of a new methodology for assessing the susceptibility of society to drought. The
methodology consists of a combination of inference modelling and fuzzy logic applications. Four steps are followed: (1) model
input variables are selected—these variables reflect the main factors influencing susceptibility in a social group, population
or region, (2) fuzzification—the uncertainties of the input variables are made explicit by representing them as ‘fuzzy membership
functions’, (3) inference modelling—the input variables are used to construct a model made up of linguistic rules, and (4)
defuzzification—results from the model in linguistic form are translated into numerical form, also through the use of fuzzy
membership functions. The disadvantages and advantages of this methodology became apparent when it was applied to the assessment
of susceptibility from three disciplinary perspectives: Disadvantages include the difficulty in validating results and the
subjectivity involved with specifying fuzzy membership functions and the rules of the inference model. Advantages of the methodology
are its transparency, because all model assumptions have to be made explicit in the form of inference rules; its flexibility,
in that informal and expert knowledge can be incorporated through ‘fuzzy membership functions’ and through the rules in the
inference model; and its versatility, since numerical data can be converted to linguistic statements and vice versa through
the procedures of ‘fuzzification’ and ‘defuzzification’. 相似文献
9.
水文连通性对湖泊水资源调节、水质净化和生态安全等具有重要作用,但同时也可能带来潜在风险。因而厘清水文连通性对其生态环境的影响规律,对于开展水文连通性修复工作具有重要指导意义。基于广泛的文献调研,介绍了水文连通性的定义与内涵,分别综述了水文连通性对湖泊水文水动力、水质、水生态系统影响的研究进展。在此基础上,总结归纳了水文连通性通过改变水文水动力过程影响生态系统的路径:一是直接改变生境面积、植被格局和生物迁移繁殖特征,二是通过改变水质和沉积物特征而作用于生物的生长发育及其体内污染物累积转化过程。最后,对水文连通性变化的生态环境效应研究进行了展望:(1)加强对垂向连通性的研究以及拓展不同维度连通性耦合转化研究;(2)借助水动力-水质-水生态耦合模型研究水文连通性变化下的生态环境效应;(3)开展水文连通性的生态环境风险研究,并基于生态环境效益和社会经济效益权衡确定适宜的水文连通性。 相似文献
10.
T. I. Moiseenko 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2005,36(2):93-102
Effects of acidification on aquatic ecosystems are analyzed on the basis of an analytical synopsis of relevant data. Major active agents influencing aquatic organisms and main trends in the reorganization of microbial, phyto- and zooplanktonic, benthic, and fish communities in an acidified environment are described. A generalized concept of changes in ecosystems caused by acid precipitation and accompanying factors is formulated. These changes include the reduction of biodiversity of all structural elements due to the disappearance of species sensitive to acidification, modification of trophic structure, and decrease of fish stock.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 110–119.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Moiseenko. 相似文献
11.
Evaluation of carbon stock variation in Northern Italian soils over the last 70 years 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carbon (C) sequestration in soils is gaining increasing acceptance as a means of reducing net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. Numerous studies on the global carbon budget suggest that terrestrial ecosystems in the mid-latitudes
of the Northern Hemisphere act as a large carbon sink of atmospheric CO2. However, most of the soils of North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Eastern Europe lost a great part of
their organic carbon pool on conversion from natural to agricultural ecosystems during the explosion of pioneer agriculture,
and in Western Europe the adoption of modern agriculture after the Second World War led to a drastic reduction in soil organic
carbon content. The depletion of organic matter is often indicated as one of the main effects on soil, and the storage of
organic carbon in the soil is a means of improve the quality of soils and mitigating the effects of greenhouse gas emission.
The soil organic carbon in an area of Northern Italy over the last 70 years has been assessed In this study. The variation
of top soil organic carbon (SOC) ranged from −60.3 to +6.7%; the average reduction of SOC, caused by agriculture intensification,
was 39.3%. This process was not uniform, but related to trends in land use and agriculture change. For the area studied (1,394 km2) there was an estimated release of 5 Tg CO2-C to the atmosphere from the upper 30 cm of soil in the period 1935–1990. 相似文献
12.
The effect of fire on soil organic matter--a review 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
González-Pérez JA González-Vila FJ Almendros G Knicker H 《Environment international》2004,30(6):855-870
The extent of the soil organic carbon pool doubles that present in the atmosphere and is about two to three times greater than that accumulated in living organisms in all Earth's terrestrial ecosystems. In such a scenario, one of the several ecological and environmental impacts of fires is that biomass burning is a significant source of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Nevertheless, the oxidation of biomass is usually incomplete and a range of pyrolysis compounds and particulate organic matter (OM) in aerosols are produced simultaneously to the thermal modification of pre-existing C forms in soil. These changes lead to the evolution of the OM to "pyromorphic humus", composed by rearranged macromolecular substances of weak colloidal properties and an enhanced resistance against chemical and biological degradation. Hence the occurrence of fires in both undisturbed and agricultural ecosystems may produce long-lasting effects on soils' OM composition and dynamics. Due to the large extent of the C pool in soils, small deviations in the different C forms may also have a significant effect in the global C balance and consequently on climate change. This paper reviews the effect of forest fires on the quantity and quality of soils' OM. It is focused mainly on the most stable pool of soil C; i.e., that having a large residence time, composed of free lipids, colloidal fractions, including humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA), and other resilient forms. The main transformations exerted by fire on soil humus include the accumulation of new particulate C forms highly resistant to oxidation and biological degradation including the so-called "black carbon" (BC). Controversial environmental implications of such processes, specifically in the stabilisation of C in soil and their bearing on the global C cycle are discussed. 相似文献
13.
In safety assessments of nuclear facilities, a wide range of radioactive isotopes and their potential hazard to a large assortment of organisms and ecosystem types over long time scales need to be considered. Models used for these purposes have typically employed approaches based on generic reference organisms, stylised environments and transfer functions for biological uptake exclusively based on bioconcentration factors (BCFs). These models are of non-mechanistic nature and involve no understanding of uptake and transport processes in the environment, which is a severe limitation when assessing real ecosystems. In this paper, ecosystem models are suggested as a method to include site-specific data and to facilitate the modelling of dynamic systems. An aquatic ecosystem model for the environmental transport of radionuclides is presented and discussed. With this model, driven and constrained by site-specific carbon dynamics and three radionuclide specific mechanisms: (i) radionuclide uptake by plants, (ii) excretion by animals, and (iii) adsorption to organic surfaces, it was possible to estimate the radionuclide concentrations in all components of the modelled ecosystem with only two radionuclide specific input parameters (BCF for plants and Kd). The importance of radionuclide specific mechanisms for the exposure to organisms was examined, and probabilistic and sensitivity analyses to assess the uncertainties related to ecosystem input parameters were performed. Verification of the model suggests that this model produces analogous results to empirically derived data for more than 20 different radionuclides. 相似文献
14.
15.
The science of sustainability has inevitably emerged as a vibrant field of research and education that transcends disciplinary
boundaries and focuses increasingly on understanding the dynamics of social-ecological systems (SES). Yet, sustainability
remains an elusive concept, and its nature seems unclear for the most part. In order to truly mobilize people and nations
towards sustainability, we place emphasis on the necessity of understanding the nature, cost and principles of ‘visioneering’—the
engineering of a clear vision. In SES, purpose is the most important pillar, which gives birth to vision—the key to fulfilling
the systems’ mission. Such a systems perspective leads us to redefine resilience as jumping back to the original purpose,
for which SES do not necessarily retain the same structures and functioning after disturbances. A sustainable future will
require purpose-driven transformation of society at all scales, guided by the best foresight, with insight based on hindsight
that science can provide. Visioneering with resilience-based systems thinking will provide communities with a logical framework
for understanding their interconnections and purposes, envisioning a sustainable web of life, and eventually dancing with
the systems. 相似文献
16.
V. F. Kulesh 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2009,40(6):405-414
Biotic factors such as intraspecific competition, stocking density, and parameters of feeding have been compared with respect
to their effect on the growth and survival of monosex and mixed populations of the Oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan) in warm-water aquaculture. The results suggest that biotic factors—in the present case, social interactions and,
to some extent, the efficiency of food assimilation—may be more effective than genetic factors in controlling differences
in the size composition of the population. 相似文献
17.
Francisco D. Gurri 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(3):219-231
A longitudinal survey was applied to 499 smallholder agriculturalist households in Mexico’s southern Yucatán region to determine
whether different cultural expectations had led to the formation and coexistence of different types of human–environment interactions.
A three center cluster analysis was used, and two agricultural adaptive strategies were found to coexist: a diversified subsistence
strategy built largely by individuals who were smallholder agriculturalists in their place of origin, and one generated mostly
by non-agriculturalists who migrated to the southern Yucatán to make agriculture their business during the last agrarian reform.
Each strategy followed unique family trajectories and established distinct human–environment interactions. The findings suggest
that those who emphasize commercial agriculture have a better standard of living. Nevertheless, their improved on-farm livelihoods—judged
by material, physiological, and educational indicators—comes at the cost of higher risks to their adaptive system and adverse
environmental consequences. 相似文献
18.
László Dióssy 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(6):1135-1144
Efficient protection against global climate change requires international emission reduction measures. Before these ones are
decided, the individual states should make arrangements within their own scope of authority for preventing and mitigating
the adverse impacts of climate change already in progress as a consequence of carbon dioxide emissions done so far. In spring
2008 Hungary—among the very first ones in the international stage—passed a middle-term National Climate Change Strategy, which
determines both the national tasks in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and sectoral tasks of the adaptation to the
ongoing climate change for the period of 2008–2025. As a concrete case study we investigated the possible impacts of the regional
change in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and precipitation conditions of the Carpathian Basin on the
cultivation conditions of maize, based on the downscaled IPCC 2007 scenarios. Temperatures of each scenarios increased significantly
to basic run (1961–1990). This change suppressed the positive influence of elevated CO2 on carbon assimilation. Serious depression may be waited during extreme hot days at Keszthely, Hungary. 相似文献
19.
Any system for assessing the impact of a contaminant on the environment requires an analysis of the possible effects on the organisms and ecosystems concerned. To facilitate this, the FREDERICA radiation effects database has been developed to provide an online search of the known effects of ionising radiation on non-human species, taken from papers in the scientific peer reviewed literature. The FREDERICA radiation effects database has been produced by merging the work done on radiation effects under two European funded projects (FASSET and EPIC) and making the database available online. This paper highlights applications for the database, gaps in the available data and explains the use of quality scores to help users of the database determine which papers may benefit their research in terms of techniques and reproducibility. 相似文献
20.
Ethan D. Schoolman Jeremy S. Guest Kathleen F. Bush Andrew R. Bell 《Sustainability Science》2012,7(1):67-80
Sustainability research is expected to incorporate concepts, methods, and data from a diverse array of academic disciplines.
We investigate the extent to which sustainability research lives up to this ideal of an interdisciplinary field. Using bibliometric
data, we orient our study around the “tripartite model” of sustainability, which suggests that sustainability research should
draw from the three “pillars” of the environmental, economic, and social sciences. We ask three questions: (i) is sustainability
research truly more interdisciplinary than research generally, (ii) to what extent does research grounded in one pillar draw
on research from the other two, and (iii) if certain disciplines or pillars are more interdisciplinary than others, then what
explains this variation? Our results indicate that sustainability science, while more interdisciplinary than other scientific
fields, falls short of the expectations inherent in the tripartite model. The pillar with the fewest articles published on
sustainability—economics—is also the most integrative, while the pillar with the most articles—environmental sciences—draws
the least from outside disciplines. But interdisciplinarity comes at a cost: sustainability research in economics and the
social sciences is centered around a relatively small number of interdisciplinary journals, which may be becoming less valued
over time. These findings suggest that, if sustainability research is to live up to its interdisciplinary ideals, researchers
must be provided with greater incentives to draw from fields other than their own. 相似文献