有机负荷和进料频率对高含固厨余垃圾厌氧消化系统性能的影响

以系统降解效能和产甲烷量最大化为目标,分别考察不同有机负荷（8.93、10.71、13.39 kg·m^-3·d^-1）及进料频率（1、2、3次·d^-1）下厨余垃圾中温厌氧消化系统运行过程中甲烷产量、SCOD、氨氮、pH和挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）的变化,旨在明确系统负荷边界及进料频率对系统稳定性的影响.结果表明,系统的有机负荷存在最优值,系统累计产甲烷量随负荷的增加而升高,随后降低,有机负荷为10.71 kg·m^-3·d^-1时获得最大累计产甲烷量37.17 L,VS降解率72.58%.负荷增加系统稳定性下降甚至失稳,各物质出现积累,不利于反应的进行.增加进料频率可优化系统运行参数,显著提高系统产气和产甲烷量,进料频率较高时,运行周期内系统的甲烷产量及产率最高,分别达到45.03 L和0.738 L·g^-1,呈线性增长,增加进料频率可提高系统对氨氮的耐受能力,显著提高系统稳定性,明显改善VFA和丙酸积累问题.     

巢湖完全氨氧化细菌的丰度、群落结构及其影响因素研究

完全氨氧化过程（complete ammonia oxidation, comammox）的发现使研究者们对硝化作用和氮循环都有了新的认识.本研究选取巢湖冬夏季表层（0~10 cm）沉积物样品,运用高通量测序、实时定量PCR等分子生物学技术对comammox细菌的丰度和群落结构进行研究.结果表明：基于amoA基因的comammox细菌的丰度为（5.20±0.72）×10⁶~（4.06±1.23）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化古菌的丰度为（5.39±1.01）×10⁵~（1.60±0.18）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化细菌的丰度为（6.16±1.57）×10⁵~（4.30±0.19）×10⁶ copies·g^-1.comammox细菌的绝对丰度显著高于氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌.多样性分析表明冬季巢湖表层沉积物中的comammox细菌的物种多样性大于夏季.其中Candidatus Nitrospira nitrificans、Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa和Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度最高占比分别为78.72%、49.80%和6.28%,且夏季样点中Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度显著高于冬季样点.主坐标分析（Principle Coordinate Analysis, PcoA）结果表明,comammox细菌的群落结构具有明显的时间异质性.理化因子中,NH₄⁺和NO₃^-与comammox细菌的丰度呈负相关关系.本研究在一定程度上揭示了comammox细菌的丰度、群落组成、多样性及其与理化因子的关系.     

稻田土壤氧化亚氮产生潜势、反硝化功能基因丰度和群落结构的垂向分布

土壤中氧化亚氮（N₂O）的释放量占全球N₂O释放总量的60%.其中，稻田土壤是N₂O最主要的释放源.反硝化过程是稻田土壤N₂O生成的主要微生物过程之一.本研究选取广东韶关稻田垂向土壤（0~100 cm）为研究对象，通过乙炔抑制剂法测定了N₂O产生潜势和反硝化潜势，并利用针对特异性功能基因的实时荧光定量和高通量测序技术分别分析反硝化功能基因丰度和反硝化微生物群落结构.结果显示：0~10 cm深度的土壤样品N₂O产生潜势最高，可达（0.020±0.0035）μg·g^-1·h^-1.反硝化功能基因中，nirK基因的丰度峰值（（1.51±0.0015）×10⁸ copies·g^-1）出现在0~10 cm深度，而nosZ和nirS基因的丰度峰值（（4.29±0.0015）×10⁷ copies·g^-1和（8.86±0.0010）×10⁷ copies·g^-1）均出现在10~20 cm深度.稻田垂向土壤中N₂O产生潜势和相关的反硝化功能基因（nosZ、nirK和nirS）丰度均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低.其中在所有深度的土壤样品中nirK基因的丰度均高于nirS.基于nirK基因的高通量测序结果发现慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）的相对丰度最高（44.06%±6.14%，n=6）.相关性分析表明，稻田土壤中N₂O产生潜势与环境因子（TN、TC和含水率）、反硝化功能基因丰度以及慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium），罗河杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）和亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）的相对丰度呈正相关.上述结果表明稻田土壤中环境因子和反硝化功能基因丰度影响了N₂O产生潜势的垂向分布.     

氯代乙烯的厌氧微生物还原脱氯特性

四氯乙烯（PCE）和三氯乙烯（TCE）是地下水中典型的卤代有机化合物,严重威胁生态环境与人体健康.为获得氯代乙烯高效厌氧降解菌剂并探究其在污染地下水中的应用潜能,利用某工业污染场地的地下水,通过投喂PCE或TCE进行长期富集培养,获得了可将PCE和TCE完全脱氯成无毒乙烯的厌氧菌剂W-1.菌剂W-1的PCE和TCE脱氯速率分别是（120.1 ±4.9） μmol·（L·d）^-1和（172.4 ±21.8） μmol·（L·d）^-1.16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和qPCR结果表明,98.3 μmol PCE还原脱氯至顺-1,2-二氯乙烯（cis-1,2-DCE）时,Dehalobacter丰度从1.9%增长至57.1%,基因拷贝数每释放1 μmol Cl^-增加1.7×10⁷ copies;cis-1,2-DCE完全还原脱氯至乙烯时,Dehalococcoides丰度从1.1%增长至53.8%;PCE完全还原脱氯至乙烯过程中Dehalococcoides基因拷贝数每释放1 μmol Cl^-增加1.7×10⁸ copies.以上结果说明Dehalobacter与Dehalococcoides协同互作实现PCE完全降解解毒.当菌群W-1以TCE为电子受体时,222.8 μmol TCE完全还原脱氯至乙烯时候,Dehalococcoides丰度从（29.1 ±2.4）%增长至（77.7 ±0.2）%,基因拷贝数每释放1 μmol Cl^-增加（1.9 ±0.4）×10⁸ copies.结合PCR和Sanger测序,获得了菌剂W-1中主要脱卤菌Dehalococcoides LWT1较完整的16S rRNA基因序列,其与D. mccartyi strain 195 16S rRNA基因序列相似度达100%.将菌群W-1添加至受TCE（418.7 μmol·L^-1）污染的地下水中,28 d内实现了（69.2 ±9.8）%的TCE被完全脱毒至乙烯,TCE脱氯速率为（10.3 ±1.5） μmol·（L·d）^-1.研究成果可为PCE或TCE污染地下水开展厌氧微生物修复提供菌剂资源和理论指导.     

温度对一体式厌氧流化床膜生物反应器运行效能及微生物群落结构的影响

本研究采用一体式厌氧流化床膜生物反应器（integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor,IAFMBR）处理含苯并噻唑的高浓度合成废水,考察了温度变化（35、25和15℃）对反应器运行效能,膜污染情况和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,温度下降对反应器运行效能和膜污染情况产生不利影响.当温度从35℃下降到15℃时,COD去除率下降7.4%,苯并噻唑去除率下降49.2%,挥发酸总量上升225.66 mg·L^-1,甲烷产率（以CH₄/COD_removed计）下降0.118m³·kg^-1.膜污染周期从5.2 d下降到2.5 d.对于滤饼层而言,达到膜污染时,SMP（soluble microbial product）的质量浓度从42.47 mg·L^-1上升到70.62 mg·L^-1,EPS（extracellular polymeric substance）的含量（以VSS计）从46.30 mg·g^-1上升到82.22 mg·g^-1;对于混合液而言,SMP的质量浓度从36.46 mg·L^-1上升到69.35 mg·L^-1,EPS的含量从47.47 mg·g^-1上升到81.63 mg·g^-1.蛋白质是EPS和SMP的主要成分,约占总成分的80%.微生物群落结构表明,Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）和Chloroflexi（绿弯菌门）始终是最优势的菌门,占全部菌门相对丰度的42.6%~61.0%.随着温度的下降,优势菌属分别是Clostridium（13.7%）,Levilinea（15.2%）和Lactococus（17.9%）.产甲烷古菌的优势菌属始终是Methanosaeta.     

有机负荷调控对餐厨垃圾高温固态发酵全过程影响

为提高餐厨垃圾沼气工程能源利用效率.本试验采用全混合式连续发酵,通过调控餐厨垃圾高温厌氧发酵过程中OLR变化,探究OLR为0.7、1.2、4.4 kg·m^-3·d^-1下产气性能、pH、SCOD和VFAs等参数变化.结果表明,反应器能在0.7 kg·m^-3·d^-1下低负荷启动,此阶段产气性能较差,VFAs浓度受正丁酸含量增长缓慢上升,但仍处于低浓度范围.OLR提升至1.2 kg·m^-3·d^-1,正丁酸分解成乙酸速率加快,乙酸浓度比0.7 kg·m^-3·d^-1阶段增长17.36%,发酵液中VFAs积累导致系统酸化抑制产甲烷菌产气性能,外加碱溶液无法调控酸碱平衡.OLR为4.4 kg·m^-3·d^-1时,VFAs浓度增长趋于平稳,调节pH至6.7以上反应器稳定运行.随着产甲烷菌活性恢复,沼气产量维持在25 L·d^-1左右,VFAs浓度快速下降并稳定在19.68~21.30 g·L^-1之间.实际沼气工程可控制OLR在0.7 kg·m^-3·d^-1下启动,待发酵系统稳定运行后增加OLR至4.4 kg·m^-3·d^-1同时调节pH到6.7以上,可以达到最佳产沼气工艺.而维持OLR在1.2 kg·m^-3·d^-1更适合获得高浓度VFAs.     

城市污水处理厂进水氨氧化菌对活性污泥系统的季节性影响

为考察进水氨氧化菌（AOB）对活性污泥系统的季节性影响,对未设置初沉池的西安市第二污水处理厂中进水及活性污泥的氨氧化活性及群落结构进行长期调查分析.结果表明,进水及活性污泥的比氨氧化速率（SAUR）分别为0.48~3.02 mg·（g·h）^-1和0.68~2.25 mg·（g·h）^-1,相关性分析结果显示进水SAUR与次月活性污泥SAUR高度相关（r=0.862,P<0.05）,表明进水硝化菌对活性污泥硝化性能有显著影响.根据硝化活性计算的进水AOB对活性污泥的接种强度为0.21~0.92 g·（g·d）^-1,因此,在优化活性污泥模型及污水厂设计时,有必要考虑到进水硝化菌的迁移作用.qPCR结果显示,进水及活性污泥中AOB丰度分别为1.32×10⁸~2.36×10⁹cells·g^-1和1.12×10¹⁰~1.19×10¹⁰ cells·g^-1,而冬季活性污泥中AOB丰度虽有降低,但仍保持在10¹⁰ cells·g^-1,这说明进水硝化菌的迁移能缓解因温度降低而导致的活性污泥硝化菌丰度下降.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,进水和活性污泥中具有共同的优势AOB,分为Nitrosomonas sp.Nm58、Nitrosomonas sp.JL21和bacterium CYCU-0253.     

叶酸对厌氧氨氧化细菌脱氮性能的影响研究

考察了叶酸对厌氧氨氧化细菌对污水脱氮性能的影响,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、血红素及细胞合成等方面进行了机理分析.结果表明,在叶酸添加量分别为0.5、1.0和1.5 mg·L^-1时,均可提高厌氧氨氧化细菌的污水脱氮性能,且当叶酸浓度为1.5 mg·L^-1时,脱氮性能最好.与对照组相比,在1.5 mg·L^-1的叶酸添加量时,总氮去除率（TNRR）提高到45.3 mg·g^-1·d^-1,增加了32.1%;总EPS提高到175.9 mg·g^-1,增加了66.6%;血红素含量提高到2.35 mg·g^-1,增加了26.4%;厌氧氨氧化细菌功能基因总拷贝数提高到（2.87×10⁸±1.79×10⁷）copies·g^-1,增加了11.1%.经叶酸刺激培养后,污泥系统中的浮霉菌门相对丰度增加了3.5%,系统中占主导地位的厌氧氨氧化细菌为Candidatus Brocadia.     

基于同位素示踪和分子生物学技术对潮白河沉积物中氮还原功能特征的研究

沉积物氮还原功能对于调控和管理河流氮负荷具有重要作用.本研究选取潮白河不同区域河段表层沉积物作为研究对象,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术、16S rRNA扩增子测序和实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）技术,研究了潮白河沉积物中氮还原过程（反硝化、厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonia oxidation,anammox）和DNRA过程（dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,异化硝酸盐还原为铵））速率特征、相关功能基因丰度和微生物群落结构特征.结果表明：潮白河沉积物潜在反硝化、anammox、DNRA和N₂O释放速率分别为（25.82±0.98）~（142.32±17.06）、（0.58±0.10）~（4.51±0.78）、（2.91±0.46）~（19.59±4.15）和（-1.09±0.17）~（3.30±0.57）nmol·g^-1·h^-1（以N计,下同）.沉积物氮还原以反硝化过程为主（贡献率71.86%~91.65%）,DNRA也有较高的贡献率（7.03%~25.32%）,anammox过程贡献较小.相关分析表明,氮还原相关功能基因丰度与潮白河沉积物氮还原过程速率存在显著正相关关系,微生物群落中α-变形菌纲、硝基螺旋菌纲、疣微菌纲、脱硫杆菌门、硬壁菌门丰度与沉积物氮还原过程速率存在显著的相关关系.     

养鸡场空气微生物污染及工人呼吸暴露风险

动物养殖场是空气环境微生物污染的重要来源,然而目前关于养殖场空气中微生物污染特征的时间规律少有报道.针对以上情况,以蛋鸡场为例,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分别对养殖场空气和粪便环境中细菌分布特点及呼吸暴露展开为期80余周的研究.结果表明,空气和粪便样本中16S rRNA含量范围分别在6.08×10⁵ ~4.90×10⁶ copies·m^-3和4.27×10⁸ ~1.15×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1之间.空气中细菌浓度的平均值在冬季显著高于夏季,而生物多样性则呈现相反趋势.蛋鸡场空气与粪便中的优势细菌门均为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）.在所调查时间内,空气中前3个优势菌属的种类较为稳定,依次为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）,而粪便中优势菌属则随养殖时间的增加波动较大.空气和动物粪便中细菌和致病菌群落结构的相关性均不显著,但不同介质中两种目标微生物的含量均显著相关.粪便中细菌的气溶胶化指数随养殖时间的增加而呈上升趋势,而致病菌趋势相反.其中,瘤胃菌科torques属（[Ruminococcus]_torques_group）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）为最易发生气溶胶化的前3个致病菌属.养鸡场工人的细菌呼吸暴露具有季节性差异,其中细菌和致病菌摄入量的平均值分别为2.54×10⁷ copies·d^-1和2.87×10⁵ copies·d^-1.研究结果将为系统评估养殖场空气微生物的污染特征和潜在健康风险,对以及制定相应的职业暴露行业标准和防控措施提供科学依据.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.