城市河流水质常规评价技术研究

运用综合水质标识指数法,对我国河流水质评价面临的关键技术问题,包括水质评价方法、水质评价项目,水质级别评价,水环境功能区达标评价、水质定性评价、河流及水系整体水质比较、水质随时间和空间变化等作了明确界定,并介绍了在上海河流水质评价中的应用。     

东部河网地区某饮用水厂运行效果分析及纳滤净化

为考察我国东部河网地区饮用水水质,本文以浙江某饮用水厂为研究对象,评估了水厂现有净水工艺(混凝-沉淀-炭砂过滤)对常规水质指标、金属离子、消毒副产物(DBPs)和微量有机污染物(TrOCs)等的控制效果,并基于小试实验探究了纳滤工艺对水质的提升情况。结果表明,水厂现有工艺处理后的出水能满足国家饮用水卫生标准要求,而纳滤工艺可显著提高部分常规指标以及富里酸、蛋白质类有机物的去除效果,减少50%以上的DBPs生成量。水厂原水和滤后水中检出了22种TrOCs,其中磺胺甲恶唑、美托洛尔、磺胺噻唑、咖啡因、阿替洛尔、诺氟沙星等的纳滤去除率为62%~100%。对于经济条件较好而水源微污染风险较高的东部河网地区,可以考虑以纳滤工艺为核心进行水厂升级改造,提升饮用水水质。     

Urban Water Resources Quota Management: The Core Strategy for Water Demand Management in China

Since China has the largest population in the world, the available water resources per capita in China are very limited. With the rapid economic development that is currently occurring, the shortage of water resources at the national level has become extremely critical. How to solve the problems due to water scarcity and water pollution has received increasing attention from the Chinese government and various communities. In order to provide a sustainable development environment for 1.6 billion people in the future, the whole country has started to reform urban water resources management systems in terms of related policies, regulations, methodologies, and technologies focusing on improving the efficiency and effectiveness in water use. Urban water quota management has now become a core strategy in developing a water resources governance model for water demand management aiming at establishing a water-saving society. This paper introduces the main stages and the processes of implementing water quota management in China, analyzes the basic principles, and expounds the elements, information foundation, core module and operational model of the urban water quota management system. It has been demonstrated that urban water quota management has made some remarkable contribution not only in transforming the pattern of water mode and strengthening water management enforcement but also in integrating various management methods in saving water and preventing pollution.     

Is the Water Footprint an Appropriate Tool for Forestry and Forest Products: The Fennoscandian Case

The water footprint by the Water Footprint Network (WF) is an ambitious tool for measuring human appropriation and promoting sustainable use of fresh water. Using recent case studies and examples from water-abundant Fennoscandia, we consider whether it is an appropriate tool for evaluating the water use of forestry and forest-based products. We show that aggregating catchment level water consumption over a product life cycle does not consider fresh water as a renewable resource and is inconsistent with the principles of the hydrologic cycle. Currently, the WF assumes that all evapotranspiration (ET) from forests is a human appropriation of water although ET from managed forests in Fennoscandia is indistinguishable from that of unmanaged forests. We suggest that ET should not be included in the water footprint of rain-fed forestry and forest-based products. Tools for sustainable water management should always contextualize water use and water impacts with local water availability and environmental sensitivity.     

深圳笔架山水厂优化节水的实验研究

针对目前我国城镇需水量大、原水费用高的问题,大多数水厂通过降低自用水量的方式节约水资源。经过在笔架山水厂进行的生产性实验,优化耗水工艺的运行条件,挖潜了该水厂的节水空间,自用水量降低。优化后,全处理系统可节约水资源76.83万m3/a,耗水率由原来的2.08%下降到1.49%,同时水厂的经济效益也得到了显著提高,优化后可在原来的基础上节约运行成本近60万元/a。     

慧星试验对水体安全性分析研究

利用彗星试验检测苏南某湖泊湖心区、长江某取水口及其给水处理厂出水水样的遗传毒性,并对结果进行分析研究.结果表明,各水样均能引起DNA损伤,在丰水期致DNA损伤作用的大小顺序为给水厂出水水样＞湖泊水样＞长江取水口水样;在枯水期致DNA损伤作用的大小顺序为湖泊水样＞长江取水口水样＞给水厂出水水样.随着染毒剂量的加大,细胞损伤率增加,细胞受损的程度也在加重,并向3、4级损伤集中,呈明显的剂量-效应关系.     

关于水质采样中的质量控制措施

水质采样在水环境保护工作中发挥着非常重要的作用,对水质监测结果有着非常直接的影响。文中将探讨水质监测当中经常存在的问题,并提出一些有效的质量控制措施,进一步保证水质采样的结果。为此,笔者在文中对水质采样中的质量控制措施进行探讨,希望对促进中国水环境保护事业的发展,可以起到有利的作用。     

多水源供水管网中铁释放规律

针对水源切换而引起的水质超标现象,开展了多水源联合供水条件下管网中铁释放规律的研究。分析了北方某城市2种水源(滦河水和长江水)的水质特点,利用实验模拟反应器分别研究了水源完全置换和供水分界线处水源混合区域的铁释放规律。结果表明,多水源供水管网的铁释放速率与水源水质密切相关,特别是水中含高浓度SO2-4和氯化物时会加快铁的释放。不同水源之间的频繁切换会破坏管垢表面的钝化层,使铁释放速率迅速变化,随后会有所缓解,但新的平衡的形成需要较长时间。供水分界线处的水源混合区域,由于水质的不断变化造成管垢表面很难形成稳定的钝化层,铁释放速率持续偏高,只有当长江水所占比例高达75%以上时才能得到抑制。     

城市湿地景观水体富营养化评价、机理及治理

针对再生水回用的景观水体容易发生富营养化的问题,分别以再生水和径流雨水为主要补水水源的某城市湿地不同区域景观水体为研究对象,通过水体TN、TP、COD、SS、Chla、DO等水质指标检测分析,研究了污染物的空间变化和季节变化规律,评价了湿地水体富营养化程度并探讨其机理。结果表明,以再生水为主要补水水源的湿地水体全部呈现中度富营养,而以径流雨水为主要补水水源的湿地水体则整体呈现中营养。湿地生态系统对再生水输入的高浓度氮磷污染物有一定的净化效果,但净化效率有限且受季节因素影响明显,藻类的季节性增殖引起水体中TN、TP浓度降低、SS降低、透明度下降和COD浓度升高,高浓度氮磷营养盐输入是湿地水体藻类增殖并呈现富营养化的主要原因。提出了再生水补水的水质和水量控制、景观水体健康生态系统的构建和水体长期的维护管理是综合治理水体富营养化的有效对策。     

Household water insecurity and its cultural dimensions: preliminary results from Newtok,Alaska

Using a relational approach, I examine several cultural dimensions involved in household water access and use in Newtok, Alaska. I describe the patterns that emerge around domestic water access and use, as well as the subjective lived experiences of water insecurity including risk perceptions, and the daily work and hydro-social relationships involved in accessing water from various sources. I found that Newtok residents haul water in limited amounts from a multitude of sources, both treated and untreated, throughout the year. Household water access is tied to hydro-social relationships predicated on sharing and reciprocity, particularly when the primary treated water access point is unavailable. Older boys and young men are primarily responsible for hauling water, and this role appears to be important to male Yupik identity. Many interviewees described preferring to drink untreated water, a practice that appears related to cultural constructions of natural water sources as pure and self-purifying, as well as concerns about the safety of treated water. Concerns related to the health consequences of low water access appear to differ by gender and age, with women and elders expressing greater concern than men. These preliminary results point to the importance of understanding the cultural dimensions involved in household water access and use. I argue that institutional responses to water insecurity need to incorporate such cultural dimensions into solutions aimed at increasing household access to and use of water.     

万家寨引黄北干线桑干河道输水水质模拟与控制

主要对采用河道输水方案的山西万家寨引黄北干线桑干河道水质进行模拟与控制研究,依据各水体特性建立河流水质数值模型和水库数值模型,运用系统分解方法将整个研究河道分解为若干个河段,并采用情景分析方法生成3个水质模拟情景,分析模拟结果表明,在山阴取水口和怀仁取水口水质达地表水Ⅲ类标准条件下,册田水库的入水水质不达标。应用反演思想生成2个水质控制情景和3个子情景,在水库出水口水质达标的情况下,分析确定沿河各排污口的污染物排放控制量,给出了保证册田水库水质安全的控制方法。     

净水厂滤池反冲洗水回用的贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的泄漏问题研究

采用美国EPA1623方法,研究滤池反冲洗水回用的贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫泄漏问题.通过检测某水厂原水、出厂水和滤池反冲洗水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫数量,表明该厂水源未受到贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染,但输送过程易造成水质的污染.滤池反冲洗水中只检出贾第鞭毛虫,出厂水中未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫,说明该厂滤池反冲洗水直接回用未造成"两虫"泄漏问题.     

Water resources vulnerability assessment in the Adriatic Sea region: the case of Corfu Island

Cross-border water resources management and protection is a complicated task to achieve, lacking a common methodological framework. Especially in the Adriatic region, water used for drinking water supply purposes pass from many different countries, turning its management into a hard task to achieve. During the DRINKADRIA project, a common methodological framework has been developed, for efficient and effective cross-border water supply and resources management, taking into consideration different resources types (surface and groundwater) emphasizing in drinking water supply intake. The common methodology for water resources management is based on four pillars: climate characteristics and climate change, water resources availability, quality, and security. The present paper assesses both present and future vulnerability of water resources in the Adriatic region, with special focus on Corfu Island, Greece. The results showed that climate change is expected to impact negatively on water resources availability while at the same time, water demand is expected to increase. Water quality problems will be intensified especially due to land use changes and salt water intrusion. The analysis identified areas where water resources are more vulnerable, allowing decision makers develop management strategies.     

基于水质污染风险识别的人工湖需水研究

人工湖需水量是指维持湖区水量平衡、满足人工湖水质目标的供水量,人工湖需水量确定是人工湖水体工程设计的主要内容之一。以上虞滨海新城建设的人工湖为例,分析了人工湖建成后的可能污染源,采用TP质量守恒模型,预测了不同生活污水截污率、生态措施作用前后的人工湖需水量及水质要求。结果表明,当生活污水截污率为100%时,若供水TP≤0.10mg/L,则人工湖需水量为240万t/a;当生活污水截污率为95%时,若供水TP=0.05mg/L,不考虑生态措施作用,则人工湖需水量为1 600万t/a;当生活污水截污率为95%时,若供水TP=0.05mg/L,在生态措施作用下人工湖需水量为730万t/a。     

Evolution of China’s water issues as framed in Chinese mainstream newspaper

There is an urgent need globally to trigger fundamental societal changes in water management away from existing unsustainable paradigms. This paper attempts to understand the evolution of newspaper coverage of water issues in China by analyzing water-related articles in a major national newspaper, the People’s Daily, over the period 1946–2012 using a content analysis approach. The major findings include the following: (1) water issues were in relatively prominent positions in the newspaper; (2) the reporting of water issues in China experienced three stages: 1946 to the middle of 1980s—flood and drought control and water for food production, the middle of 1980s to 1997—water for economic development, and 1998 to the present—water for the environmental sustainability and economic development; (3) the reporting of water issues in the People’s Daily clearly reflected China’s top-down water resources management system, and no “real” public opinions on water were reported during the study period; and (4) the People’s Daily is just a wind vane of Chinese mainstream values and policies on water. The findings supported the realist assumption that the societal value changes on water issues in China were triggered by a range of factors including biophysical pressure (floods and droughts), political campaign (the Cultural Revolution), macro-economic reform (Reform and Opening-up), water institutional arrangement (the Water Law), and water management reform (the No. 1 Central Document on water reform). While there are similarities and differences between this study and other studies, important implications for more sustainable water management are a need to strengthen academic specialists’ and NGO’s voices in the newspaper to create a better informed public, and to stimulate practices toward sustainable water use.     

Global Urban Growth and the Geography of Water Availability,Quality, and Delivery

Globally, urban growth will add 1.5 billion people to cities by 2030, making the difficult task of urban water provisions even more challenging. In this article, we develop a conceptual framework of urban water provision as composed of three axes: water availability, water quality, and water delivery. For each axis, we calculate quantitative proxy measures for all cities with more than 50,000 residents, and then briefly discuss the strategies cities are using in response if they are deficient on one of the axes. We show that 523 million people are in cities where water availability may be an issue, 890 million people are in cities where water quality may be an issue, and 1.3 billion people are in cities where water delivery may be an issue. Tapping into groundwater is a widespread response, regardless of the management challenge, with many cities unsustainably using this resource. The strategies used by cities deficient on the water delivery axis are different than for cities deficient on the water quantity or water quality axis, as lack of financial resources pushes cities toward a different and potentially less effective set of strategies.     

基于无人机高光谱和BP神经网络的城市水体污染监测

我国大多数流域存在不同程度的水体污染,城市水体污染防治与监测是一项艰巨而漫长的任务,而传统水质监测和卫星遥感方法在水体面积较大、水流运动不稳定、周边地形复杂的河流或城市湖泊的水质监测表现为适用性差、准确度低。基于无人机的高光谱遥感技术具有覆盖范围广、数据获取快速等特点,对城市水体污染监测具有一定的应用价值。以珠海市城市水域为研究对象、无人机高光谱数据为数据源,利用线性回归模型和BP (Back Propagation) 神经网络模型方法,分别建立了波段组合反射率与水体叶绿素a、氨氮和磷酸盐3种水质指标之间的最优反演模型,并通过实际样品验证了该模型在城市水体中的适用性。该研究结果不仅为大数据驱动的水质分析提供了重要的技术支持,也为无人机技术应用于城市水体污染程度评价和动态监测提供新方法。     

不同再生水处理工艺出水水质回用途径适应性分析

为分析典型再生水处理工艺出水的回用途径适应性,采用标准指数法评价了4座不同处理工艺的再生水厂出水质量,为再生水处理工艺选择和安全回用提供参考。结果表明,4种再生水处理工艺出水用于市政杂用水时基本是安全的;除反渗透(RO)工艺外,其他工艺出水回用于景观环境用水时都存在氮磷指标超标问题;膜处理工艺的出水可以满足工业用水标准,但是常规絮凝过滤工艺出水用作工业用水应注意氮磷等指标的进一步处理;各种再生水处理工艺出水质量均不能满足地下水回灌用水标准,主要是氨氮和环境激素DBP超标问题,用作地下水回灌用水时存在一定的环境风险。     

Controlling residential water demand in Qatar: an assessment

Qatar has serious water resource problems, following rapid socioeconomic development and massive population increase. Municipal water provision depends on costly and unsustainable desalination. There is little regulation. Native Qataris do not pay a water tariff and migrants pay a subsidized price--approximately one third of the cost of production--so there is little awareness of the true cost of water and use is profligate. This paper discusses trends in water use and identifies issues underlying sustainable water use in Qatar. A questionnaire of respondents chosen to represent Qatari social groups measured awareness and attitudes to water. The results show that previous efforts to control water demand in Qatar, using awareness campaigns, legal restrictions and tariffs, have been ineffectual. The questionnaire evaluated reactions to possible measures to limit uses by raising awareness, using legal restrictions and raising tariffs. From this, a number of policy changes can be suggested, to bring Qatar's water industry towards sustainability.     

饮用水中石棉纤维的检测方法

石棉纤维是A类致癌物质,一旦进入水体会造成污染和健康危害,但检测方法的缺失限制了我国饮用水中石棉的检测监督及污染控制。在实验基础上,提出将待测水样经过一定处理后,采用显微红外光谱仪结合特征光谱进行定性鉴别,利用相差显微镜进行定量分析的方法。结果表明,该方法能够快速鉴别饮用水中的石棉纤维且定量检测精密度达10%~21%,是一种简便有效的石棉纤维检测手段,为我国饮用水中石棉的检测提供参考。