上海市青浦区农业非点源污染的流域分配研究

根据遥感技术得到的土地利用类型、河网、道路、圩区等信息,结合地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能,建立了在多种空间因素影响下确定农业非点源污染负荷的流域分配方法。在此基础上,以上海市青浦区为例,得到了该区各河段中的污染负荷量．从而为寻求流域内合理的土地利用模式和农业非点源污染排放总量的控制方法提供决策依据。     

Nitrate runoff loss and source apportionment in a typical subtropical agricultural watershed

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nitrate (NO3?) loss and enrichment in water bodies caused by fertilization are a major environmental problem in agricultural areas. However, the...     

我国水源污染事故风险点定量识别方法

水源事故的频发会对城市供水系统产生威胁,有必要针对供水系统风险进行评估和防控。针对水源事故频发及高发因素定量甄别研究,筛选统计了国内近20年来1 900多起水质突发事故案例,梳理了触发水源水质污染的多种因素,通过构建水源水质安全事故树和贝叶斯网络进行了相互验证分析。结果表明：我国水源污染事故主要因素贡献为依次突然排放(0.466)、污染长期累积(0.242)、交通事故(0.109)等;采用贝叶斯网络计算进行验证,其结果与事故树方法一致性较好。该方法有助于水源污染防控工作中风险点甄别和排序,可为我国饮用水安全保障水平的提升提供支撑。     

非点源污染负荷估算方法研究进展及对北京市的应用

非点源污染是目前影响北京市水环境质量的主要污染源之一,对国内外水环境非点源污染负荷估算方法的研究进展及应用情况进行了总结和分析,介绍了污染负荷当量法、径流分割法、经验相关关系法等经验统计方法,并重点对SWMM模型、输出系数模型等模型估算方法的原理、特点及对北京市的应用情况进行了概括分析。     

Ecological treatment technology for agricultural non-point source pollution in remote rural areas of China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Agricultural non-point source pollution is one of the important reasons for rural water pollution, and it is also an important source of water...     

Denitrification controls in urban riparian soils: implications for reducing urban nonpoint source nitrogen pollution

The purpose of this research was to thoroughly analyze the influences of environmental factors on denitrification processes in urban riparian soils. Besides, the study was also carried out to identify whether the denitrification processes in urban riparian soils could control nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in urban areas. The denitrification rates (DR) over 1 year were measured using an acetylene inhibition technique during the incubation of intact soil cores from six urban riparian sites, which could be divided into three types according to their vegetation. The soil samples were analyzed to determine the soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), C/N ratio, extractable NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N, pH value, soil water content (SWC), and the soil nitrification potential to evaluate which of these factors determined the final outcome of denitrification. A nitrate amendment experiment further indicated that the riparian DR was responsive to added nitrate. Although the DRs were very low (0.099?~?33.23 ng N₂O-N g^?1 h^?1) due to the small amount of nitrogen moving into the urban riparian zone, the spatial and temporal patterns of denitrification differed significantly. The extractable NO₃ ^?-N proved to be the dominant factor influencing the spatial distribution of denitrification, whereas the soil temperature was a determinant of the seasonal DR variation. The six riparian sites could also be divided into two types (a nitrate-abundant and a nitrate-stressed riparian system) according to the soil NO₃ ^?-N concentration. The DR in nitrate-abundant riparian systems was significantly higher than that in the nitrate-stressed riparian systems. The DR in riparian zones that were covered with bushes and had adjacent cropland was higher than in grass-covered riparian sites. Furthermore, the riparian DR decreased with soil depth, which was mainly attributed to the concentrated nitrate in surface soils. The DR was not associated with the SOC, STN, C/N ratio, and pH. Nitrate supply and temperature finally decided the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of urban riparian denitrification. Considering both the low DR of existing riparian soils and the significance of nonpoint source nitrogen pollution, the substantial denitrification potential of urban riparian soils should be utilized to reduce nitrogen pollution using proper engineering measures that would collect the polluted urban rainfall runoff and make it flow through the riparian zones.     

缓冲带在农业非点源污染防治中的应用

论述了缓冲带防治非点源污染的机理和效果，分析了影响缓冲带功能的各个因素。缓冲带能有效地控制土壤与土壤养分的流失，其建设与管理在整个生态环境建设中具有重要地位，目前国内外的研究主要集中于缓冲带对径流中营养物质氮和磷的吸收上，对较大区域环境水质影响的研究不曾多见。为达到防治非点源污染的更好效果，应对缓冲带的设计及各种缓冲带合理配置与布局作更深入的研究，并要与水土保持措施相结合。     

Urban nonpoint source pollution buildup and washoff models for simulating storm runoff quality in the Los Angeles County

Many urban nonpoint source pollution models utilize pollutant buildup and washoff functions to simulate storm runoff quality of urban catchments. In this paper, two urban pollutant washoff load models are derived using pollutant buildup and washoff functions. The first model assumes that there is no residual pollutant after a storm event while the second one assumes that there is always residual pollutant after each storm event. The developed models are calibrated and verified with observed data from an urban catchment in the Los Angeles County. The application results show that the developed model with consideration of residual pollutant is more capable of simulating nonpoint source pollution from urban storm runoff than that without consideration of residual pollutant. For the study area, residual pollutant should be considered in pollutant buildup and washoff functions for simulating urban nonpoint source pollution when the total runoff volume is less than 30 mm.     

Effects of the spatial resolution of urban drainage data on nonpoint source pollution prediction

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Detailed urban drainage data are important for urban nonpoint source (NPS) pollution prediction. However, the difficulties in collecting complete...     

红壤丘陵区典型小流域不同下垫面非点源磷输出特征

深入了解不同下垫面非点源污染物的输出特征是小流域综合治理的前提之一.以红壤丘陵地区的典型小流域为例,实地对比观测了降雨条件下林地、农业种植用地(园地和耕地)和建设用地(村镇道路和屋顶)的主要下垫面非点源磷污染物输出过程后发现,典型降雨事件中5种主要下垫面总磷(TP)的场降雨平均浓度为:耕地(0.75 mg.L-1)＞园...     

Quantifying groundwater phosphorus flux to rivers in a typical agricultural watershed in eastern China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Increasing evidence indicates that groundwater can contain high dissolved phosphorus (P) concentrations, thereby contributing as a potential pollution...     

苕溪流域典型区域重金属污染特征

从苕溪流域景观单元角度研究重金属污染特征,因人类活动是重金属污染的主要来源,所以在苕溪流域内选择采集典型工业区、农业区和城镇生活区附近河道的沉积物,分析各典型区域重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg、Cu和Zn的含量特征,并用潜在生态危害指数法评价。结果表明,按照《土壤环境质量标准》,苕溪流域典型工业区主要是Hg、Cu和As的污染,典型农业区和城镇生活区主要是Hg的污染。各元素间的相关性分析表明,在工业区:Zn-As、Zn-Pb和As-Pb之间存在相关关系,说明它们的同源性很高。在农业区:Cu-As、Cu-Cd之间存在显著相关关系,其来源有可能相似。在城镇生活区Zn-As、Zn-Cd之间存在很高的相关性,说明它们有很高的同源性。由多种重金属潜在潜在生态风险评价结果可知:苕溪流域典型工业区、城镇区和农业区的沉积物处于低潜在生态风险。     

Distributed,high-resolution modelling of critical source areas for erosion and phosphorus losses

Phosphorus losses from arable land need to be reduced to prevent eutrophication of surrounding waters. Owing to the high spatial variability of P losses, cost-effective countermeasures need to target parts of the catchment that are most susceptible to P losses. Field surveys identified critical source areas for overland flow and erosion amounting to only 0.4–2.6 % of total arable land in four different catchments in southern Sweden. Distributed modelling using high-resolution digital elevation data identified 72–96 % of these observed erosion and overland flow features. The modelling results were also successfully used to predict occurrence of overland flow and rill and gully erosion in a catchment in central Sweden. Such exact high-resolution modelling allows for accurate placement of planned countermeasures. However, current legislative and environmental subsidy programmes need to change their approach from income-loss compensation to rewarding high cost effectiveness of implemented countermeasures.     

城市面源污染治理中的公众参与现状与对策探讨

中国的城市面源污染控制在工程措施与管理制度方面均起步较晚,污染造成的危害日渐严重.结合对某城市居民进行的城市面源污染的认知和参与意识的问卷调查结果,分析了目前中国城市面源污染控制中公众参与的现状和存在的问题,公众意识薄弱、政府的参与机制不健全是导致城市面源污染控制水平低下的重要原因.为此,有关部门要提高宣传教育的效率,...     

Spatial distribution and source apportionment of water pollution in different administrative zones of Wen-Rui-Tang (WRT) river watershed, China

Water quality degradation in river systems has caused great concerns all over the world. Identifying the spatial distribution and sources of water pollutants is the very first step for efficient water quality management. A set of water samples collected bimonthly at 12 monitoring sites in 2009 and 2010 were analyzed to determine the spatial distribution of critical parameters and to apportion the sources of pollutants in Wen-Rui-Tang (WRT) river watershed, near the East China Sea. The 12 monitoring sites were divided into three administrative zones of urban, suburban, and rural zones considering differences in land use and population density. Multivariate statistical methods [one-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA), and absolute principal component score—multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) methods] were used to investigate the spatial distribution of water quality and to apportion the pollution sources. Results showed that most water quality parameters had no significant difference between the urban and suburban zones, whereas these two zones showed worse water quality than the rural zone. Based on PCA and APCS-MLR analysis, urban domestic sewage and commercial/service pollution, suburban domestic sewage along with fluorine point source pollution, and agricultural nonpoint source pollution with rural domestic sewage pollution were identified to the main pollution sources in urban, suburban, and rural zones, respectively. Understanding the water pollution characteristics of different administrative zones could put insights into effective water management policy-making especially in the area across various administrative zones.     

Spatiotemporal variations of dissolved organic matter in a typical multi-source watershed in northern China: a fluorescent evidence

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The amount of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a multi-source watershed is important for complete management and assessing the river basin’s...     

GIS-based source identification and apportionment of diffuse water pollution: perfluorinated compound pollution in the Tokyo Bay basin

To efficiently reduce perfluorinated compound (PFC) pollution, it is important to have an understanding of PFC sources and their contribution to the pollution. In this study, source identification of diffuse water pollution by PFCs was conducted using a GIS-based approach. Major components of the source identification were collection of the monitoring data and preparation of the corresponding geographic information that was extracted from a constructed GIS database. The spatially distributed pollution factors were then explored by multiple linear regression analysis, after which they were visually expressed using GIS. Among the 35 PFC homologues measured in a survey of the Tokyo Bay basin, 18 homologues were analyzed. Pollution by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was explained well by the percentage of arterial traffic area in the basin, and the 84% variance of the measured PFOS concentration was explained by two geographic variables, arterial traffic area and population. Source apportionment between point and nonpoint sources was conducted based on the results of the analysis. The contribution of PFOS from nonpoint sources was comparable to that from point sources in several major rivers flowing into Tokyo Bay. Source identification and apportionment using the GIS-based approach was shown to be effective, especially for ubiquitous types of pollution, such as PFC pollution.     

Heavy metals in soils from a typical industrial area in Sichuan,China: spatial distribution,source identification,and ecological risk assessment

Anthropogenic activities could result in increasing concentrations of heavy metals in soil and deteriorating in soil environmental quality. Topsoil samples from a typical industrial area, Shiting River Valley, Sichuan, Southwest China, were collected and determined for the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg. The mean concentrations of these metals were lower than the national threshold values, but were slightly higher than their corresponding background values, indicating enrichment of these metals in soils in the valley, especially for Cu, Zn, and Hg. The topsoils in this area demonstrated moderate pollution and low potential ecological risk. Principal component analysis coupled with cluster analysis was applied to analyze the data and identified possible sources of these heavy metals; the results showed that soil Cd, Hg, As, Cu, and Zn were predominantly controlled by human activities, whereas Cr was mainly from the parent material. The spatial distribution of the heavy metals varied distinctly and was closely correlated to local anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, the concentrations of heavy metals in the industrial land demonstrated relatively higher levels than those of other land use patterns. Soil metal concentrations decreased with the distance increase from the traffic highway (0–1.0 km) and water system (0–2.0 km). Additionally, soil properties, especially pH and soil organic matter, were found to be important factors in the distribution and composition of metals.     

基于种植结构改进的SWAT模型模拟乌梁素海流域面源污染负荷

乌梁素海是黄河流域最大的湖泊湿地,其地处河套灌区,是灌区排水的承泄湖。多年来面临着严重的水生态系统功能退化、水环境污染等问题,而改善和治理湖泊水环境的基础是要厘清乌梁素海流域灌区退水导致的农业面源污染负荷问题。基于无人机获取的高分辨照片与遥感影像和地面实测数据相结合所获取的精准种植结构数据可作为SWAT模型输入的土地利用数据,以确保对农业面源污染迁移转化过程的模拟更接近真实情况。结果表明,基于作物种植结构数据对流域径流模拟精确度较高,率定期R²为0.74,NES为0.81,验证期R²为0.78,NES为0.67。TN和TP在2010—2020年间整体呈逐渐下降的趋势。季节分析发现,TN和TP均表现为春季负荷量较高。空间分布表明,乌梁素海流域总氮年均负荷量在南部的河套灌区较高,北部草原区较低,在流域东部番茄、瓜果、甜菜等经济作物集中分布的区域,TN负荷量为30~45 t·a⁻¹;总磷污染物负荷量的空间分布与总氮基本一致,主要分布在以玉米和葵花为主的子流域,TP年均总输出量均超过10 t·a⁻¹。本研究结果可为乌梁素海流域面源污染治理及种植结构调整提供参考。     

浦阳江流域(浦江县段)面源污染模型估算及河流生态缓冲带重点区域识别

以浦阳江流域(浦江县段)为研究区,从流域面源污染空间特征入手,提出浦阳江流域岸边带建设的重点区域。采用DPeRS面源污染负荷估算模型,具体分析了2018年浦阳江流域面源污染负荷空间分布特征,并采用面向对象方法提取了岸线和河流生态缓冲带土地覆盖类型,以汇水区为单元,结合面源污染估算结果识别了浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带重点区。结果表明：浦阳江流域中部和中北部地区面源污染排放负荷较高,面源污染入河负荷高值区主要集中于中下游地区;该流域31个汇水区中,TN和NH₄⁺-N重点汇水区有17个,主要分布在流域的中部和东北部;TP和COD重点汇水区有12个,集中分布于流域中部;浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带范围内,植被类型和非植被类型面积占比分别为65.49%和34.51%,其中耕地面积占比29.36%,建筑用地占比11.89%;综合浦阳江流域面源污染重点汇水区和河流生态缓冲带现状遥感提取结果,筛选出的重点区包括下游地区的7号汇水区和中游地区的18~25号汇水区所在的河流生态缓冲带。今后,可针对其重点区域设计生态防护工程,也应结合源头减量、过程拦截、末端消纳与资源循环利用的防控策略,综合削减面源污染物入河量。