基于GIS的城市公共安全应急决策支持系统的研究

以地理信息系统(GIS)为平台,集成决策支持系统(DSS),研究开发了"基于GIS的城市公共安全应急决策支持系统".该系统包括基础信息子系统、灾害信息子系统、危险源管理子系统、火灾分析子系统、洪灾分析子系统、地震分析子系统、风灾分析子系统、公共安全规划子系统、应急决策子系统和系统总控模块等.剖析了当前城市公共安全决策模式的弊端,介绍了该系统的结构框架和各子系统的功能,提出了一种快速、高效构建城市基础空间数据库的技术方案,并探讨了该系统与城市公共安全体制的融合机制问题.实践证明,在对城市可视化与数字化的基础上,该系统能够实现城市灾害信息的科学管理,各种灾害分析模拟,公共安全规划以及应急决策支持,从而有效提高突发性城市公共安全应急的效率和响应速度,为城市公共安全的应急工作提供了有效的辅助手段.     

城市物流系统安全规划的战略思考

从系统安全角度来理解城市物流系统安全规划的深刻含义,分析了城市物流系统安全规划与区域规划、城市总体规划、土地利用规划间的关系,提出了安全规划制定和实施的原则,研究了城市物流系统安全规划编制内容及程序,为有关机构对城市物流系统进行安全规划、安全决策及安全管理提供科学依据.     

城市公共安全应急决策支持系统研究

针对合肥市公共安全应急决策需求,围绕火灾、爆炸与毒气泄漏等突发重大事故,研究灾害事故监测技术、模拟预测方法,集成Internet、GIS、无线数据传输、无线通讯等信息化技术,以分布式的形式整合各独立系统,构建应急管理与决策系统平台.选择安徽氯碱化工集团、西气东输合肥市天然气门站以及安徽乐普生商业中心三个特色功能区,采用高速网络、可视化视频电话系统和远程无线视频监控等技术,组建了合肥市公共安全应急示范系统.实践表明,在城市可视化与数字化的基础上,该系统能够实现城市灾害信息的科学管理,实现各种灾害的分析模拟、公共安全规划以及应急决策支持,从而有效提高突发性城市公共安全应急的效率和响应速度,为城市公共安全的应急工作提供了有效的辅助手段.     

数字化技术在城市治理领域的应用研究

在城市"数智化"建设过程中,大数据、人工智能、物联网、5G通信技术等数字化技术为城市的规划、建设、管理和服务提供了技术支撑和创新性的解决方案.本文从数字化技术在城市治理领域的作用和如何面向城市治理的实际要求构建数据治理体系的角度阐述了过程中心作用相关技术为城市治理带来的推动作用,以及在促使城市治理模式向精细化、数字化、精准化转变过程中的作用.     

复杂系统视角下建筑垃圾治理系统协同度评价

为了提高建筑垃圾的协同治理水平,减少建筑垃圾对社会和生态环境的影响。基于复杂系统理论,将建筑垃圾治理系统分为3个子系统,运用文献梳理和实地调研相结合的方法筛选各子系统的序参量,以复杂系统协同度模型为基础构建建筑垃圾治理系统协同度评价模型,对西安市、青岛市、成都市和深圳市建筑垃圾治理系统协同度进行了实证分析,结果表明4市建筑垃圾治理系统协同度不高且差异较大,政府在建筑垃圾治理系统中处于主导地位,提高企业和社会参与建筑垃圾治理的积极性,有助于建筑垃圾治理系统协同度的提升,测度结果与现实情况相类似。准确的测度建筑垃圾治理系统的协同状态可以为政府制定相关政策提供理论依据,提高建筑垃圾协同治理效率。     

北京市城市生活垃圾组分预测

研究了北京市1991-1999年城市生活垃圾组分及变化特点.发现食品的含量最大,其次是塑料和纸类.以20世纪90年代生活垃圾产量和组分数据为基础,建立了生活垃圾组分人工神经网络预测模型.以预测的生活垃圾产量为输入值,分别对6个不同区域2001年、2005年、2008年与2010年的生活垃圾组分进行了预测,并用类比法进行了修正.考虑到由于城市发展规划不同区域生活垃圾比例变化情况,最终计算出全市生活垃圾组分变化.结果表明,在未来几年内北京市城市生活垃圾组分中,食品含量较高,但其比例逐年下降,纸类与塑料垃圾有增加,灰土所占比例减少.     

高含硫油气矿安全管理与应急系统研究

为了使高含硫油气矿的安全管理与应急更直观高效,通过研究地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析技术、事故演化动态过程模拟等技术,基于应急过程驱动,开发了高含硫油气矿安全管理与应急系统.该系统主要研究高含硫油气矿的安全管理以及井喷事故应急处置流程的数字化,包括井喷风险分级管理、公众防护、事故后果预测模拟、人员疏散以及应急辅助决策等功能.研究表明,该系统能为高含硫油气矿安全管理和应急决策提供重要手段.     

基于三维GIS的油罐区应急管理平台研究与实现

分析油罐区危险特性和事故模式,将三维GIS系统、日常管理、监控预警、应急指挥与辅助决策等功能进行集成,建立基于三维GIS的油罐区一体化应急管理平台。该平台利用数据融合技术,将液位、可燃气体、温度等多参数进行了融合,提高了报警可靠性。同时构建了DEA-BP应急资源配置模型,结合罐区事故类型,实现了罐区重大事故应急资源的优化配置。平台还提供数字化预案和三维应急演练,为油罐区员工提高应急安全技能提供了培训环境。     

基于分数阶GM(1,N)模型的深圳市生活垃圾产生量预测

城市生活垃圾的处理关乎城市环境卫生治理大局。针对人口、经济、消费结构和环保投入等要素对城市生活垃圾构成的复杂系统预测问题,选取深圳市2012—2019年生活垃圾产生量及9个相关因素数据进行灰色关联分析,筛选出灰色关联度较大的食品消费、人均支配收入、年底常住人口和衣着消费共4个因素作为因变量建立FGM(1, 5)模型,利用智能优化算法寻找出FGM(1, 5)模型的最优阶r为0.531 0,并与经典灰色模型的模拟结果对比,结果表明FGM(1, 5)模型模拟精度较高,预测性能较好。最后利用FGM(1, 5)模型预测深圳市2020—2025年的生活垃圾产生量,期望能为未来城市生活垃圾产生量的系统分析、预测以及环境保护政策的制定提供依据。     

燃气安全监控网络的开发与应用

实时有效的监控手段是城市燃气安全管理中非常重要的环节。为实现实时有效的监控,提出了将管网节点定位、信息传输和传感器技术应用到燃气安全监控网络中,对城市燃气管网数据进行实时监测。文章介绍了地理信息系统(GIS)、数据传输和传感器原理与应用等技术,构建基于地理信息系统的城市燃气监控网络,搭建网络平台,有效提高了城市燃气安全监控技术自动化、信息化水平,为快速决策、及时抢修打下坚实基础。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。