叶绿素a含量对高锰酸盐指数测值影响初探

浮游植物在光合作用下产生大量有机物，使高锰酸盐指数的测定值精密度受到干扰，导致叶绿素ａ值与高锰酸盐指数值之间有良好的线性关系。因而可以通过测定叶绿素ａ值来确定高锰酸盐指数值在测定中的取样稀释倍数     

臭氧-生物活性炭对有机物分子量分布的影响

测定了南方某水厂中试规模的臭氧-生物活性炭工艺不同处理阶段(原水、沉淀水、砂滤水、臭氧化水、生物活性炭出水)有机物(TOC和UV254)的分子量(MW)分布.分析了原水中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)的分子量分布.结果表明,AOC主要属于天然有机物(NOM)中MW<1kDa的部分.MW<1kDa的部分占可溶解性有机碳(DOC)的53%～67%,而AOC只占DOC的2.65%～5.91%,表明去除大部分DOC的臭氧-生物活性炭工艺并不能有效去除AOC.     

混凝-吸附处理黄河水及对氯消毒中氯衰减的影响

选用2种无机高分子混凝剂聚合氯化铁(PFC)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理黄河水,考察了混凝剂的投加量对浊度、UV254、DOC和高锰酸盐指数的去除效果,并结合混凝出水的Zeta电位分析其混凝机制.选择粉末活性炭与混凝联用,研究了混凝剂和吸附剂投加量以及二者的投加顺序对有机物去除效果的影响,并对混凝吸附后出水进行加氯消毒,考察水中残余氯随时间的变化.结果表明,2种混凝剂均有较高的浊度去除率(﹥90%).PAC对UV254、高锰酸盐指数和DOC的去除率分别为29.2%、26.1%和27.9%;PFC对三者的去除率分别为32.3%、23.3%和32.9%.PAC在混凝过程中,电中和作用占主导地位;PFC在混凝过程中,吸附架桥和电中和同时发挥作用.混凝-吸附联用处理黄河水样时,有机物的去除率随混凝剂和吸附剂投加量的增加而升高.先混凝后吸附工艺对UV254和DOC的去除效果优于先吸附后混凝工艺.先使用PAC混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为95.2%和99.9%;对于PFC,先混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为90.1%和99.9%.但是先投加粉末活性炭能提高矾花的沉降性能,且处理出水在保持持续消毒效果方面优于前者.     

超滤工艺净化微污染原水的试验研究

采用混凝沉淀-超滤工艺对微污染原水进行试验,对组合工艺的除污染特性进行了研究。结果表明,组合工艺对浊度、颗粒物和藻类的去除效果非常好。出水浊度稳定在0.1NTU以下,水中粒径>2μm的颗粒数约19个/mL,藻类平均数量约为2.2×104个/L。在去除有机物方面,组合工艺对高锰酸盐指数、UV254和DOC的去除率分别为38.0%、15.2%和32.6%,其中对高锰酸盐指数的去除效果较为突出,出水高锰酸盐指数浓度为2.69~2.87mg/L。组合工艺去除的有机物是分子量大于3KD的大分子有机物,对小分子有机物去除效果不明显。其中,混凝沉淀主要去除了水中的疏水性有机物和亲水荷电有机物,超滤膜去除的有机物则以亲水中性有机物为主。在工艺运行期间,超滤膜的跨膜压差增加了约12.3%,跨膜压差的升高主要由被超滤膜吸附的小分子有机物产生。     

叶绿素a含量对高锰酸盐指数测量影响初探

浮游植物在光合作用下产生大量有机物，使高锰酸盐指数的测定值精密度受到干扰，导致叶绿素ａ值与高锰酸盐指数值之间有良好的线性关系。因而可以通过测定叶绿素ａ值来克腚高锰酸盐指数值在 的取样稀释倍数。     

废水的紫外吸光值积分(UVai)与常规有机污染物指标的关联性分析

实验中向生活污水及其二级生物处理出水中加入葡萄糖、蛋白胨、腐殖酸、阴离子表面活性剂等代表性有机物,对不同种类有机物的紫外吸收光谱特性进行分析,并与TOC相关联。分析结果表明,除葡萄糖以外,其它种类有机物在紫外光波长240￣300nm范围内均有明显的吸收。以生活污水及其二级生物处理出水作为研究对象,将240￣300nm范围内的紫外吸光值积分UVai和波长为254nm下的紫外吸光值UV254与常规有机污染指标相关联,结果表明,UVai与TOC,COD有更显著的线性相关性。     

MIEX预处理技术对长江原水中有机物的去除效能

利用烧杯试验研究了磁性离子交换树脂（magnetic ion exchange resin,MIEX）预处理对长江原水中有机物的去除效能,以总溶解有机碳(DOC)、254 nm紫外吸收值(UV254)、有机物相对分子质量分布、有机物分级、紫外扫描以及消毒副产物生成量等指标进行表征.结果表明,长江水源水中的有机物主要为小分子亲水性有机物,其含量占有机物总量的50%以上;MIEX预处理可以有效降低水中有机物的含量,投加量为10 mL/L、接触时间为15 min时,DOC的去除率超过35%,相对分子质量和分级的测定结果表明,小分子亲水性部分有机物的去除导致了DOC去除效果的改善;从紫外扫描结果可看出,MIEX预处理对在190～250 nm波长时有强吸收的有机物去除效果非常明显,但对在高于250 nm波长处有吸收的有机物去除效果与混凝阶段的效果相近.     

磁性离子交换树脂对原水中有机物去除效能的研究

采用磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)预处理原水中有机物的中试试验结果表明,MIEX技术可有效地去除原水中的有机物,对UV254,DOC和CODMn的去除率分别稳定在82%、66%和50%,MIEX预处理可以有效强化混凝沉淀对有机物、藻细胞和浊度的去除.与常规工艺相比,在混凝剂聚合氯化铝投加量降低56%时,该工艺对UV254和CODMn的去除率分别为90%和71%,对藻细胞数和浊度的去除率分别为99%和95%.对溶解性有机物分级和分子量分布的测定表明,MIEX预处理主要去除混凝沉淀无法有效去除的小分子区间的亲水性和疏水性有机物,可以有效控制消毒副产物的产生,MIEX预处理与混凝沉淀联用工艺出水的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)比原水降低了88%和87%.     

HPSEC-UV-TOC联用技术测定有机物相对分子质量分布

采用在线高效凝胶色谱仪(HPSEC)和紫外检测器以及TOC检测仪联用测定有机物相对分子质量分布.通过同步测定样品中大范围相对分子质量区间的UV254和TOC,更深入和准确地了解有机物的结构特性,特别是一些不含共轭双键和芳香度的有机物.结果显示,TOC检测仪能够简单快捷地检测出水中所有有机物的相对分子质量分布,包括蔗糖、海藻酸钠等对紫外响应较低的亲水性有机物;样品进样量与TOC响应线性正相关,进样量越大,响应越强;离子强度从0升至0.2mol.L-1,峰面积仅减小1.2%,离子强度对有机物相对分子质量分布测定影响较小;样品pH值在中性或酸性时不影响测定结果,pH值为碱性时,TOC响应异常;采用流动相配定的样品较超纯水配定的样品,相对分子质量分布曲线中干扰峰明显减小,出峰效果更好;该联用技术可以很好地表征湘江原水及其4种亲疏水性组分的相对分子质量分布.     

UV/H2 O2法对印染废水生化出水中不同种类有机物的去除效果

采用UV/H2O2高级氧化法对印染废水生化出水的处理进行研究,探讨了不同反应时间、H2O2投加量、反应初始pH值等因素对UV254,ADMI7.6、DOC和COD去除效果的影响.结果表明,以UV254、ADMI7.6、DOC和COD的去除率为筛选依据,确定出最佳参数组合为:反应初始pH值为原水pH 7.4～8.1,H2O2投加量为4.5 mmol.L-1,紫外光照射时间为50 min,在最佳处理条件下,UV254、ADMI7.6、DOC和COD的去除率分别达到77%、94%、40%和69%.通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将印染废水生化出水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物,研究了UV/H2O2氧化工艺对生化出水中各种有机物及色度的去除效果.实验结果表明,对于该印染废水的生化出水,疏水性物质是引起色度的主要物质,所占比例以ADMI7.6表征时为92%,其中以非酸疏水物质的贡献最大,达到53%.UV/H2O2高级氧化法处理此水样中的弱疏水性有机物、疏水酸和非酸疏水物质均有较好的处理效果,对亲水性有机物的处理效果较差.实验表明,相对分子质量>10 000的大分子有机物对DOC和ADMI7.6的去除贡献较大,对UV254的去除贡献接近一半.     

废水处理系统中有机物分子量分布及其变化

采用超滤膜法对废水处理系统中有机物的分子量分布及其变化进行研究,分析有机物分子量分布特性及不同分子量分布区间有机物的相对含量。结果表明:厌氧、缺氧、好氧反应池出水中,小于1K分子量区间上的有机物所占比例最高。该分子量区间有机物TOC分别占总TOC的60.9%、58.5%、65.2%,UV254分别占总UV254的69.9%、67.9%、82.1%。传统工艺对小分子量有机物去除效率较低。     

Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACI

Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into the mechanisms that are operative in pre-ozonized coagulation. Effects ofpre-ozonation on organic matter removal during coagulation with IPF-PAC1 were investigated by using PDA （photometric disperse analysis）, apparent molecular weight distribution and chemical fractionation. The dynamic formation of flocs during coagulation process was detected. Changes of aquatic organic matter （AOM） structure resulted from the influence of pre-ozonation were evaluated. Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation. No significant coagulation-aid effect of O3 was observed for all experiments using either A1C13 or PAC1. On the contrary, with the application of pre-ozonation, the coagulation efficiency of A1C13 was significantly deteriorated, reflected by the retardation of floc formation, and the removal decreases of turbidity, DOC, and UV254. However, if PACl was used instead of AlCl3, the adverse effects of pre-ozonation were mitigated obviously, particularly when the O3 dosage was less than 0.69 （mg O3/mg TOC）. The difference between removals of UV254, and DOC indicated that pre-ozonation greatly changed the molecular structure of AOM, but its capability of mineralization was not remarkable. Only 5% or so DOC was removed by pre-ozonation at 0.6--0.8 mg/L alone. Fractionation results showed that the organic products of pre-ozonation exhibited lower molecular weight and more hydrophilicity, which impaired the removal of DOC in the following coagulation process.     

紫外光在臭氧降解不同有机物过程中的协同作用

利用O3／UV分别对与臭氧有不同反应活性的对氯苯酚、硝基苯、乙酸和草酸进行了降解试验,结果表明,UV与臭氧化降解的协同作用与目标有机物本身的性质有很大关系,在本实验条件下,UV与臭氧的联用反而降低了对氯苯酚的臭氧化降解效率,30min后体系的TOC去除率仅有59％,而单独臭氧化TOC的去除率达到了66％;对硝基苯和草酸而言,UV均明显地提高了臭氧的降解效率,40min时两者TOC的去除率分别为44％和90％,比单独臭氧化处理分别高出了6％和33％;但是,O3／UV对乙酸几乎无降解活性．在这4种有机物的单独臭氧化降解过程中,除对氯苯酚外,水中均可检测到溶解臭氧．以上的实验结果表明,目标有机物对紫外光的吸收及单独臭氧化过程水中溶解臭氧的存在是O3／UV降解效率提高的必要条件．除UV对目标有机物的活化作用外,降解过程的中间产物H2O2也是O3／UV降解效率提高的一个重要因素,UV分解溶解臭氧在此过程可能仅起了辅助作用。     

Fouling of nanofiltration membrane by effluent organic matter： Characterization using different organic fractions in wastewater

The UF membrane with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) ranging from 2 kDa to 100 kDa and XAD-8 resin were employed to identify the characteristic of molecular weight (MW) distribution of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of TOC and UV254, as well as the amounts of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic fractions in different MW ranges. Then, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling experiments were carried out using the above fractionated water to investigate the effect of MW distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EfOM on the membrane flux decline using the fractionated water samples above. The experimental results have shown that 45.61% of the total organics belongs to the low MW one, among which the percentage of the hydrophilic organics with low MW (less than 2 kDa) was up to 28.07%, while that of the hydrophobic organics was 17.54%. In particular, the hydrophilic fraction was found to be the most abundant fraction in the effluents. MW distribution has a significant effect on the membrane fouling. When the MW was less than 30 kDa, the lower the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, while in the case of MW higher than 30 kDa, the higher the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, and the decline degree of low MW organics was larger than the high MW one. With the same MW distribution range, specific flux decline of the hydrophilic organic was considerably slower than that of the hydrophobic organic, which indicated that the hydrophobic organic fractions dominantly contribute to the flux decline.     

Fouling of nanofiltration membrane by e uent organic matter: Characterization using di erent organic fractions in wastewater

The UF membrane with molecular weight cuto (MWCO) ranging from 2 to 100 kDa and XAD-8 resin were employed to identify the characteristic of molecular weight (MW) distribution of wastewater e uent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of TOC and UV254, as well as the amounts of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic fractions in di erent MW ranges. Then, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling experiments were carried out using the above fractionated water to investigate the e ect of MW distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EfOM on the membrane flux decline using the fractionated water samples. The experimental results have shown that 45.61% of the total organics belongs to the low MW one, among which the percentage of the hydrophilic organics with low MW (less than 2 kDa) was up to 28.07%, while that of the hydrophobic organics was 17.54%. In particular, the hydrophilic fraction was found to be the most abundant fraction in the e uents. MW distribution has a significant e ect on the membrane fouling. When the MWwas less than 30 kDa, the lower the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, while in the case of MW higher than 30 kDa, the higher the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, and the decline degree of low MW organics was larger than the high MW one. With the same MW distribution range, specific flux decline of the hydrophilic organic was considerably slower than that of the hydrophobic organic, which indicated that the hydrophobic organic fractions dominantly contribute to the flux decline.     

Dissolved organic matter removal using magnetic anion exchange resin treatment on biological effluent of textile dyeing wastewater

This study investigated the removal of dissolved organic matter（DOM） from real dyeing bio-treatment effluents（DBEs） with the use of a novel magnetic anion exchange resin（NDMP）.DOMs in two typical DBEs were fractionized using DAX-8/XAD-4 resin and ultrafiltration membranes. The hydrophilic fractions and the low molecular weight（MW）（〈3 kDa） DOM fractions constituted a major portion（〉50%） of DOMs for the two effluents. The hydrophilic and low MW fractions of both effluents were the greatest contributors of specific UV254absorbance（SUVA254）,and the SUVA254 of DOM fractions decreased with hydrophobicity and MW. Two DBEs exhibited acute and chronic biotoxicities. Both acute and chronic toxicities of DOM fractions increased linearly with the increase of SUVA254 value. Kinetics of dissolved organic carbon（DOC） removal via NDMP treatment was performed by comparing it with that of particle active carbon（PAC）. Results indicated that the removal of DOC from DBEs via NDMP was 60%,whereas DOC removals by PAC were lower than 15%. Acidic organics could be significantly removed with the use of NDMP. DOM with large MW in DBE could be removed significantly by using the same means. Removal efficiency of NDMP for DOM decreased with the decrease of MW. Compared with PAC,NDMP could significantly reduce the acute and chronic bio-toxicities of DBEs. NaCl/NaOH mixture regenerants,with selected concentrations of 10% NaCl（m/m）/1%NaOH（m/m）,could improve desorption efficiency.