迭鞘石斛多糖降血糖作用研究

研究了迭鞘石斛多糖对动物血糖的调节作用.采用尾静脉注射四氧嘧啶造成高血糖动物模型,按高剂量(300mg/kg)、中剂量(100 mg/kg)和低剂量(30 mg/kg)的迭鞘石斛多糖分别灌胃给药,同时设阳性对照组和阴性对照组,测定血糖水平.结果表明,迭鞘石斛多糖能显著降低四氧嘧啶高血糖小鼠空腹血糖,增强四氧嘧啶高血糖大鼠的糖耐量,而对正常小鼠空腹血糖和正常大鼠糖耐量没有明显影响.研究表明,迭鞘石斛多糖具有明显的降血糖作用,是一种值得开发利用的降糖植物多糖.表6参10     

栀子黄色素对小鼠血脂代谢的影响

目的 探讨扼子黄色素对高脂膳食小鼠血脂水平的影响.方法 将30只小白鼠随机分为三个组：对照组,高脂模型＋扼子黄色素组、高脂模型＋柠檬黄组（0.2、0.5 mg/g体重）,喂养180 d后,眼球采血测定血清TC、TG、MDA含量.结果 扼子黄色素组血清MDA、TC、TG升高幅度较高脂模型＋柠檬黄组明显减少.结论 扼子黄色素对高脂膳食致血脂升高有阻抑作用.表2,参6.     

孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸暴露对子代大鼠糖代谢的影响

探讨孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露对子代大鼠成年后糖代谢稳态的影响。Wistar孕鼠随机分组,自孕0天(GD0)起分别以0 mg·kg^-1(对照组)、4 mg·kg^-1(低剂量组)和8 mg·kg^-1 (高剂量组) PFOS(以饲料中PFOS计)经口染毒至仔鼠出生后21天(PND21)断乳为止。高效液相/质谱法检测PND1、PND21和PND42时仔鼠血清PFOS含量。检测仔鼠断乳后第8周和第18周时空腹血糖和胰岛素水平计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);比较仔鼠口服糖耐量及肝脏糖代谢关键酶表达水平改变。结果显示：发育期PFOS暴露导致仔鼠出现血清中PFOS蓄积,以PND21时浓度最高,在低剂量组和高剂量组中分别为(7.77±1.45) μg·mL^-1和(5.09±0.57) μg·mL^-1。与对照组相比,不同剂量组仔鼠在断乳前后均出现明显体重降低,并在成年后出现高胰岛素血症,但PFOS仅在雄性仔鼠中引起了血糖升高。18周龄时口服糖耐量结果显示,PFOS暴露使雄性仔鼠在该阶段出现糖耐量受损,同时造成过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ协同刺激因子(PGC-1)、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)表达水平的显著增高以及葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6P)表达水平的显著降低。以上结果说明PFOS孕哺期暴露可引起子代成年后糖代谢失调,有增加糖尿病患病风险可能。     

糖尿病小型猪心肌、肝脏组织结构变化和心肌VEGF表达

以探讨高糖高脂高胆固醇饲料诱发的糖尿病广西巴马小型猪心肌和肝脏组织结构变化、肝糖原分解和心肌血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达情况为目的.通过3月龄雄性广西巴马小型猪10只,随机分2组,5只饲以基础饲料为CD组;5只饲以高糖高脂饲料为HFSCD组,饲养时间5个月.每月末从禁食过夜的小型猪眶静脉窦抽取血样,葡萄糖氧化酶法检测空腹血糖(Glucose);GPO-PAP酶法测定血浆甘油三脂(triglyceride,TG);放射免疫法测血浆胰岛素.第5个月末股动脉放血处死小型猪,取1小块心肌和肝脏组织,固定于10%中性甲醛固定液,常规石蜡包埋、切片、制片后用光学显微镜进行观察的方法.结果HFSCD组血糖、甘油三酯和胰岛素水平升高.与CD组比较,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05).从肝脏病理切片观察所见,HFSCD组肝脏肝细胞索排列紊乱,肝细胞肿胀呈气球样变,亦可见肝细胞萎缩、坏死,脂肪变性明显,肝小叶间有单个核细胞浸润,肝糖原极少或消失.心肌组织中VEGF的蛋白表达显著增加,且表达范围广泛.得出高糖高脂高胆固醇饲料诱发的糖尿病广西巴马小型猪肝脏和心肌组织结构改变,肝糖原减少,心肌VEGF蛋白表达增加的结论.图5,参13.     

甲状腺激素脱碘酶在孕哺期十溴联苯醚(BDE 209)暴露致子代小鼠神经发育毒性中的潜在作用

研究孕哺期BDE209暴露对母鼠胎盘和子代脑组织甲状腺激素脱碘酶(deiodinase,DI)基因表达的影响,及其在子鼠神经发育毒性效应中的作用。将75只雌性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、低剂量组和高剂量组,暴露BDE20910 d后,与雄鼠合笼,每组选取怀孕时间相近(相差不过2 d)的8只母鼠孕期持续染毒至子鼠断乳。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测孕17~18 d胎盘、出生后60 d子鼠脑组织3种类型脱碘酶基因相对表达;利用Morris水迷宫评价出生后60 d子鼠学习记忆能力;测量第2、16、30和60天子鼠体重,观察孕哺期BDE 209暴露对子代生长发育的作用。结果显示,BDE 209对子鼠出生时体重未见明显影响;出生后30 d,高剂量BDE 209暴露组雌性子鼠体重显著低于对照组子鼠体重(p0.05),而低、高剂量暴露组雄性子鼠体重均显著低于对照组子鼠体重(p0.05,p0.01);出生后60 d,BDE 209对子鼠体重影响不明显。BDE 209暴露能够显著延长出生后60 d雌、雄性子鼠逃避潜伏期(p0.05或p0.01)。BDE209暴露显著降低母鼠胎盘中3种类型脱碘酶(主要是DI-3)基因表达(p0.05或p0.01);同时,BDE 209暴露可诱导出生60 d后雄性子鼠脑组织中DI-1基因表达(p0.05或p0.01),抑制雄性子鼠脑组织中DI-3基因表达(p0.05);BDE 209暴露对出生后60 d雌鼠脑组织脱碘酶未见明显影响(p0.05)。研究结果表明,孕哺期BDE209暴露可能通过影响母鼠胎盘组织脱碘酶(特别是DI-3)基因表达,导致子鼠神经发育毒性效应-学习记忆能力障碍。     

雄烯二酮长期暴露对食蚊鱼肝脏生物转化酶系的影响

为了研究雄烯二酮(4-androstene-3,17-dione,AED)长期暴露对食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)肝脏7-乙氧基-3-异酚恶唑脱乙基酶(EROD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的影响,分别利用不同浓度的AED(0.14、1.4、14、140 nmol·L-1和420 nmol·L-1)对食蚊鱼仔鱼进行180 d的水浴暴露,同时设丙酮和空白对照组,分别于第180天取样后测定肝脏的EROD和GST活性.结果表明,与对照组相比,AED对食蚊鱼雌性幼鱼的体重和体长均起到显著的抑制作用,对食蚊鱼雄性幼鱼的体重和体长的影响不明显,只有最高浓度起抑制作用.AED对食蚊鱼幼鱼EROD的抑制作用与暴露浓度呈显著的剂量关系.各浓度组AED对雌性食蚊鱼幼鱼和雄性食蚊鱼幼鱼GST活性的影响大致呈现出倒"U"曲线的趋势.     

吡草醚原药对大鼠胚胎及胎仔发育的影响

经口染毒大鼠检测妊娠动物接触吡草醚原药后引起致畸的可能性,初步评价吡草醚原药致畸危害程度。依据《GB15670-1995农药登记毒理学试验方法》,选用的大鼠按雄、雌2:1比例同笼交配,次日清晨阴道涂片检查雌鼠,发现精子即确定为受孕第0天,设低、中、高三个剂量组(18.56、92.80、464.00 mg·(kg·d)-1)、一个阴性对照组和一个阳性对照组。在雌鼠受孕第6~15天灌胃给予受试物,连续共10天,在妊娠第19.5天,处死孕鼠检查胚胎发育情况。高剂量组和阳性对照组大鼠孕期体重增重值降低,差异有显著性(p0.05);中、高剂量组和阳性对照组大鼠吸收胎率与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(p0.05);中、高剂量组和阳性对照组胎鼠重量与阴性对照组比较,差异有显著性(p0.01);阳性对照组胎鼠外观畸形明显,与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(p0.01);各剂量组胎鼠外观畸形与阴性对照组比较,差异均无显著性(p0.05);中、高剂量组组和阳性对照组胎鼠骨骼及内脏畸形例数明显增多,差异有显著性(p0.01)。实验结果表明吡草醚原药中、高剂量组可明显影响雌鼠体重增长及其胚胎的发育。     

草甘膦对雄性大鼠睾酮合成的影响

探讨草甘膦亚慢性染毒对雄性大鼠睾酮合成的影响。雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为对照组(0 mg·kg~(-1))、低剂量组(50 mg·kg~(-1))、中剂量组(200 mg·kg~(-1))和高剂量组(800 mg·kg~(-1)),连续灌胃染毒,第4、8和12周时分别处死一批动物,采集血液和脏器。放射免疫分析法检测大鼠血清中卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、睾酮(testosterone,T)、雌二醇(estradiol,E2)水平; HE染色法(苏木精-伊红染色法)观察睾丸病理学变化;免疫组化法检测3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD)、类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(steroid synthesis of acute regulatory protein,St AR)、细胞色素P450胆固醇侧链裂解酶(cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain lyase,P450scc)和17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,17β-HSD)蛋白表达水平。随染毒剂量和时间的增加,大鼠血清FSH和T水平呈下降趋势,第12周高剂量组FSH水平明显低于对照组(P0.05),第8周和第12周高剂量组T水平明显低于对照组(P0.05),LH和E2水平各组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。组织病理学可见中、高剂量组睾丸生精小管、生精细胞、间质区结构被破坏。随草甘膦染毒剂量的增加,St AR和P450scc蛋白表达水平与对照组相比显著下降(P0.05),3β-HSD和17β-HSD蛋白表达水平在各组间无差异(P0.05)。草甘膦能降低血清T水平,抑制T合成相关蛋白St AR和P450scc的表达,干扰T的合成过程,具有雄性生殖毒性作用。     

吡草醚原药对大鼠一般生长情况的影响及其慢性肾毒性研究

研究吡草醚原药对大鼠一般生长情况的影响,寻找慢性毒性靶器官以及确定最大无作用剂量(NOAEL)。将初重为40~50 g的SPF级SD大鼠随机分成对照、低、中和高剂量组,160只/组,雌雄各半。各组动物分别给予含有不同浓度吡草醚原药的饲料(0,80,400,2 000 mg·kg-1的饲料),染毒期间不限制摄食饮水,期限为104周。结果显示雌、雄鼠中、高剂量组1~104周的体重、增重、食物利用率与对照组比较,于不同阶段均有不同程度降低,差异有显著性(P0.05或P0.01或P0.001);中、高剂量受试物可导致大鼠血液中尿素氮(BUN)水平升高及胆碱酯酶(Ch E)水平下降,肾脏器系数升高,与对照组比较差异有显著性(P0.05或P0.01或P0.001);病理学检查显示中、高剂量组可引起肾小管上皮细胞变性、肾脏间质炎、慢性进行性肾病等。实验结果表明在本试验条件下,中、高剂量的吡草醚原药可明显影响大鼠的体重增长及食物利用率,对SD大鼠的慢性毒性靶器官是肾脏。     

甲状腺激素脱碘酶在孕哺期BDE 209暴露致子代小鼠神经发育毒性中的潜在作用

研究孕哺期BDE 209暴露对母鼠胎盘和子代脑组织甲状腺激素脱碘酶(deiodinase, DI)基因表达的影响,及其在子鼠神经发育毒性效应中的作用。将75只雌性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、低剂量组和高剂量组,暴露BDE 209 10 d后,与雄鼠合笼,每组选取怀孕时间相近(相差不过2 d)的8只母鼠孕期持续染毒至子鼠断乳。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测孕17～18 d胎盘、出生后60 d子鼠脑组织三种类型脱碘酶基因相对表达;利用Morris水迷宫评价出生后60 d子鼠学习记忆能力;测量第2、16、30和60 d子鼠体重,观察孕哺期BDE 209暴露对子代生长发育的作用。结果显示,BDE 209对子鼠出生时体重未见明显影响;出生后30 d,高剂量BDE 209暴露组雌性子鼠体重显著低于对照组子鼠体重(p<0.05),而低、高剂量暴露组雄性子鼠体重均显著低于对照组子鼠体重(p<0.05,p<0.01);出生后60 d,BDE 209对体重影响不明显。BDE 209暴露能够显著延长出生后60 d雌、雄性子鼠逃避潜伏期(p<0.05或p<0.01)。BDE 209暴露显著降低母鼠胎盘中三种类型脱碘酶(主要是DI-3)基因表达(p<0.05或p<0.01);同时,BDE 209暴露可诱导出生60 d后雄性子鼠脑组织中DI-1基因表达(p<0.05或p<0.01),抑制雄性子鼠脑组织中DI-3基因表达(p<0.05);BDE209暴露对出生后60 d雌鼠脑组织脱碘酶未见明显影响(p>0.05)。研究结果表明,孕哺期BDE 209暴露可能通过影响母鼠胎盘组织脱碘酶(特别是DI-3)基因表达,导致子鼠神经发育毒性效应-学习记忆能力障碍。     

内质网应激在不同钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用

为探讨内质网应激在不同饲料钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用,选用SD雌性大鼠75只,雄性大鼠25只,雌鼠随机分为对照组(DZ)、染氟组(RF)、低钙组(LG)、染氟低钙组(LF)和染氟高钙组(HF)。雌鼠染毒3个月,交配产仔,检测胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠脑海马内质网应激伴侣分子BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平。结果显示,与DZ组比,胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠RF组、LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠RF组BIP、CHOP蛋白表达显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),CRT蛋白表达升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。与RF组比,胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠BIP、CHOP蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。研究表明,内质网应激可能参与了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑损伤,高钙饲料可缓解母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞的损伤,低钙饲料则进一步加剧了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞损伤。     

食物和繁殖对蓝尾石龙子储能的影响

在实验室常温条件下 ,测定了蓝尾石龙子禁食雄体、喂食雄体、繁殖雌体及非繁殖雌体去尾躯干、尾、肝脏和腹脂肪体内的脂肪储存量 .结果是 :喂食雄体各储能部位脂肪能量显著高于禁食雄体 ,其中 ,腹脂肪体和尾脂肪能量差异尤为显著 ,喂食雄体腹脂肪体和尾脂肪储存量分别为禁食雄体的 11.4倍和 6 .4倍 ;非繁殖雌体各储能部位能量显著高于繁殖雌体 ,差异最大的部位是腹脂肪体和尾 ,非繁殖雌体腹脂肪体和尾贮存脂肪分别为繁殖雌体的 5 .5倍和3.3倍 .这些结果表明 :尾和腹脂肪体是蓝尾石龙子的主要储能部位 ;食物条件能显著影响体内能量储存量 ;尾和腹脂肪体内储存能量对雌体繁殖具有重要作用 .图 2表 2参 2 0     

三苯基锡对大鼠肥胖发生的影响

三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)和三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)在环境中经常同时存在,针对TBT对肥胖发生的影响已有较多研究,但TPT能否诱导肥胖的发生尚不明晰.本研究用环境水平的TPT(0.5、5和50 μg·kg-1)对青春期Sprague Dawley大鼠进行灌胃处理54 d后,测量大鼠体...     

运动及不同浓度PM2.5滴注对大鼠糖代谢部分酶活性的影响

为了探讨一次性递增负荷运动及不同浓度细颗粒物(PM2.5)暴露对大鼠己糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)-丙酮酸激酶(pyruvatekinase,PK)及异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitratedehydrogenase,IDH)活性影响的机制,将30只雄性Wistar SPF(Specific Pathogen Free,SPF)大鼠随机分为安静(QC)、运动对照组(EC)、低剂量PM2.5+运动组(LPE)、中剂量PM2.5+运动组(MPE)、高剂量PM2.5+运动组(HPE),采用一次性气管滴注染毒后进行递增负荷跑台训练,并通过酶联免疫法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定大鼠血清及肝脏组织HK,PK,IDH活性。结果表明,与安静组相比,运动对照组HK,PK酶活性下降,IDH活性升高,差异有统计学意义(p0.01)。和EC组相比,LPE,MPE,HPE组各组织中HK,PK,IDH活性均下降,差异有统计学意义(p0.05或p0.01)。实验表明,运动可以降低大鼠的HK,PK活性而增强IDH活性;随着浓度的增加,HK,PK,IDH活性与PM2.5暴露剂量具有相关性降低。     

Noise exposure of pregnant mice induces heart defects in their fetuses

To determine the effects of noise exposure on hearts of newborn mice, 48 pregnant mice were exposed to recorded aircraft flight noise (100?dB) for 150?min from the 2nd day of pregnancy to 7th day after delivery. Mice of the same age were selected as control group. The weights and crown-rump lengths of the fetuses and the newborns were measured, and their hearts were removed under deep anesthesia on the 1st, 7th, and 14th days after birth and prepared histologically. Quantitative changes of the hearts were measured stereologically by the Cavalieri method. The ultrastructural changes of cardiac myocytes were examined using transmission electron microscopy. No histological changes were observed, but the volumes of newborns’ hearts in the experimental groups increased significantly compared to the control group. Photomicrographs of cardiac muscle cells revealed nuclear envelope changes, chromatin condensation, and increased mitochondria and myofibrils in noise-exposed newborns. It is concluded that the newborns of pregnant mice exposed to noise stress have hypertrophic hearts with ultrastructural changes.     

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide leading metabolic syndrome, associated with profound alterations in carbohydrate, lipids, lipoproteins and protein metabolisms. Worldwide, traditional practitioners for the treatment of diabetes and its complications use a wide variety of medicinal plants. In the present study the aqueous extract of Tephrosia purpurea leaves (TpALet) was evaluated for its antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Profound alterations in the concentrations of blood glucose, lipids and lipoproteins were observed in diabetic rats. Oral administration of TpALet to diabetic rats at a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the level of blood glucose and increased the level of plasma insulin as well as normalized the lipids and lipoproteins profile. The present study thus demonstrated that TpALet has prominent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.     

Paternity and paternal care in the polygynandrous Smith's longspur

In species where females copulate with more than one male during a single breeding attempt, males risk investing in offspring that are not their own. In the polygynandrous Smith's longspur (Calcarius pictus), females copulate sequentially with one to three males for each clutch of eggs and most of these males later assist in feeding the young. Using multilocus DNA profiling, we determined that there was mixed paternity in >75% of broods (n=31) but that few offspring (<1% of 114 nestlings) were sired by males outside the polygynandrous group. Male feeding rate increased significantly with the number of young sired, with males siring four nestlings feeding the brood at double the frequency of males siring only a single nestling. However, male Smith's longspurs appear to show a graded adjustment of paternal care in response to paternity only when other males are available to compensate for reduced care: feeding rate did not vary in relation to paternity when only one male provisioned young at the nest. There was no evidence that males could recognise their own offspring within a brood and feed them preferentially. The number of offspring sired by each male was significantly correlated with the number of days spent copulating with the attending female: on average, a male sired one offspring for every 2 days of copulatory access. If males use their access to females to estimate paternity (and thereby decide on their subsequent level of parental investment), a positive relationship is expected between the amount of female access and the subsequent feeding rate to the nestlings. Nonetheless, male feeding effort was only weakly correlated with female access and more study is needed to determine how males estimate their paternity in a brood. Received: 1 June 1997 / Accepted after revision: 1 April 1998     

Effects of feeding history on the growth characteristics of a reef fish at settlement

A feeding experiment was conducted on the pelagic stages of the tropical goatfish Upeneus tragula (family Mullidae) to examine how food quantity affects growth characteristics and potential success at settlement. Pelagic goatfish were collected from aggregation rafts 3 nautical miles west of Lizard Island on the northern Great Barrier Reef during December 1990. Three tanks in each of four feeding regimes were stocked with 25 pelagic goatfish between 20 and 23 mm standard length (SL). The four feeding regimes were: fed ad lib. (fed): fed once per day (f1pd); starved every second day (stld); starved for 3 d and re-fed (st3d). Fishes were fed 36 to 48 h old Artemia sp. nauplii (Ocean Star strain). Fish were removed from tanks when they underwent metamorphosis, changed pigmentation and settled to the bottom of the tanks. Morphology, muscle development, time taken to settle and biochemical condition were examined. Growth attributes of the treated fish were compared to fish which settled within 24 h of capture (field). All attributes examined were significantly influenced by the feeding treatments. Fish within the fed and st3d treatments were significantly larger and heavier than fish in the less well-fed treatments (f1pd, st1d). Similarly, concentrations of total lipid, carbohydrate and protein in the settled fish were significantly higher in the fed and st3d treatments compared with the st1d and f1pd treatments. For all these morphological and biochemical attributes the st1d and f1pd fish did not significantly differ from the field fishes, but did differ from the fed and st3d fishes. Water content was significantly higher in the f1pd, st1d and field fishes compared with the fed and st3d fish. Furthermore, the average time taken to settle followed the pattern: fed (14d)U. tragula are physiologically well suited to exploiting a patchy food source, and that food availability within the pelagic stages can have a major influence on the growth characteristics of this reef fish at settlement. The ramifications of this finding are discussed in relation to survival and success once fish have recruited to the reef population.     

大气细颗粒物与糖尿病

随着我国社会经济和城市化的快速发展,大气颗粒物是影响我国城市空气质量的首要污染物,大气细颗粒物污染已严重威胁我国居民健康。本文简要综述了PM2.5诱导的氧化应激和炎症反应在糖尿病的发生和发展中的分子作用机制。