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1.
Clemens Driessen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):163-179
A plethora of ethical issues in livestock agriculture has emerged to public attention in recent decades, of which environmental
and animal welfare concerns are but two, albeit prominent, themes. For livestock agriculture to be considered sustainable,
somehow these interconnected themes need to be addressed. Ethical debate on these issues has been extensive, but mostly started
from and focused on single issues. The views of farmers in these debates have been largely absent, or merely figured as interests,
instead of being considered morally worthwhile themselves. In this paper the relevance for ethical debates of the ways farmers
discuss and engage with moral concerns is explored. The variety of norms that figure in contemporary farming practices is
sketched in its multifarious complexity, illustrated by ethnographic fieldwork, and systematized in terms of “orders of worth.”
Reviewing the practical arguments and commitments of farmers within this framework reveals that farming practices are subject
to mixed motives, in which an amalgam of types of concerns play a role. Recognition of the peculiarly entangled nature of
the ethics of farming practices could counter the tendency in policy making, technological innovation, and ethical thought
to compartmentalize our moral landscape. Understanding farming practice as the integration of a mosaic of concerns in the
light of a variety of moral experiences would foster public appreciation of positions of farmers in debates on improving the
sustainability and societal acceptability of livestock agriculture. 相似文献
2.
Developing the ethical matrix as a decision support framework: GM fish as a case study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Matthias Kaiser Kate Millar Erik Thorstensen Sandy Tomkins 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):65-80
The Ethical Matrix was developed to help decision-makers explore the ethical issues raised by agri-food biotechnologies. Over
the decade since its inception the Ethical Matrix has been used by a number of organizations and the philosophical basis of
the framework has been discussed and analyzed extensively. The role of tools such as the Ethical Matrix in public policy decision-making
has received increasing attention. In order to further develop the methodological aspects of the Ethical Matrix method, work
was carried out to study the potential role of the Ethical Matrix as a decision support framework. When considering which
frameworks to apply when analyzing the ethical dimensions of the application of agri-food biotechnologies, it is important
to clarify the substantive nature of any prospective framework. In order to further investigate this issue, reflections on
the neologism “ethical soundness” of an ethical framework are presented here. This concept is introduced in order to provide
more structured evaluations of a range of ethical tools, including ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Matrix. As well
as examining the philosophical dimensions of the method, theoretical analysis and literature studies were combined with stakeholder
engagement exercises and consultations in order to review the Ethical Matrix from a user perspective. This work resulted in
the development of an Ethical Matrix Manual, which is intended to act as a guide for potential user groups. 相似文献
3.
4.
Kate Millar Erik Thorstensen Sandy Tomkins Ben Mepham Matthias Kaiser 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):53-63
A number of EU institutions and government committees across Europe have expressed interest in developing methods and decision-support
tools to facilitate consideration of the ethical dimensions of biotechnology assessment. As part of the work conducted in
the EC supported project on ethical tools (Ethical Bio-TA Tools), a number of ethical frameworks with the potential to support
the work of public policy decision-makers has been characterized and evaluated. One of these potential tools is the Delphi
method. The Delphi method was originally developed to assess variables that are intangible and/or shrouded in uncertainty
by drawing on the knowledge and abilities of a diverse group of experts through a form of anonymous and iterative consultation.
The method has hitherto been used by a diversity of practitioners to explore issues such as technology assessment, environmental
planning, and public health measures. From the original (classical) Delphi, a family of Delphi-related processes has emerged.
As a result of the evaluation of the various Delphi processes, it is proposed that the classical method can be further developed
and applied as a form of ethical framework to assist policy-makers. Through a series of exercises and trials, an Ethical Delphi
has been developed as a potential approach for characterizing ethical issues raised by the use of novel biotechnologies. Advantages
and disadvantages of the method are discussed. Further work is needed to develop the procedural aspects of the Ethical Delphi
method and to test its use in different cultural contexts. However, utilizing an ethical framework of this type combines the
advantages of a methodical approach to capture ethical aspects with the democratic virtues of transparency and openness to
criticism. Ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Delphi should contribute to better understanding of and decision-making
on issues that involve decisive ethical dimensions. 相似文献
5.
Yann Devos Pieter Maeseele Dirk Reheul Linda Van Speybroeck Danny De Waele 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(1):29-61
Via a historical reconstruction, this paper primarily demonstrates how the societal debate on genetically modified organisms
(GMOs) gradually extended in terms of actors involved and concerns reflected. It is argued that the implementation of recombinant
DNA technology out of the laboratory and into civil society entailed a “complex of concerns.” In this complex, distinctions
between environmental, agricultural, socio-economic, and ethical issues proved to be blurred. This fueled the confusion between
the wider debate on genetic modification and the risk assessment of transgenic crops in the European Union. In this paper,
the lasting skeptical and/or ambivalent attitude of Europeans towards agro-food biotechnology is interpreted as signaling
an ongoing social request – and even a quest – for an evaluation of biotechnology with Sense and Sensibility. In this (re)quest, a broader-than-scientific dimension is sought for that allows addressing the GMO debate in a more “sensible”
way, whilst making “sense” of the different stances taken in it. Here, the restyling of the European regulatory frame on transgenic
agro-food products and of science communication models are discussed and taken to be indicative of the (re)quest to move from
a merely scientific evaluation and risk-based policy towards a socially more robust evaluation that takes the “non-scientific”
concerns at stake in the GMO debate seriously. 相似文献
6.
Kriton Grigorakis 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(4):345-370
The ethical issues raised by aquaculture were analyzed. A modification of the Ethical Matrix of the Food Ethics Council for
the evaluation of novel foods was used; the Ethical Matrix was changed in order to include the various aquaculture production
stages separately. The following stages were distinguished: the breeding stage, the growth/feeding stage, the “other-handling”
stage (that includes disease and treatment, transportation of organisms, killing procedure, and DNA vaccinations), and the
commercialization stage. The ethical issues concerning the producers, the consumers, the environment, and the aquacultured
organisms, are discussed. This scheme was fitted to the intensive cage-culture of carnivorous fish. The differences with other
forms of aquaculture are discussed, and how the scheme extrapolates to them. The ethical evaluation of aquaculture, in practice,
will be rather a utilitarian balancing of cost and benefits of the respective actions. The desired characteristics of an ethical
evaluation have been also outlined. Ethical evaluation should not be limited to a purely scientific analysis; it should be
holistic, comparable to available alternatives, and should have the flexibility to incorporate new data generated in the fast
growing/continuous changing aquaculture sector. 相似文献
7.
Unni Kj?rnes 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):145-162
The lack of consistency between people’s engagement in ethical issues and their food choices has received considerable attention.
Consumption as “choice” dominates this discourse, understood as decision-making at the point of purchase. But ideas concentrating
on individual choice are problematic when trying to understand how social and ethical issues emerge and are dealt with in
the practices of buying and eating food. I argue in this paper that “consumer choice” is better understood as a political
ideology addressing a particular way in which everyday practices can be directed so as to solve social problems. It is a way
that makes questions of power particularly challenging. Some assume consumer sovereignty, emphasizing consumer choice as a
reflection of neoliberal deregulation and commercialization. Others worry that ongoing changes increase consumers’ powerlessness.
None of these seem to capture that there is active regulation, where public as well as commercial and civil actors are making
strong efforts to make people do the right thing—voluntarily. Labeling is the key measure. In practice, the individualized
and rationalized model of responsibility depends not only on market opportunities, but even political and social expectations
and trust. People may lack concrete capabilities and power to follow up on moral calls, but they may also have a different
understanding of who is responsible and what is a “good deed,” or their actions may, in a Foucauldian sense, represent resistance.
The paper will, with examples from European empirical studies, discuss how mobilization as well as inertia and disinterest
emerge within specific political constellations and practical contexts. 相似文献
8.
Harvey S. James Mary K. Hendrickson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(6):571-590
In this paper we consider the question of whether middle-scale farmers, which we define as producers generating between 100,000 and100,000
and 250,000 in sales annually, are better agricultural stewards than small and large-scale producers. Our study is motivated
by the argument of some commentators that farmers of this class ought to be protected in part because of the unique attitudes
and values they possess regarding what constitutes a “good farmer.” We present results of a survey of Missouri farmers designed
to assess farmer attitudes and values regarding a variety of indicators of farmer stewardship, such as the most important
issues in agriculture, environment, and treatment of farm animals, perspectives on the past and future of agriculture, and
ethical behavior. We find little evidence that farmers-of-the-middle are particularly noteworthy in these regards. We do find
evidence, however, that middle-scale farmers are more pessimistic and anxious about their role in the future of agriculture. 相似文献
9.
MacMynowski DP 《Environmental management》2007,39(6):831-842
The conceptual rubric of ecosystem management has been widely discussed and deliberated in conservation biology, environmental
policy, and land/resource management. In this paper, I argue that two critical aspects of the ecosystem management concept
require greater attention in policy and practice. First, although emphasis has been placed on the “space” of systems, the
“time”—or rates of change—associated with biophysical and social systems has received much less consideration. Second, discussions
of ecosystem management have often neglected the temporal disconnects between changes in biophysical systems and the response
of social systems to management issues and challenges. The empirical basis of these points is a case study of the “Crown of
the Continent Ecosystem,” an international transboundary area of the Rocky Mountains that surrounds Glacier National Park
(USA) and Waterton Lakes National Park (Canada). This project assessed the experiences and perspectives of 1) middle- and
upper-level government managers responsible for interjurisdictional cooperation, and 2) environmental nongovernment organizations
with an international focus. I identify and describe 10 key challenges to increasing the extent and intensity of transboundary
cooperation in land/resource management policy and practice. These issues are discussed in terms of their political, institutional,
cultural, information-based, and perceptual elements. Analytic techniques include a combination of environmental history,
semistructured interviews with 48 actors, and text analysis in a systematic qualitative framework. The central conclusion
of this work is that the rates of response of human social systems must be better integrated with the rates of ecological change. This challenge is equal
to or greater than the well-recognized need to adapt the spatial scale of human institutions to large-scale ecosystem processes and transboundary wildlife. 相似文献
10.
Barbara Skorupinski Heike Baranzke Hans Werner Ingensiep Marc Meinhardt 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):37-52
This paper focuses on experiences from a case study dealing with the Swiss type of a consensus conference called “PubliForum”
concerning “Genetic Technology and Nutrition” (1999). Societal and ethical aspects of genetically modified food meanwhile
can be seen as prototypes of topics depending on the involvement of the public through a participatory process. The important
role of the lay perspective in this field seems to be accepted in practice. Nevertheless, there is still some theoretical
controversy about the necessity and democratic legitimacy of participatory processes in general, and especially about those
dealing with technological or environmental problems (sustainable development) concerning society. From an ethical point of
view, a lot of heterogeneous problems concerning contents and procedures of public participation can be pointed out, not only
on the theoretical level but also in practice, e.g., concerning the communication process between laypersons and experts.
The intention of our paper is to give hints and to clarify criteria that support the communication process leading to a dialog
of autonomous citizens and which especially consider ethical aspects in the field. One important result is that there must
be an orientation for all members of a consensus conference having clear rules and knowing their different roles that support
transparency, credibility, and fairness of the whole procedure and a “good product”: a substantial final document or citizens’
report.
This paper presents results of the project Ethical Bio-TA Tools as funded by the European Commission, DG Research, under FP5,
Quality of Life Programme. 相似文献
11.
Comparison of Two Spatial Optimization Techniques: A Framework to Solve Multiobjective Land Use Distribution Problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Burghard Christian Meyer Jean-Marie Lescot Ramon Laplana 《Environmental management》2009,43(2):264-281
Two spatial optimization approaches, developed from the opposing perspectives of ecological economics and landscape planning
and aimed at the definition of new distributions of farming systems and of land use elements, are compared and integrated
into a general framework. The first approach, applied to a small river catchment in southwestern France, uses SWAT (Soil and
Water Assessment Tool) and a weighted goal programming model in combination with a geographical information system (GIS) for
the determination of optimal farming system patterns, based on selected objective functions to minimize deviations from the
goals of reducing nitrogen and maintaining income. The second approach, demonstrated in a suburban landscape near Leipzig,
Germany, defines a GIS-based predictive habitat model for the search of unfragmented regions suitable for hare populations
(Lepus europaeus), followed by compromise optimization with the aim of planning a new habitat structure distribution for the hare. The multifunctional
problem is solved by the integration of the three landscape functions (“production of cereals,” “resistance to soil erosion
by water,” and “landscape water retention”). Through the comparison, we propose a framework for the definition of optimal
land use patterns based on optimization techniques. The framework includes the main aspects to solve land use distribution
problems with the aim of finding the optimal or best land use decisions. It integrates indicators, goals of spatial developments
and stakeholders, including weighting, and model tools for the prediction of objective functions and risk assessments. Methodological
limits of the uncertainty of data and model outcomes are stressed. The framework clarifies the use of optimization techniques
in spatial planning. 相似文献
12.
Christoph Baumgartner 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(6):521-539
In order to take ethical considerations of patenting biological material into account, the so-called “ordre public or morality clause” was implemented as Article 6 in the EC directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, 98/44/EC. At first glance, this seems to provide a significant advantage to the European patent system with respect to ethics. The thesis of this paper argues that the ordre public or morality clause does not provide sufficient protection against ethically problematic uses of the patent system within the area of life. On the contrary, there are worrisome obstacles to any effective and comprehensive critical analysis of the ethical aspects of bio-patenting, especially in the field of agriculture. These obstacles can be seen as indirect consequences of the implementation of ethical considerations in form of the ordre public and morality clause in the EC Directive. Therefore, Article 6 of the EC Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions seems to ultimately weaken the position of ethics in the debate concerning bio-patenting because the ordre public and morality clause is usually interpreted in an exclusively bio-ethical way in the sense of an “intrinsic ethics,” which is primarily interested in questions regarding the moral status of particular entities. It is argued that an important cause of this phenomenon is that the decisive reasons against bio-patenting are concerns of social ethics, and not bio-ethics. 相似文献
13.
Karsten Klint Jensen Jan Tind Sørensen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1998,11(2):85-100
This paper presents the idea of a decision-support system for a livestock farm, called “ethical accounting”, to be used as
an extension of traditional cost accounting. “Ethical accounting” seeks to make available to the farmer information about
how his decisions affect the interests of farm animals, consumers and future generations. Furthermore, “ethical accounting”
involves value-based planning. Thus, the farmer should base his choice of production plan on reflections as to his fundamental
objectives, and he should make his final decision only after having seriously considered the various consequences for the
affected parties.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Ellen-Marie Forsberg 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(5):455-468
The ethical matrix approach was developed by Prof Ben Mepham and his colleagues at the University of Nottingham in the early
1990s. Since then the approach has received increasing attention and has been used by several researchers in different projects
related to assessing ethical impacts of different food production technologies and other policy options of societal concern.
The ethical matrix is sometimes understood simply as a checklist of ethical concerns, but might also be seen as a guide to
coming to conclusions on moral questions. The problem I discuss in this paper relates to how using the ethical matrix method
as a decision guide can be combined with respecting pluralism. The aim of the paper is to suggest a framework making it possible
to – at the same time – enhance public justification of judgments and respect pluralism. I argue that pluralism is fundamental
to the ethical matrix approach; I distinguish between intuitionist principled pluralism and societal value pluralism; and I show how both kinds of pluralism imply restrictions on how conclusions can be made. No substantive moral decision
principles can be allowed. Still, I argue, decision principles of a more epistemological or procedural character can be acceptable
even within pluralism. The pragmatist principle of inquiry is defended as an account of moral problem solving compatible with
both principled pluralism and value pluralism. When an ethical matrix is used within such a participatory inquiry process
substantive conclusions can be drawn. 相似文献
15.
Jennifer Welchman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):353-363
Norton argues on pragmatic “Deweyan” grounds that we should cease to ask scientists for value neutral definitions of “sustainability,”
developed independently of moral and social values, to guide our environmental policy making debates. “Sustainability,” like
human “health,” is a normative concept from the start—one that cannot be meaningfully developed by scientists or economists
without input by all the stake holders affected. While I endorse Norton’s approach, I question his apparent presumption that
concern for sustainability for the future is at odds with and ought to trump concern for enhancement in the present of public opportunities to access the goods nature represents. I argue that the two are not separable in practice.
I argue for Passmore’s position that unless we take care to enhance equitable access to the good and services nature represents
in the present, we cannot succeed in promoting sustainability for future generations. 相似文献
16.
There is a “revolving door” between federal agencies and the industries regulated by them. Often, at the end of their industry
tenure, key industry personnel seek employment in government regulatory entities and vice versa. The flow of workers between
the two sectors could bring about good. Industry veterans might have specialized knowledge that could be useful to regulatory
bodies and former government employees could help businesses become and remain compliant with regulations. But the “revolving
door” also poses at least three ethical and policy challenges that have to do with public trust and fair representation. First,
the presence of former key industry personnel on review boards could adversely impact the public’s confidence in regulatory
decisions about new technology products, including agrifood biotechnologies. Second, the ‘‘revolving door’’ may result in
policy decisions about technologies that are biased in favor of industry interests. And third, the ‘‘revolving door’’ virtually
guarantees industry a voice in the policy-making process, even though other stakeholders have no assurance that their concerns
will be addressed by regulatory agencies. We believe these three problems indicate a failure of regulatory review for new
technologies. The review process lacks credibility because, at the very least, it is procedurally biased in favor of industry
interests. We argue that prohibiting the flow of personnel between regulatory agencies and industry would not be a satisfactory
solution to the three problems of public trust and just representation. To address them, regulatory entities must reject the
traditional notion of objectivity. Instead they should adopt the conception of objectivity developed by Sandra Harding and
re-configure their regulatory review on the basis of it. That will ensure that a heterogeneous group of stakeholders is at
the decision-making table. The fair representation of interests of different constituencies in the review process could do
much to inspire warranted public confidence in regulatory protocols and decisions. 相似文献
17.
Crifasi RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(5):625-639
“A skyscraper is as natural as a bird’s nest” –Alan Watts
For millennia, people have altered freshwater ecosystems directly through water development and indirectly by global change
and surrounding land-use activities. In these altered ecosystems, human impacts can be subtle and are sometimes overlooked
by the people who manage them. This article provides two case studies near Boulder, Colorado that demonstrate how perceptions
regarding these ecosystems affect their management. These examples are typical of lakes and streams along the Front Range
of Colorado that are simultaneously natural and social in origin. Although natural, many of the region’s freshwater ecosystems
are affected by ongoing ecologic, hydrologic, chemical, and geomorphic modifications produced by human activity. People and
nature are both active participants in the production of these freshwater ecosystems. The concept of “hybridity,” borrowed
from geographers and social scientists, is useful for describing landscapes of natural and social origin. Hybrid freshwater
ecosystems are features of the humanized landscape and are derived from deliberate cultural activities, nonhuman physical
and biological processes, and incidental anthropogenic disturbance. Our perceptions of “natural” freshwater ecosystems and
what definitions we use to describe them influences our view of hybrid systems and, in turn, affects management decisions
regarding them. This work stresses the importance of understanding the underlying societal forces and cultural values responsible
for the creation of hybrid freshwater ecosystems as a central step in their conservation and management. 相似文献
18.
Robert L. Zimdahl Thomas O. Holtzer 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2016,29(4):549-557
Many segments of society have systems of values arising from collective beliefs and motivations. For agriculture, and our food system, increasing production to feed the growing human population clearly is a core value. However, a survey we conducted, together with a previously reported survey, showed that the curricula of most U.S. colleges of agriculture do not offer ethics courses that examine the basis of this core value or include discussion of agriculture’s ethical dilemmas such as misuse of pesticides, not progressing rapidly enough toward sustainability goals, relative lack of involvement in addressing diet-related health issues, and lack of commitment to reducing agriculture’s role as a contributor to global climate change. These surveys provide strong evidence that few students have an opportunity to learn ethical concepts and apply them to issues of importance to the agriculture/food system. We suggest that such issues are both growing societal concerns and serious ethical problems that demand attention if our agricultural/food system is not see its relationship with the public further imperiled. Further, we suggest that there is a need for, indeed an obligation of, the faculty of colleges of agriculture to embrace a thorough analysis and discussion of agriculture’s values and their ethical foundation. We offer our thoughts on why curricula of colleges of agriculture do not provide such opportunities and on the importance of agricultural faculties providing leadership in ethical analysis and discussion. 相似文献
19.
Liberal societies are characterized by respect for a fundamental value pluralism; i.e., respect for individuals’ rights to
live by their own conception of the good. Still, the state must make decisions that privilege some values at the cost of others.
When public ethics committees give substantial ethical advice on policy related issues, it is therefore important that this
advice is well justified. The use of explicit tools for ethical assessment can contribute to justifying advice. In this article,
I will discuss one approach to ethical assessment, the ethical matrix method. This method is a variant of intuitionist balancing.
Intuitionism is characterized by stressing the existence of several (at least two) fundamental prima facie moral principles, between which there is no given rank order. For some intuitionist approaches, coherentism has been proposed
as a model of justification. This article will discuss justification of ethical advice and evaluate the appropriateness of
coherentism as a justificatory approach to intuitionist tools. 相似文献
20.
Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or underused sites whose reuse necessitates some sort of intervention. These sites are largely
urban and are frequently contaminated. Brownfield management options can be associated with three types of environmental consequences:
those resulting from changes in the site’s environmental quality (primary impacts); those resulting from the actual intervention
stage (secondary impacts); and, if the vocation of the site changes, those resulting from effects on regional land use (tertiary
impacts). Different stakeholders and decision-making contexts will place a different importance on each of these types of
impacts. This article proposes a framework for comparing brownfield management options in regard to these three types of environmental
impacts and for interpreting these results from different perspectives. The assessment framework is based on consequential
life cycle assessment (LCA), which is shown to provide environmental information on the three types of impacts. The results
for a case study are presented, where a “rehabilitation” option allowing residential redevelopment is compared to an “exposure
minimization” option not resulting in the site being reused. Calculated primary and tertiary impacts are favorable to the
rehabilitation option, whereas secondary impacts are favorable to the exposure minimization option. A ternary diagram presents
the favorable option for different stereotypical perspectives. Tertiary impacts are much greater than secondary impacts, and
consequently all perspectives that consider tertiary impacts favor rehabilitation. The perspective that considers primary
and secondary impacts receives conflicting information. The ternary diagram, showing results for all perspectives, could possibly
be useful for consensus-building among stakeholders. 相似文献