Scavenging ratios and deposition of sulphur,nitrogen and chlorine species in eastern England

Measurements of wet deposited NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻, as well as airborne concentrations of these species and gaseous HNO₃, HCl and NH₃, have been made at a site in eastern England. Scavenging ratios based solely upon aerosol-associated species and upon aerosol plus gaseous airborne species are presented and compared with literature values. It appears that HCl and HNO₃ have only a rather minor influence upon wet deposition at our site. Gaseous NH₃ influences ground-level air chemistry appreciably, but scavenging ratios for NH₄⁺ are low, even when based upon aerosol NH₄⁺ concentrations alone, presumably due to altitudinal gradients in this species. The problems inherent in interpretation of scavenging ratios are discussed. Deposition of nitrogen in various chemical forms is estimated from rainwater and air composition. If a transport-limited deposition velocity is assumed for ammonia gas, dry deposition of this species accounts for around 40% of total nitrogen deposition to the ground.     

Contribution of the Kodama and 4S pathways to the dibenzothiophene biodegradation in different coastal wetlands under different C/N ratios

Dibenzothiophene (DBT) degradation mechanisms and the transformation of pathways during the incubation of three types of coastal sediments with C/N ratios ranging from 1 to 9 were investigated. The DBT degradation efficiencies were clearly improved with increasing C/N ratio in reed wetland sediments, tidal wetlands sediments and estuary wetland sediments. The quantitative response relationships between DBT degradation rates and related functional genes demonstrate that the Kodama pathway-related gene groups were dominant factors at low C/N ratios, while the 4S-related gene groups mainly determined the degradation rate when the C/N ratio was up to 5. Network analysis also shows that the pathway shifts from the Kodama pathway to the 4S pathway occurred through changes in the connections between functional genomes and rates. Furthermore, there were competition and collaboration between the Kodama and 4S pathways. The 4S pathway-related bacteria were more active in estuary wetland sediments compared with reed wetland sediments and tidal wetland sediments. The higher degradation efficiency in estuary wetland sediments may indicate the greater participation of the 4S pathway in the DBT biodegradation reaction. And the effects of ring cleavage of Kodama pathway caused more complete metabolizing of DBT.     

32P后标记新法研究DNA-苯醌加合物的生成

用以加P_1核酸酶提高灵敏度的~(32)P后标记新法研究了离体活细胞培养及试管反应形成的DNA-苯醌(BQ)加合物.4个被检加合物中有两个相应于苯醌与DNA上的胞嘧啶和鸟嘌呤作用形成的共价键加合物,其中较大的为首次发现的胞嘧啶-苯醌加合物.测得其相对标记率(RAL)试管条件为6.70×10~(-8)和8.93×10~(-9),细胞培养为8.23×10~(-9)和6.91×10~(-9),达到了在基因水平上研究DNA加合物的基本要求.     

不同碳氮比下污水反硝化过程中亚硝氮积累的特性研究

以乙酸钠为碳源,在不同的碳氮比(COD/NO_3~--N)条件下,通过控制反应器中反硝化时间,将NO_3~--N仅还原至NO_2~--N,实现NO_2~--N的稳定积累.结果表明,反硝化时间从60 min缩短至20 min,NO_3~--N还原速率和NO_2~--N积累速率分别增大至0.417 g·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以VSS计,下同)和0.402g·g~(-1)·h~(-1).经过108 d的培养,NO_2~--N的积累率为95%.反硝化活性随碳氮比的增大而增大,而较低碳氮比更有利于NO_2~--N的稳定积累.在反硝化亚硝氮积累过程中,当碳源充足时,由于电子受体NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N相互竞争碳源,NO_3~--N的存在会抑制NO_2~--N的还原,从而导致NO_2~--N积累;而当碳源不足时,基质限制使NO_3~--N优先还原,导致NO_2~--N的积累.微生物宏基因组测序结果表明,培养污泥中的优势菌群为Thauera(71.85%),该菌仅能将NO_3~--N还原为NO_2~--N,从而导致NO_2~--N的积累.     

用增强灵敏度的~32P后标记法测定DNA-环氧苯乙烯加合物

DNA加合物是具有亲电性化学致癌物与DNA形成共价相联的化合物,是化学致癌物损伤DNA的主要形式,能够灵敏准确地分析DNA加合物的方法是研究DNA损伤     

黄曲霉素B1-DNA加合物的实验研究

用＾３２Ｐ后标记的方法测小牛胸腺ＤＮＡ和黄曲霉素Ｂ１体外反应产物里的ＤＮＡ－ＡＦＢ加合物，发现有４种不贩的ＤＮＡ加合物，加合物含量的ＲＡＬ＝１．０８／１０＾７（正常核酸），对比用ＤＮＡ的４种碱基和ＡＦＢ１反应所形成的加合物，发现有３种ＤＮＡ－ＡＦＢ１的加合物是来自鸟嘌呤碱基修饰所形成的。     

南方典型地区油-稻轮作下大气硫沉降动态

1998年11月～1999年10月间,利用中国科学院红壤站(江西鹰潭)农田小气候分站进行了全年逐时气象资料收集,通过阻力模式求算SO₂和SO₄^2-的干沉降速度,结合大气中SO₂、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)粒子和雨水的收集和测定,定量研究了大气沉降向农田生态系统的硫输入.结果表明,12个月大气硫沉降总量为94.9 kg S/hm2,其中大气中硫干沉降量(SO₂+SO₄^2-粒子干沉降)占81.9%.大气中SO₂干沉降是大气干沉降的主要贡献者,占大气硫干沉降总量93%.并对不同季节及不同的作物生长期间硫的沉降动态进行了分析、比较.     

Optimizing the crystallinity and acidity of H-SAPO-34 by fluoride for synthesizing Cu/SAPO-34 NH3-SCR catalyst

A series of H-SAPO-34 zeolites were synthesized by a hydrothermal method in fluoride media. The as-synthesized H-SAPO-34 zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ physisorption, temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃ (NH₃-TPD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. The results showed that a certain concentration of F⁻ anions promoted the nucleation and crystallization of H-SAPO-34. The H-SAPO-34 synthesized in the fluoride media showed high crystallinity, uniform particle size distribution, large specific surface area and pore volume, and enhanced acidity. Therefore, Cu/SAPO-34 based on the fluoride-assisted zeolite showed a broadened temperature window for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH₃ (NH₃-SCR) reaction due to the enhanced acidity of the zeolite and the improved dispersion of copper species.     

钙/硫比小于1条件下半干半湿法烟气脱硫技术的研究

本文通过对煤中灰分、粉煤灰中碱性物质成分、含量的分析,证明在Ca/S<1条件下进行半干半湿法烟气脱硫是可行的。文中阐述了粉煤灰中碱性物质被有效利用的条件为高温、高湿、高压。该条件可以通过蒸汽输送粉煤灰来实现。     

电镀重金属污泥的水泥固化／稳定化处理

电镀重金属污泥经425号水泥固化后;其中混凝土:污泥为40:1或50:1样本的强度(28d)可达275号水泥的标准,且对Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr离子的固化效果好;在体系中添加粉煤灰及水玻璃,其早期的固化效果或产物强度低;混凝土:铁氧体污泥(湿法合成,FeSO_4·7H_2O:污泥=4:1)为30:1体系中,固化效果与稳定性均好,且产物强度可达325号水泥标准。     

以膨润土为辅助添加剂固化/稳定化污泥的试验研究

针对传统以水泥固化污泥,带来的水泥用量大与固化体的浸出液pH过高等问题,提出了以膨润土为添加剂辅助水泥固化/稳定化污泥的思路.通过开展无侧限抗压强度试验、毒性浸出试验,测量掺入膨润土后污泥固化体的强度、重金属浸出率、浸出液COD及pH值,研究该固化/稳定化方法的效果.结果表明,膨润土的掺入极大地提高了固化体的抗压强度,将掺入量为0.4(相对污泥的质量比)的水泥一半用膨润土替代时,固化体的强度提高了6左右.体积安定性也能够满足要求.随膨润土掺入量增加,固化体中锌、铅的浸出率与浸出液的pH值呈现不断减小的趋势,锌与铅的浸出率分别由6.9%下降至0.25%,9.6%下降至5%,pH值由12.3下降至12.1.在强碱条件下及烘干或风干条件下,铜会随着有机物的分解而析出,从而增加铜的浸出率,而膨润土的加入能弥补水泥造成的强碱环境及风干或烘干过程对固化污泥中铜的稳定产生的不利影响.     

青岛地区硫传输通量的估算

利用三维欧拉模式,估算外地源和本地源对青岛地区硫沉降的贡献,同时估算硫的去除,估算的方法是根据当地的风速、风向,模拟计算各种含硫化合物（包括SO₂、硫酸盐及DMS）在青岛地区的各方向上输出或输入青岛地区的量、当地源排放的量以及硫化物的干、湿沉降量。通过估算可以得出,青岛地区硫来源中本地源与外来源相当,硫的去除主要是往外输出,占全部硫来源的80％以上。     

后置缺氧UCT分段进水工艺处理低C/N城市污水

为处理低碳源生活污水,以内碳源反硝化途径为出发点,开发了后置缺氧UCT分段进水工艺.该工艺仅在UCT分段进水最后一好氧段末端增加了后置缺氧环节,以强化微生物内碳源储存能力.在低C/N水平（平均进水C/N=3.1±1.5）的生活污水条件下,后置缺氧UCT分段进水工艺实现了平均75.3%的TN去除率,运行61d后同步硝化反硝化去除的氮量高达31.5%;运行40d后污泥内碳源储存水平比原工艺污泥提高12.2%,9小时比内源反硝化速率由零提高至5.56mgN/（gVSS×d）,系统可通过好氧段同步硝化内源反硝化（SNED）提高TN去除率.污泥沉降性能有明显改善：SVI值由350mL/g降至97mL/g,而原UCT分段进水工艺污泥仍然膨胀.该工艺仅在原工艺基础上增加了一后置缺氧段,无需外加碳源和额外硝化液回流设施,有利于水厂升级改造.     

进水C/N对A~2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧与生物接触氧化工艺组成的双污泥系统(A~2/O-BCO)处理实际生活污水.通过投加乙酸钠调节进水碳氮比(C/N=2.44~8.85),考察了系统的反硝化除磷特性.试验结果表明:进水有机物主要是通过改变硝化性能(即缺氧段反硝化负荷)以及聚-β-羟基链烷酸脂(PHA)的贮存和利用,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷效果.当进水C/N为4~5时,COD、TN和PO_4~(3-)-P去除率分别达到88%,80%和96%,实现了有机物、氮和磷的同步高效去除.碳平衡分析表明,A~2/O反应器去除的COD占去除总量的71.86%~77.28%,BCO反应器去除的COD仅占2%~12%,碳源的高效利用是A~2/O-BCO工艺在低C/N条件下实现深度脱氮除磷的重要原因.此外,通过进水C/N与曝气量、硝化液回流比、厌/缺氧反应时间等相关性的分析,提出了系统的优化运行策略.     

COD/SO32-直对烟道气含硫废碱液厌氧消化的影响

通过利用UASB反应器,考察了COD和亚硫酸盐浓度的比值对烟道气含硫废碱液厌氧消化的影响.实验表明,在HRT为36h,SO32-荷为0.48～0.56kg/(m3·d),SO32-浓度为800mg/L条件下:COD/S0a'比值决定了SO32-去除率.当比值为1时,SO32-的还原率为53%;当比值为1.5时,SO32-原率为68%;比值为2时,SO32-的还原率在80%以上;当比值为3时,SO32-还原率先上升至87%5下降到75%.     

新型后置反硝化工艺处理低C/N(C/P)比污水脱氮除磷性能研究

从内碳源有效利用角度出发,开发了新型连续流后置反硝化AOA工艺,将厌氧段混合液按一定比例分流至缺氧段,从而强化缺氧段反硝化除磷作用.进水NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P浓度保持在(38.31±2.03) mg·L^-1和(5.74±0.13) mg·L^-1,在不同运行阶段进水COD分别控制在300 mg·L^-1和250 mg·L^-1,考察了AOA工艺处理低C/N(C/P)比污水过程影响因素.当进水C/N比和C/P比分别为7.41±0.26和52.36±1.25时,通过将SRT由10 d延长到16 d,系统TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别稳定在65.86%±2.06%和90.00%±3.97%;当进水C/N比、C/P比降至6.14±0.32和43.40±1.37时,在SRT为16 d条件下,将A/O/A体积比由1/3/1调整为1/2/2,TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别升至69.76%±3.36%和98.73%±1.82%.结果表明,采用控制SRT、调整好氧/缺氧HRT等策略,可保证处理低C/N(C/P)比污水AOA工艺高效稳定运行.     

沸石作稳定化剂固化/稳定化含汞危险废弃物试验

利用沸石对汞的吸附性,将沸石作为稳定化剂掺入水泥进行含汞危险废弃物固化/稳定化试验研究.同时,探讨了沸石作为稳定化剂的水泥固化技术处理含汞废弃物的影响因素,从而明确这种方法的可行性和最佳操作条件.结果表明,沸石的掺入能够促进汞的稳定,与单独使用水泥相比固化效率显著提高.当沸石用量为0.3g·g-1以上时,固化体浸出汞浓度低于国家标准(GB5085.3-2007),固化效率从单独使用水泥固化时的47%提高到95%以上.氯离子能够影响固化效率,即使在氯离子浓度为10mmo·lL-1时,含汞1000mg·kg-1以下的固体废弃物的固化效率仍能够大于90%.这说明即使存在氯离子干扰的情况下,沸石作稳定化剂固化含汞危险废物仍然是非常经济有效的方法.实验得到沸石作稳定化剂固化含汞危险废弃物的最佳操作条件为pH=6.0～7.0之间,沸石量为0.4g·g-1,水泥量为0.7g·g-1以上.