Mortality of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) larvae due to predators and parasitoids in rape fields and the effect of conservation strips

In 1996–1999, different mortality factors of pollen beetle larvae were investigated in twenty six rape fields in the northern part of Switzerland which had either a wild flower strip or an extensively managed meadow adjacent to the long side of the field. At 3 and 30 m into the crop from the conservation strip, total mortality, mortality from predators, parasitoids and unspecified factors were measured. Total pollen beetle larval mortality was 66–96%. Mortality caused by predators was 16–27% and there was no significant difference between mortality at 3 m and that 30 m from the extensively managed meadows. However, in fields with wild flower strips adjacent to them, the percentage mortality from predators was significantly greater at 30 m than at 3 m. The range of parasitism of pollen beetle larvae was 0–54% and was on average greater at 3 m than at 30 m. In fields with wild flower strips, the percentage parasitism with Tersilochus heterocerus was significantly higher than in fields with extensively managed meadows. However, mortality from all parasitoids was only 1–2% and there was no significant difference between 3 and 30 m. The effect of parasitoids on pollen beetle mortality was masked by the high unspecified mortality and the mortality from predators. The unspecified mortality was 46–72% and was significantly greater in 1998 and 1999 than in 1996 and 1997. These differences are probably because of meteorological factors (wet in 1999 and dry in 1998). The possible influences of the two types of conservation strips on pollen beetle larval density were investigated. The results show that in fields with adjacent wild flower strips, the pollen beetle larvae were more evenly distributed (but not significantly so) than in fields with extensively managed meadows where larval density decreases faster from the edge into the rape field.     

Responses of plant, insect and spider biodiversity to local and landscape scale management intensity in cereal crops and grasslands

The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of landscape scale management intensity, agroecosystem type, local management intensity and edges on diversity patterns of functional groups of plants, carabid beetles, spiders and grasshoppers. Nine landscapes were selected differing in percent intensively used agricultural area (IAA), each with a pair of organic and conventional winter wheat fields and a pair of organic and conventional mown meadows. Within fields, plants were surveyed in the edge and in the interior. Carabid beetles and spiders were captured by funnel traps, while grasshoppers were sweep-netted in the meadows. Diversity patterns of study organisms were affected both by local variables (local management, agroecosystem type and within-field position) and by landscape scale management intensity. Species richness of grasses, presumably because of sowing low-diversity mixtures, and hunting spiders decreased with percent cover of IAA. Meadows differed from wheat fields in that they had higher species richness of forbs and grasses, as well as higher densities of hunting spiders. In contrast, more carabid individuals, especially of non-carnivore species, were captured in wheat fields. In field edges with their reduced management intensity and increased immigration, species richness of plants, carabids and spiders was higher than in the interiors regardless of agroecosystem type and management. Organic management enhanced forb richness and cover in both agroecosystem types. Organic management also increased grass cover in wheat fields, but not in meadows, and promoted species richness of non-carnivore carabids and hunting spiders, but not grasshoppers. The results show that agri-environmental management needs to be targeted to the agroecosystem's field size, because higher edge area led to higher species richness. Organic management affected several functional groups positively (forbs, non-carnivore carabids, hunting spiders), while lower landscape scale management intensity only increased species richness of grasses and spiders. The great differences in responses of functional groups to local cereal and grassland as well as landscape management suggest implementing more scale and group specific targets for agri-environmental schemes to improve their efficiency.     

江西井冈山甜槠群落特征及物种多样性

井冈山自然保护区地处中亚热带的东部，以甜槠等为建群种的常绿阔叶林是井冈山的主要地带性植被。通过对甜槠群落进行分析研究，充分认识其群落学特征和物种多样性，为该植物群落多样性保护与持续利用提供科学依据。     

Plant species in arable field margins and road verges of central Norway

Plant species composition and species number were studied in two types of field margins: 31 arable field margins and 33 road verges. Both field margin types were adjacent to intensively managed grass or cereal fields. Effects of eight variables on field margin vegetation were studied. Despite having many plant species in common, composition and species number differed between the two field margin types, due to different ecological conditions and margin management. Arable field margins were composed of tall and/or nutrient demanding ubiquitous species and were characterised by species of later successional stages than those of road verges. The vegetation of road verges was lower and species numbers were higher than in arable field margins. The road verges contained several semi-natural meadow species that are declining in abundance. A CCA ordination of the field margins and the recorded variables showed that plant species composition was significantly affected by thickness of litter, slope, width, moisture level and type of crop in the adjacent field. Number of plant species was significantly higher in mown than unmown margins and generally higher in margins adjacent to fields with mainly grass production than in margins adjacent to fields with mainly cereal crops. In order to preserve botanical diversity in this agricultural landscape, the maintenance of regularly mown road verges should be prioritized.     

北运河沉积物中氨氧化微生物的群落特征

采用T-RFLP、RT-qPCR和克隆测序等分子生物学技术,以氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)为分子标记,研究了北运河表层沉积物中氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落多样性、丰度、系统发育及其与环境因子的响应关系.结果表明,沉积物中AOB的群落多样性和丰度均高于AOA,是北运河沉积物中氨氧化过程的主要功能微生物.沉积物中氨氧化微生物群落结构沿干流和支流存在明显的空间分异,而AOA的种类组成空间差异较小;沉积物的氨氮(NH4+)和硝态氮(NO3﹣+NO2﹣)是影响氨氧化微生物群落特征的主要因子,AOB对环境变化的敏感性更高;AOA和AOB的amoA基因拷贝数分别为1.32×105~1.91×106copies/g、5.39×105~8.3×106copies/g.闸坝下游沉积物的氨氧化微生物丰度最高.系统发育分析表明,amoA基因序列多属于土壤/沉积物分支,较多AOB的克隆序列与土壤亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)的类群相似性可达98%.受污水处理厂退水的影响,部分amoA基因序列与污水处理厂废水和活性污泥中发现的类群同源性高.污染物质来源、支流汇入和闸坝拦截对河流沉积物氨氧化微生物的群落特征影响显著.     

微塑料对沉积物细菌群落组成和多样性的影响

微塑料普遍存在于河口、海岸和深海沉积物中,能直接或间接地对沉积环境中细菌和真菌群落产生影响.为探究微塑料对沉积物细菌群落组成和多样性的影响,通过向沉积物中分别添加不同丰度(2%、 5%、 10%)和类型(PE、 PVC)的微塑料颗粒,进行30 d的微塑料污染模拟实验,分析不同微塑料处理中微生物群落结构和多样性差异.结果表明,微塑料对菌群多样性无显著影响,但能降低群落丰富度,且添加PE和10%PVC下降最显著;添加微塑料使放线菌门、拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门等相对丰度上升,后壁菌门相对丰度显著下降;伯克霍尔德氏菌科和假单胞菌科等涉及氮循环的菌群在添加PE以及2%和10%PVC后相对丰度显著增加,而鞘氨醇单胞菌科等与多种有害污染物生物降解作用有关菌群的相对丰度明显下降;KEGG代谢通路预测显示,添加PE和较高丰度(5%、 10%)PVC使菌群膜转运蛋白、细胞运动和外源物质生物降解等功能显著改善,氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和能量代谢等功能受到抑制.研究可为微塑料污染对沉积物养分转化和外源污染物降解的影响研究提供理论基础.     

北洛河流域植物多样性地理格局与环境关系

通过野外调查和历史文献及标本统计分析,确定并分析北洛河流域种子植物信息数据.结果表明：该区共有种子植物123科581属1671种,占黄土高原种子植物的83.67%、67.24%、51.83%,集中分布于大型科（>50种）、较大科（21~50种）和单种属（1种）、小型属（2~5种）内.11个干流流经的地理单元植物相似性聚类分为5组,较早分离的是黄龙县,最大类因子午岭山脉连接而包含4个地理单元（富县、合水县、宜君县、黄陵县）.富县、合水县和黄龙县植物丰富度SD值最高,洛川县、华池县和甘泉县SD值最低.该区地理成分在属级水平上有15个分布区类型16个变型,以温带分布及其变型为主（287属,占49.40%）,并与热带分布及其变型联系紧密（115属,占19.79%）,植物丰富度SD值与温带成分显著正相关;黄陵县、洛川县、黄龙县R/T值最高,热带性质最强,华池县、定边县R/T值最低,热带性质最弱.R/T值受海拔影响,随温度和降水从东南向西北递减.该区植物起源古老,分化程度高,物种多样性丰富,地理成分复杂,是重要的植物种质资源库.植物物种多样性地带性格局过渡性明显,体现出这些类群的生态位需求.需加强保护该区原生环境和植物,合理开发利用,可选择6大优势科（菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科、豆科、唇形科和毛茛科）中适地适树适草的物种（温带性质）,进行植被恢复和水土流失治理.     

喀斯特石漠化山区苔藓多样性及水土保持研究

喀斯特石漠化已成为制约我国西南地区可持续发展的重要生态环境问题. 以云南芝云洞山区苔藓植物为研究对象,于2012年1月进行调查和样地设置,共采集样品75份,采用经典形态分类法进行鉴定,分析苔藓多样性及其对水土保持的贡献. 结果表明:苔藓植物有11科25属53种;苔藓植物种数为无石漠化区(34)＞轻度石漠化区(14)＞中度石漠化区(12)＞强度石漠化区(7),丰富度指数也为无石漠化区(2.8748)＞轻度石漠化区(0.1941)＞中度石漠化区(-1.1767)＞强度石漠化区(-1.8923). 石漠化区苔藓植物相似性指数相差较小,其中强度石漠化区与中度石漠化区的相似性指数为0.3750,强度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3077,中度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3846;而石漠化区与无石漠化区相似性指数相差较大,其中无石漠化区与强度和轻度石漠化区的相似性指数分别为0.0714和0.0952. 强度、中度和轻度石漠化区与无石漠化区均匀度指数分别为0.5900、0.5133、0.4899和0.6107. 6种优势苔藓植物(长叶纽藓、卷叶湿地藓、东亚小石藓、黑扭口藓、卵叶青藓和狭叶湿地藓)的生物量、成土量和饱和吸水量分别在0.962~9.546、1.294~40.181、8.890~82.571g/m2之间,表明可以将苔藓植物作为该类地区的先锋植物.      

浙江省瓯江氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌分布及多样性特征

氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)在生物地球化学氮循环过程中发挥着重要作用.河流是关系人类生产和生活的重要生态系统,蕴含大量氮循环功能微生物.本研究采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)和荧光定量PCR(quantitative PCR,q PCR)技术对沉积物AOA、AOB群落进行结构和丰度分析,在瓯江感潮河段尺度上探究AOA、AOB分布规律及影响AOA、AOB群落结构与丰度的因素.结果表明,AOA群落结构差异不显著,影响其分布的主要因素为NH+4和TS;AOB群落结构存在显著差异,序列分析比对表明AOB分为Nitrosospira和Nitrosomonas,其中90%序列为Nitrosospira,EC、p H、NH_4~+、NO_3~-、TC和TN是影响AOB群落组成的重要环境因素;总硫(TS)和电导率(EC)分别是影响AOA和AOB多样性的主要因素;AOA丰度显著高于AOB;EC、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N是影响AOA和AOB丰度的主要环境因素.研究表明,瓯江感潮河段沉积物中AOA和AOB群落结构和丰度均显著受环境因素影响,AOA在表层沉积物氨氧化过程中可能占主导位置.     

河北省不同盐渍化土壤类型的微生物多样性与种群结构

为了探索盐渍化土壤中微生物多样性及群落构成,有效筛选盐渍土壤中耐盐微生物菌群.采用高通量测序技术对采集的河北省滨海盐渍土（原生盐渍化）、设施盐渍土（次生盐渍化）和高产粮田（健康土壤）3个生境的耕层土壤样本细菌和真菌多样性、群落结构、网络关系及其影响因子进行测定.结果表明,与大田土壤相比,设施土壤中OM、AP、AK、TS和EC显著升高,滨海盐渍土壤的TS和EC显著升高,其他养分指标则显著降低.细菌α多样性依次为：设施盐渍土>高产粮田>滨海盐渍土,真菌α多样性则为高产粮田显著高于设施盐渍土和滨海盐渍土.在门和属水平上分析盐渍化土壤的菌群结构,细菌群落中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）及其菌属和真菌群落中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）及其中有益菌Trichocladium和病原菌Fusarium为盐渍化土壤中的优势微生物类群.土壤EC和TS两个盐分因子是对细菌和真菌菌群分布贡献最大的因子,与绿弯菌门中unclassified_A4b和unclassified_Chloroflexi以及变形菌门中unclassified_α-Proteobacteria等细菌菌属和子囊菌门中Trichocladium、unclassified_Chaetomiaceae、Crassicarpon、Cephaliophora和Sodiomyces等真菌菌属呈显著正相关.研究结果为盐渍化土壤修复所需的微生物资源筛选提供了理论依据.     

Long-term dynamics of biomass production, soil chemical properties and plant species composition of alluvial grassland after the cessation of fertilizer application in the Czech Republic

The resilience, the ability of an ecosystem to recover after termination of perturbation, of highly productive Alopecurus grassland was investigated after the cessation of the following long-term fertilizer treatments applied under a two- or three-cut management regime: unfertilized control, PK, N₁₀₀PK, N₂₀₀PK, N₃₀₀PK and N₄₀₀PK. Annual application rates of pure nutrients per hectare were 0–400 kg for N, 40 kg for P and 100 kg for K. The dynamics of biomass production were measured for 16 years and the effect of former fertilizer treatments on soil chemical properties, biomass chemical properties, plant species composition and species richness were investigated 16 years after the last application of fertilizers. It was concluded that 16 years was not long enough to achieve resilience in plant-available soil P and K concentrations, N/P ratios in the plant biomass or plant species composition, but that it was long enough to achieve resilience in species richness. In the case of biomass production the effect of former fertilizer treatments was apparent in 10 of the 16 seasons investigated, indicating that resilience in biomass production must be evaluated using data from more than 1 vegetation season. The results of the study stress the necessity for long-term research because of high year-to-year variability in biomass production as well as long-term after-effects of fertilizer treatments in alluvial grassland.     

辽河四平段流域河流沉积物微生物群落多样性和结构分析

沉积物微生物群落在水生态系统的物质循环中发挥着关键的作用,群落结构组成的变化经常与环境的改变有关.以辽河四平段流域为研究区域,运用高通量测序结果对沉积物微生物群落的结构组成和多样性进行分析.结果表明,辽河四平段流域河流沉积物微生物群落α多样性以北河支流最高,干流次之,南河支流最低;β多样性表现为干流、北河支流和南河支流的微生物群落的相似性较低,差异性较大.变形菌门是该流域微生物群落门水平上丰度最高的优势菌门,并且与其他东北地区的河流类似,该流域河流沉积物中的厚壁菌门含量较低;γ-变形菌纲是该流域河流沉积物微生物群落占比最高的菌纲,但是β-变形菌纲在该流域丰度很低;而属于β-变形菌纲Ellin6067菌属在该流域分布很广.环境因子例如沉积物重金属和水体理化性质也会对微生物群落的多样性和种群结构产生多种影响.结果为实现修复辽河四平段流域河流的水体污染工作提供了理论依据.     

施用生物炭对麦田土壤细菌群落多样性和冬小麦生长的影响

通过长期田间定位试验研究土壤细菌群落的多样性及作物生长对施用生物炭的响应,为生物炭在农田中的合理应用提供科学依据.以冬小麦为研究对象,设置生物炭施加量为0(B0对照)、 5(B1)、 10(B2)和20 t·hm^-2(B3)这4个处理,结合Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术探究不同生物炭施用量对冬小麦扬花期和成熟期土壤理化性质、土壤细菌群落多样性和作物生长的影响.结果表明,土壤含水量、 pH值、土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮含量、冬小麦生物量、氮吸收和产量随着生物炭施用量的增加均表现出增加趋势.高通量测序结果得出B2处理显著降低了扬花期细菌群落α多样性;土壤细菌群落组成对不同施用量的生物炭和物候期的总体响应在分类上一致,本研究以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为优势菌门(相对丰度>5%),酸杆菌门的相对丰度下降,但随着生物炭的施用,变形菌门和浮霉菌门的相对丰度增加.冗余分析、共现...     

156 m蓄水后三峡水库小江回水区春季浮游植物调查及多样性评价

三峡水库于2006年10月底蓄水至156 m水位,标志着三峡工程顺利进人初期运行阶段.为了解新的水位高程下小江回水区水环境的现状以及浮游植物种群结构的变化,于2007年初开始对该区域的富营养化水平进行了跟踪观测.以2007年春季(4月)的2次常规监测数据为基础,应用多样性指数H、丰富度指数d、均匀性指数J,对小江回水区的5个监测断面进行了多样性评价并分析了小江回水区浮游植物种群结构的变化趋势.结果表明,各监测断面的H、d和J值分别为1.097 5～1.865 5、1.324 2～1.860 4、0.263 2～0.435 9;各监测断面的营养水平均为中度富营养型,其中渠马断面水质最差.黄石断面水质最好.浮游植物细胞密度和牛物量最大值出现在2007-04-08的渠马断面,分别达到了8.442×105celh/L和1.887 mg/L.小江回水区的藻类种群组成在这一时期也出现了明显的变化,从冬季的硅藻-绿藻为主的结构逐渐向初夏的绿藻-蓝藻为主的结构过渡.     

中国水环境压力与水污染防治能力的区域差异

根据2005年中国31个省、市的水污染物处理情况、水资源和人均地区生产总值的统计数据,分析区域间的差异。结果表明:目前中国区域水环境压力和水污染防治能力与经济水平都呈现显著空间线性正相关,而水环境压力与水污染防治能力的空间线性相关性不显著,根据不同区域水环境压力和水污染防治能力的关系,按照加强水污染防治能力的紧迫程度,从大到小分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四级区域,分别对不同区域进行了现状分析和对策建议。     

长江口海域悬浮物的分布时空变化特征

本文以１９８６年冬季和夏季两个航次调查资料，研究了长江口吸其毗邻海域的枯丰水期的数百个海不悬浮物样品的成分和分布。悬浮颗粒物浓度变化范围，河口区，夏季为１３４．０－１８９．０ｍｇ’ｄｍ＾３，冬季为７１．６－２９９．０ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３，而海区，冬季为６．９－１２．５display status     

戊唑醇残留分析方法实验室内质量控制研究

文章确立了小麦、香蕉中戊唑醇残留检测方法,小麦样品加水10 mL用丙酮为萃取溶剂,石油醚液液分配,中性氧化铝柱层析净化,用气相色谱(GC-NPD)检测。香蕉样品加水5 mL用丙酮为萃取溶剂,石油醚液液分配,浓缩后用气相色谱(GC-NPD)检测。分别设置不同时间批次,同一批次间的平行样及实验室内人员分析,分别从方法灵敏度、方法准确度、方法精密度及其质量控制图、标准工作液的稳定性来探讨该方法的可靠性,结果表明该方法可以作为香蕉和小麦种戊唑醇残留检测的标准分析方法。     

糠醛生产废渣直接转化为复合肥—添加剂(Ⅰ)配方与蒸馏条件的研究

 采用复合添加剂（I），以稻草（或麦杆）为原料，用硫酸酸化水解制糠醛，研究了复合添加剂（I）各成分的含量和添加量以及蒸馏条件对渣酸度的影响．结果表明，以20％（wt/wt,%）硫酸，液固比为3∶1～4∶1（wt/wt），复合添加h们）与原料的比为02：1〔WVWt），添加剂（I）配方为：磷酸钙7％，磷酸和重钙5％－10％，亚硫酸氢钠和碳酸钙3％－5％，助剂（III）5％－10％；蒸馏温度110～130℃，时间2.5～3.0h，出醛率可达理论量的80％以上，废渣全部转化为中性复合肥.     

郑州市细颗粒物时空差异及管控措施影响

为研究郑州市细颗粒物(PM2.5)时空分布差异及秋冬季管控措施影响,于2017年秋季至2018年冬季选取5个点位采集PM2.5样品并进行组分分析,利用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析PM2.5污染来源,评估郑州市秋冬季管控效果,并基于源解析结果为下一阶段秋冬季管控提供支撑.郑州市PM2 5浓度冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季,...