应用CGE模型量化分析中国实施能源环境税政策的可行性

应用一个可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型对中国若干工业行业按照差别税率对所投入的煤炭和油气产品征收从价能源环境税的情况进行了量化模拟,预测了该项政策在中国实施的可行性;并在量化模拟和分析之后得出如下结论:即征收能源环境税有助于促进工业部门,尤其是能源密集型行业,节能、降耗、改善能源消费结构和削减SO2 和CO2 污染排放,但该项政策的实施并不能够从根本上促进能源利用效率的提高,反而易对宏观经济造成负面影响,因此在中国目前现阶段不宜作为主要能源环境政策备选方案     

环境税的双赢效应

环境税是近几年来社会关注的焦点问题,在阐述环境税双赢效应产生的基础上,论证了环境税实施为有关国家带来的环境和非环境效益,并针对我国现行税制结构和污染收费情况,分析了我国出现双赢效应的局限与可能,进而给出创造中国式环境税双赢效应的建议。     

中国能源税制改革的趋势分析

分析我国与能源相关税(费)的现状及存在问题,探讨了我国能源税制体系改革趋势:一是完善能源消费税,二是开征能源排污税,最终建立以保护环境和节约能源为目的能源税制体系。     

落实国办“47条”,甘肃急需处理好十大紧迫问题

<正>1尽快建立领导干部绩效考核评价机制国办"47条"是党中央针对甘肃实际出台的重大政策措施,是助推甘肃未来发展的强大政策资源。作为每一个甘肃人,都要倍加珍惜这种难得的历史机遇。但在我国现行的"压力型体制"下,国办"47条"能否落实、落实到什么程度,关键在于各级领导干部,特别是党政"一把手"。     

面向我国化学物质环境管理的计算毒理学模型评估思路及建设路径

计算毒理学模型正逐渐成为我国化学物质环境管理的重要工具之一.为了推动建立面向我国化学物质环境管理的计算毒理学模型评估方法体系,掌握模型评估核心技术,本文分析了我国发展和评估计算毒理学模型的必要性,总结了我国计算毒理学模型评估的管理需求,系统梳理了美国、欧盟、国际经济合作与发展组织(OECD)的模型评估方法.研究发现,发达国家普遍建立了一套相对完善的计算毒理学模型评估技术,构建了包含模型开发、评估、验证和应用的模型生命周期评估体系.当前,我国尚未建立计算毒理学模型评估技术方法,借鉴发达国家的经验做法,构建具有我国国情特征的计算毒理学模型评估体系,指导我国计算毒理学模型征集与评估工作,具有重要意义.     

推进GIS在环境规划中应用的探讨

本文在分析了地理信息系统引入环境规划带来的优越性的基础上，通过对目前我国环境领域中ＧＩＳ应用现状及实例研究，得出要深化ＧＩＳ在我国环境科学中的应用，就必须加强ＧＩＳ上的模型分析，并最终建立起ＧＩＳ模型库。     

物种占域模型的基本原理及其研究进展

占域模型是用于估算某个区域被目标物种所占据的比例,从而进一步估算物种的丰度、预测物种的分布范围和了解群落结构的一种模型。主要介绍了占域模型的基本原理,包括数据类型、基本参数、模型选择及适用范围,总结了占域模型的研究和应用进展。目前,对该模型的研究与应用仍以国外学者居多,但近年来国内一些调查、监测工作中也有初步应用。在此基础上,分析了该模型实际应用中可能出现的一些问题,如协变量的引入、探测率的异质性、不完全的探测和观测值的缺失等,并对这些问题作出了一定的解释。最后,提出进一步完善占域模型并将其应用于我国生物多样性调查与监测计划中,从而为生物多样性保护提供有效的技术支持。     

生态文明建设的善治结构:三明治模型

在评析西方社会变革"三明治模型"的基础上,将其扩展应用于生态文明建设。借鉴西方社会变革的成功经验,基于我国实际构建生态文明建设的善治结构设计,构建了由生态政府、生态社会和生态公民协同至善的"三明治模型",并详细阐述了这一模型的动态演进过程和治理运行机制,为深化这一领域的研究提供了新视角和新思路。在生态文明建设的善治结构中,生态政府的重要职责是增强国家力量,生态企业发挥主责作用,生态公民的草根运动则是最广泛的基础。     

农药混配制剂环境风险评估现状与展望

本文综述了欧洲和美国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法。详细介绍了欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)评估体系中的2种方法,即,基础的"整体测试法"和近年来提倡的"基于组分的方法"。"基于组分的方法"的特点是以浓度加和模型(CA模型)作为默认假设进行初级评估,以独立作用模型(IA模型)等作为高级评估手段的农药混配制剂环境风险评估方法。此外,本文还介绍了模型偏差率(MDR)、毒性相似度及毒力单元(TU)等概念以及混配制剂风险评估流程。本文的目的旨在为建立我国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法体系提供参考。     

农业非点源污染SWAT模型研究态势及研究前沿知识图谱

农业非点源污染已成为全球重要的环境问题,模型是当前非点源污染研究的核心内容.为全面了解农业非点源污染SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型研究概况,并获得学科发展趋势、研究力量与研究热点,利用引文分析工具进行数据挖掘与科学知识图谱呈现.自1994年第1篇SWAT模型研究论文发表以来,论文数量呈逐年上升趋势:美国处于绝对领先的地位;中国发文量407篇,排名第2位,其中中国科学院与北京师范大学研究表现突出.研究热点主要集中在SWAT模型特点、模型演化、运算法则以及在农业非点源污染方面的应用. SWAT模型应用于国外各大流域以及我国众多流域研究. SWAT模型在农业非点源污染、泥沙产量、农药输移等方面研究得到了大量应用.未来我国应积极开展SWAT模型基础研究,并开发出适用于我国各地河流水域特点的组件,为流域管理与污染控制提供有效决策支撑与科学依据.     

Double dividend hypothesis, golden rule and welfare distribution

This paper analyzes the double dividend issues within the framework of overlapping generations models. We characterize the necessary conditions for obtaining a double dividend, i.e. an improvement of environmental and non-environmental welfare when the revenue from the pollution tax is recycled into a change in the labor tax rate. We show that, depending on the initial capital stock and on the intertemporal elasticity of substitution, conditions may be defined to simultaneously allow (i) the obtaining of a long-term double dividend, (ii) the economy to move closer to the modified golden rule and (iii) in the short term, an improvement in the welfare of the two present generations.     

Green tax reform,endogenous innovation and the growth dividend

We study theoretically and numerically the effects of an environmental tax reform using endogenous growth theory. In the theoretical segment, mobile labor between manufacturing and R&D activities, and elasticity of substitution between labor and energy in manufacturing lower than unity allow for a growth dividend, even if we consider preexisting tax distortions. The scope for innovation is reduced when we consider direct financial investment in the lab, or elastic labor supply. We then apply the core theoretical model to a real growing economy and find that a boost in long-run economic growth following such a carbon policy is a possible outcome. Redistribution of additional carbon tax revenue by lowering capital taxation performs best in terms of effciency measured by aggregate welfare. In terms of equity among social segments the progressive character of lump-sum redistribution fails when we consider very high emissions reduction targets.     

An environmental tax-shift with indirect desirable effects

Imposing environmental taxation on external costs of energy will not only affect the environmental impact of the energy sector itself, but it will tend to decrease environmental damage from other sectors of the economy as well. We have assessed the effects of a shift of taxation from taxing labour to taxation of external costs caused in the energy sector. Several examples give results compatible with the hypothesis that the changing price relation between labour and energy resulting from such a tax shift will make re-use, repairs and recycling increasingly competitive and thus tend to decrease mining as well as waste production. Likewise, less energy-intensive commodities and services in general would become increasingly competitive, and would tend to decrease the environmental load further. These environmentally desirable effects are beyond the taxed external effects of the energy sector itself and occur as an indirect effect of the increased relative price of energy.     

Do renewable energy policies reduce carbon emissions? On caps and inter-industry leakage

In a parsimonious two-sector general equilibrium model, we challenge the widely-held tenet that within a cap-and-trade system renewable energy policies have no effect on carbon emissions. If the cap does not capture all sectors, we demonstrate that variations of a renewable energy subsidy change aggregate carbon emissions through an inter-industry leakage effect. We decompose this effect into intuitively intelligible components that depend in natural ways on measurable elasticity parameters. Raising the subsidy always reduces emissions if funded by a lump-sum tax, reinforcing recent findings that tightening environmental regulation can cause negative leakage. However, if the subsidy is funded by a levy on electricity, it can increase emissions. These results provide a valuable basis for an informed design of renewable energy policies and an accurate assessment of their effectiveness. We highlight how a state-of-the-art statistic used by governments to gauge such effectiveness, “virtual emission reductions”, is biased, because inter-industrial leakage effects are not captured.     

论乡镇工业排污收费

本文介绍了乡镇工业排污费的征收现状及特点；根据１９８９年全国乡镇工业污染源调查数据对乡镇工业排污费应征值作了测算，并从对乡镇工业、社会、财政收入和农村环境保护的影响以及征收可行性等方面进行了论证；在此基础上，对乡镇工业排污费实征率低的原因作了分析，提出了乡镇工业排污费征收、管理和使用的有关建议。     

Time delay,complexity and support for taxation

People often experience the benefits of taxation over time. We design an intertemporal market experiment with negative externalities to examine how delaying the benefits of taxation affects support for taxes. We find that when negative externalities occur immediately, people learn to adopt Pigouvian taxes, which are aimed at reducing negative externalities and restoring market efficiency. By contrast, when negative externalities are delayed, people are less receptive to taxation. This effect persists over time. Our data reveal that the strong negative delay effect can be explained in large part by narrow bracketing and the increased perceived complexity of the environment, rather than by time discounting per-se. We argue and demonstrate that increasing the transparency of intertemporal tradeoffs can effectively promote support for taxation.     

The switching effect of environmental taxation within Bertrand differentiated duopoly

We investigate second-best optimal taxation of the polluting variety of a product in a Bertrand duopoly with differentiated varieties. The analysis provides novel insight on a useful social function of environmental regulation. Besides internalizing the environmental externality, the taxation of the polluting variety improves the matching of consumers and product varieties, and so creates a socially desirable business switching between the differentiated varieties.     

Stable taxation schemes in regional environmental management

Economists have frequently proposed the use of taxes to internalize externalities, the unit tax on a particular activity being equal to the marginal social damage it generates. This paper introduces such a taxation scheme, comprising a set of rules which, given a set of polluters, their profits, and costs, and a central authority for environmental control, generates a set of taxes to be levied on the waste emissions. Different attributes of the taxation schemes are then presented, the most important of which (stability) refers to the possibility of overall cooperation between all the polluters. The paper concludes by examining the implications of the existence of stable taxation schemes and of the imposition of constraints either on the emissions or on the percentage of load removed.     

Intertemporal environmental management with a storable pollutant

A model is developed which allows decisions on generation and emission of an environmental pollutant to be separated in time. After deducing and discussing the necessary conditions for the socially optimal time pattern of generation and emission the possibility of using pollution taxation to motivate this optimal solution is investigated. The principle finding is that there exists no time pattern of fixed per-unit pollution taxes that will result in optimality. In particular, this demonstrates the failure of that pattern of fixed per-unit taxes which reflects the optimal marginal social cost of emission at each point in time.