锑矿区土壤重金属污染及优势植物对重金属的富集特征

通过野外调查采样,分析了冷水江锑矿区4个采样点土壤和优势植物中重金属含量,以及矿区生长的5种优势植物对Sb、As、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的的吸收与富集能力及其富集特性。结果表明,矿区土壤中6种重金属元素的平均含量均超出湖南省土壤背景值和全国土壤背景值,土壤受Sb污染最严重,其次是Cd、As的污染。5种优势植物淡竹叶、苎麻、芒草、狗尾草和白背叶体内Sb、As的含量都超过正常范围,具有修复矿区土壤Sb、As污染的潜力。其中苎麻对Sb的富集系数和转运系数均大于1,满足Sb超富集植物的基本特征,可作为生态恢复的先锋植物;芒草对Cd的富集系数和转运系数都大于1,对重金属有较强的耐性,作为重金属污染的修复植物具有较好的应用前景。     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复研究进展

详细阐述了植物修复的生理学、分子生物学机制，包括超积累植物对根际土壤中重金属的活化，超量积累植物对土壤重金属吸收及其解毒机理，并就该领域今后的研究方向和存在的问题作了探讨。     

上海市桃浦垃圾填埋场封场植被的重金属吸收和积累特征

城市垃圾填埋场的生态修复问题越来越受到重视,选择合适的封场植被对生态恢复至关重要。本研究对上海市桃浦垃圾填埋场的土壤和29种优势植物的重金属含量进行检测,结果显示,该填埋埋场土壤呈现Zn和Cd的中度复合污染。在研究的优势植物中,杨树、雪松和夹竹桃吸收Zn的能力较强,杨树、紫薇、金丝桃吸收Cd的能力较强。荆芥表现为重金属Zn的富集型植物;龙葵表现为重金属Cd的富集型植物;麦冬和狗尾巴草则表现为重金属的根部囤积型植物。可综合选择这些植物用于城市垃圾填埋场的植物修复和植被恢复。     

水培翅碱蓬对重金属吸收的研究

由于人类活动以及工业化的迅速发展,滩涂湿地正在遭受前所未有的污染和破坏,其中重金属污染是主要污染问题之一。生物修复技术是近年发展起来的新型环境污染治理方法,它在去除污染的同时还具有较高的环保价值,因此受到人们的广泛关注。以中国北方滩涂湿地的优势种植物翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera kitag)为研究对象,通过测定翅碱蓬体内重金属的含量,分别探讨了翅碱蓬对单一Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd及Cu和Zn、Pb和Cd混合重金属的吸收规律、翅碱蓬不同部位对Cu的积累特性。实验结果表明,翅碱蓬对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的最大吸收速率分别为31、101、34、62mg/(kg.d);Cu的存在,促进了翅碱蓬对Zn的吸收,翅碱蓬各部位对Cu的积累量大小为根>茎>叶。     

污泥耐受性草本植物的筛选及其对重金属Cu、Zn的富集

为探索植物修复污泥中重金属污染的可行性,配制不同污泥含量的介质土开展盆栽实验,对从河南、云南和上海等地收集的抗逆性强的19种草本植物进行污泥适应性筛选;研究了植物对污泥的生理响应及其对重金属Cu、Zn的吸收和分布.结果表明,上海市浦东新区白龙港污水处理厂污泥农用是可行的,农用时污泥比例应控制在60％以下;筛选出三叶鬼针草、稗子、荆芥和金叶马兰4种污泥耐受性植物;三叶鬼针草具有修复重金属Cu、Zn污染土壤的潜力;稗子具有修复重金属Zn污染土壤的能力;金叶马兰具有修复重金属Cu、Zn污染土壤的能力.     

5种华南地区水生植物对城市生活污水的净化效果

为考察乡土植物对当地生活污水的净化效果,探究乡土植物替代外来引种植物应用于水体修复的可能性,选取聚花草(Floscopa scandens)、疏穗莎草(Cyperus distans)、线叶水芹(Oenanthe linearis)、石龙芮(Ranunculus sceleratus)和鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata)5种广东省乡土植物,以不同浓度梯度的自配溶液模拟生活污水,分析几种植物对化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(${\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}{\rm{ {\text{-}} N}}$)和总磷(TP)的去除效果。结果表明,5种乡土植物对生活污水均具有明显的净化效果,且各植物之间净化效果差异显著。疏穗莎草处理生活污水的效果最好,高浓度污水处理下,对COD、TN、${\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}{\rm{ {\text{-}} N}}$和TP的去除率分别为89.56%、82.66%、88.89%和83.32%(20 d);鱼腥草对TN和${\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}{\rm{ {\text{-}} N}}$的去除效果明显,各浓度污水处理下,其对TN的去除率为83.52%~85.50%,${\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}{\rm{ {\text{-}} N}}$的去除率为77.40%~89.33%,但对磷元素的净化效果较差,适合治理高氮低磷污染类型;聚花草对TP的去除效果明显,不同浓度梯度污水处理下,其去除率最高可达91.43%,建议应用于低氮高磷的生活污水治理。     

4种茄科植物对矿区污染土壤重金属的吸收和富集

采集了湖南及江苏8个矿区或冶炼厂周边4种茄科(Solanaceae)植物及其根际土壤,分析了植物及土壤样品中Cd、Cu、Pb、Mn和Zn 5种重金属浓度.结果表明:番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)对5种重金属可能有着较强的耐性,但不具有超积累的潜力;刺天茄(Solanum indicum)对Mn、...     

铀胁迫对植物光合特性的影响及植物对铀的吸收转移

在铀污染土壤的二次修复中,采用7科12种植物,研究铀胁迫对植物光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性的影响以及植物对铀的吸收、富集情况,为铀污染土壤的植物修复提供理论和方法依据。结果表明:(1)铀胁迫显著影响红圆叶苋、苍耳、美洲商陆、刺天茄和苘麻5种植物的光合效率,具体表现为叶片净光合速率(Pn)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加,初始荧光(F0)增加,光系统II最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭(qP)和最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmaxr)降低;而反枝苋、菊苣、鬼针草、向日葵和牛皮菜则对铀胁迫表现出较好的耐性。(2)酸模、鬼针草、苍耳和向日葵吸收富集铀的能力较强,在铀含量为485 mg/kg的二次修复土壤中生长3个月,体内积累的铀含量分别为363.57、91.87、75.80和65.42 mg/kg;而反枝苋、牛皮菜和美洲商陆吸收富集铀的能力较弱,体内的铀含量分别为16.20、15.11和12.36 mg/kg。(3)铀在植物体内的转移能力较差,器官间的铀富集能力一般表现为根叶茎果。综合比较而言,酸模、向日葵和鬼针草对铀的耐性较强、体内铀含量高,可作为铀污染土壤二次修复植物。     

Effects of soil properties on food web accumulation of heavy metals to the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus)

Effects of soil properties on the accumulation of metals to wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) were evaluated at two sites with different pH and organic matter content of the soil. pH and organic matter content significantly affected accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in earthworms and vegetation. For Cd, Cu and Zn these effects propagated through the food web to the wood mouse. Soil-to-kidney ratios differed between sites: Cd: 0.15 versus 3.52, Cu: 0.37 versus 1.30 and Zn: 0.33-0.83. This was confirmed in model calculations for Cd and Zn. Results indicate that total soil concentrations may be unsuitable indicators for risks that metals pose to wildlife. Furthermore, environmental managers may, unintentionally, change soil properties while taking specific environmental measures. In this way they may affect risks of metals to wildlife, even without changes in total soil concentrations.     

Effects of rapeseed residue on lead and cadmium availability and uptake by rice plants in heavy metal contaminated paddy soil

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has been cultivated for biodiesel production worldwide. Winter rapeseed is commonly grown in the southern part of Korea under a rice-rapeseed double cropping system. In this study, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to assess the effects of rapeseed residue applied as a green manure alone or in combinations with mineral N fertilizer on Cd and Pb speciation in the contaminated paddy soil and their availability to rice plant (Oryza sativa L.). The changes in soil chemical and biological properties in response to the addition of rapeseed residue were also evaluated. Specifically, the following four treatments were evaluated: 100% mineral N fertilizer (N100) as a control, 70% mineral N fertilizer + rapeseed residue (N70 + R), 30% mineral N fertilizer + rapeseed residue (N30 + R) and rapeseed residue alone (R). The electrical conductivity and exchangeable cations of the rice paddy soil subjected to the R treatment or in combinations with mineral N fertilizer treatment, N70 + R and N30 + R, were higher than those in soils subjected to the N100 treatment. However, the soil pH value with the R treatment (pH 6.3) was lower than that with N100 treatment (pH 6.9). Use of rapeseed residue as a green manure led to an increase in soil organic matter (SOM) and enhanced the microbial populations in the soil. Sequential extraction also revealed that the addition of rapeseed residue decreased the easily accessible fraction of Cd by 5-14% and Pb by 30-39% through the transformation into less accessible fractions, thereby reducing metal availability to the rice plant. Overall, the incorporation of rapeseed residue into the metal contaminated rice paddy soils may sustain SOM, improve the soil chemical and biological properties, and decrease the heavy metal phytoavailability.     

水稻秸秆炭及组合改良剂对石漠化地区土壤-玉米系统中重金属迁移特征影响

化学固定是重金属污染土壤修复及改良技术之一。通过盆栽实验,研究了水稻秸秆炭及其与石灰、磷酸盐组合改良剂对石漠化土壤-玉米体系中As、Zn和Pb 3种重金属迁移的影响,分析了玉米及土壤重金属含量、形态变化。结果表明,几种改良剂均显著促进了玉米生长,地上部分生物量：水稻秸秆炭 > 石灰+水稻秸秆炭 > 石灰 > 秸秆 > 磷酸盐+水稻秸秆炭 > 磷酸盐 > 对照。水稻秸秆炭、石灰及其组合均能够提高土壤pH值,抑制重金属向玉米地上部分迁移。添加改良剂后土壤中As的弱酸提取态和可还原态含量显著降低,均小于3 mg·kg-1。水稻秸秆炭、秸秆与石灰及其组合均能够降低土壤中重金属提取态和还原态量,能够降低玉米籽粒中重金属的含量,但玉米籽实中Pb依然超标。     

Impact of the composition of combustion generated fine particles on epithelial cell toxicity: influences of metals on metabolism

Inhaled airborne particulate matter (PM) represents a potentially significant health hazard to humans. Exposure to PM strongly correlates with pulmonary inflammation and incidences of severe respiratory distress, including increased hospital admissions for breathing disorders, asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. PM generated from the combustion of fuel oils and coals contain a number of water-soluble transition metals including Fe, V, and Zn.

We have evaluated the impact of PM types with varying composition collected from the combustion of oils and coals on the health and metabolism of lung cell cultures. Three colorimetric assays (sulforhodamine B (SRB), Janus green, and MTT) have been adapted to quantify the impact of PM on rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cells (RLE-6TN cells). The PM toxicity metrics evaluated were inhibition of cell proliferation (SRB and Janus green) and inhibition of cellular metabolism (MTT). Cell proliferation is inhibited in a consistent dose-dependent manner by PM concentrations from 25 to 250 μg/ml. At a level of 100 μg/ml, oil-derived PM diminishes cell metabolism by as much as 40% relative to controls; the degree of inhibition is strongly dependent on PM particle size and metal content. Conversely, coal-derived PM at the same dosage diminishes cell metabolism by no more than 20% relative to controls. All three assays provide highly repeatable results and consistent toxicity rankings of the PMs evaluated. Overall, metabolic inhibition as measured by the MTT assay was deemed the most appropriate metric for PM toxicity, primarily due to its applicability with in vivo-like confluent cell monolayers.     

Effects of sediment composition on inorganic mercury partitioning, speciation and bioavailability in oxic surficial sediments

Artificially prepared sediments were used to assess the effects of sediment composition on inorganic Hg partitioning, speciation and bioavailability. Organic coating in sediment greatly increased the Hg partitioning and the amount of bioavailable Hg bound with the clay and the Fe and Mn oxides, but had little effect on that bound with the quartz and calcium carbonate as a result of weaker binding of humic acids and fulvic acids. The clay content increased the concentration of Hg in the sediments but inhibited the gut juice extraction due to the strong binding of Hg-organic matter (OM) complexes. Most Hg in the sediments was complexed by OM (mainly distributed in the organo-complexed phase and the strongly complexed phase), and the Hg-OM complexes (especially Hg in the strongly complexed phase) in sediments contributed much to gut juice extraction. Redistribution of Hg-OM complexes between sediments and gut juices may occur during gut juice extraction and modify Hg bioavailability and speciation in sediments.     

外源钙对镉胁迫下苎麻生长及生理代谢的影响

以苎麻为实验材料,采取营养液栽培方式,研究了不同浓度的钙(0、1、5和10 mmol·L-1)在5 mg·L-1 氯化镉胁迫下,对苎麻幼苗生长及植物体内重金属的积累、光合作用、抗氧化作用等的影响。研究结果显示,中浓度钙处理(5 mmol·L-1)能明显缓解镉胁迫对苎麻的毒害作用。与单独镉处理相比,外源5 mmol·L-1钙处理苎麻地上部分和根部的生物量分别为单独镉胁迫下的1.21倍和1.32倍,叶绿素含量增加了19.77%,丙二醛和过氧化氢含量分别下降了19.09%和29.02%,抗氧化酶的活性也发生了相应变化;低浓度钙处理(1 mmol·L-1)显著提高了苎麻茎叶中镉的含量,分别为单独镉胁迫下的2.54倍和3.59倍。由此表明,外源钙和镉的交互作用与外源钙的浓度密切相关。     

氮素形态对烟草根际镉的有效性及镉吸收的影响

采用盆栽实验,研究了不同氮素形态对酸性紫色土和中性紫色土中烟草根际有效镉含量及烟草吸收镉的影响。结果表明,氮素形态对烟草根际有效镉含量的影响不显著,但铵态氮(AN)和铵态氮+硝化抑制剂双氰胺(AN+DCD)使非根际有效镉含量显著提高。2种土壤中,烟草的生物量均以AN+DCD处理最高;烟草地上部镉含量在酸性紫色土中以硝态氮(NN)处理最高,中性紫色土中则以AN+DCD处理最高;烟草地上部镉累积量均以AN+DCD和AN+NN处理最高。从植物修复角度,2种土壤宜以铵态氮与硝态氮混合或铵态氮与双氰胺混合方式施用。     

Effects of phytoextraction on heavy metal concentrations and pH of pore-water of biosolids determined using an in situ sampling technique

Heavy metal concentrations and pH of pore-water in contaminated substrates are important factors in controlling metal uptake by plants. We investigated the effects of phytoextraction on these properties in the solution phase of biosolids and diluted biosolids in a 12-month phytoextraction column experiment. Phytoextraction using Salix and Populus spp. temporarily decreased pore-water pH of the substrates over the experimental period followed by a return to initial pH conditions. Salix × reichardtii and Populus balsamifera effectively extracted Ni, Zn and Cd and actively mobilized these metals from the solid to the solution phase. S. × reichardtii had the stronger effect on mobilization of metals due to its larger root system. Phytoextraction did not affect Cu in the solution phase of the biosolids. Heavy metals were leached down to lower depths of the columns during the phytoextraction process.     

不同水层光照强度对4种沉水植物生长的影响

选取金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、水盾草(Cabombacaroliniana)、苦草(Vallisneria gigantean)为试验材料,研究不同水层的光照强度对其存活率、株高、生物量等的影响,旨在找出这4种沉水植物在自然条件下的最...     

施用改良剂和种植栾树对锰矿渣微生物群落的影响

施用改良剂可降低矿区重金属污染对植物的胁迫,但其对根际环境的影响机制尚不明晰。以栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)为供试植物、以某锰尾矿区矿渣为基质,比较CK(100%矿渣)、S0(90%矿渣+5%蘑菇渣+5%凹凸棒)和S1(90%矿渣+5%蘑菇渣+5%凹凸棒,种植栾树)等3个处理重金属赋存状态和微生物多样性等的差异,探究施用改良剂和种植栾树等对矿渣中重金属拦截效果的影响。结果表明,施用改良剂(即蘑菇渣和凹凸棒)提高了矿渣pH,增强了其肥力和持水性;而种植栾树可降低重金属的生物有效性,Mn、Pb、Zn的残渣态比例显著提升,较S0分别提升了5.73%、13.5%和6.47%,较CK分别提升了4.98%、12.8%和6.01%。实验前、后各基质中Mn、Pb、Zn随雨水径流的流失量差异显著,表现为S1Bacteroidota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰富显著增加,腐生和富养菌等有益菌的相对丰度和多样性提升明显,有利于保持土壤肥力和促进栾树生长,提高其抗逆性和修复效率。     

Effects of bisphenol A on energy balance and accumulation in brown adipose tissue in rats

Some environmental contaminants have the potential to affect humans or animals by mimicking the effects of hormones. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a weak estrogen agonist when tested using in vitro or in vivo bioassays. In addition to the well documented effects of estrogens on reproductive functions, ovarian hormones also have salient effects on mammalian energy balance and feeding behavior. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on body weight and food intake of ovariectomized adult female rats. Treatment with doses of 4 or 5 mg/day for 15 days resulted in a significant reduction of body weight gain with no reduction in food intake. A dose of 1 mg/day did not affect feeding or weight gain. BPA was detected in the blood, brain and adipose tissues of the BPA-treated animals but not in the vehicle control group. There was a preferential concentration of BPA in brown adipose tissue. These results indicate that BPA can affect energy balance and that brown adipose tissue may be a primary tissue into which BPA accumulates in mammals.     

纳米金属对污水处理系统中磺胺耐药基因和耐药菌的影响及其机理

细菌耐药性和纳米材料污染为新兴环境问题。细菌耐药性遗传载体——耐药基因 (ARGs) 广泛存在于污水处理系统中,且已被证明与金属纳米材料密切相关。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,探究了纳米零价铁 (nZVI) 和纳米氧化锌 (nZnO) 对污水处理系统中磺胺类耐药菌 (ARB) 和ARGs的分布特征的影响。结果表明,50 mg·L⁻¹ nZVI和nZnO暴露均有利于削减磺胺ARB浓度数。与对照组相比,nZVI和nZnO暴露后污泥中sul1丰度增加了0.25%~16.21%,而sul2出现明显削减 (1.51%~15.47%) 。此外,50 mg·L⁻¹ nZVI会导致游离态胞外ARGs大幅削减。nZVI和nZnO暴露通过富集污水处理系统中的intI1、改变细胞膜通透性和调节细菌转录能力促进sul1的增殖。本研究结果阐明了典型纳米金属对污水处理系统中ARB和不同形态ARGs消长的影响及其机制,可为制定有效调控和全面削减污水处理系统中耐药污染策略提供参考。