基于旱地土壤环境风险的农药毒死蜱的施用限值研究

通过开展田间试验,研究毒死蜱在玉米、小麦和大豆3种作物田土壤中的降解及环境风险,基于毒死蜱及其降解产物TCP的残留特征和环境风险,计算毒死蜱施用限值.研究表明玉米田土壤中的毒死蜱残留量大于大豆田和小麦田;毒死蜱在农田土壤中的降解速率随着施用浓度的增加而提高.小麦、大豆、玉米3种作物种植土壤中毒死蜱及TCP的短期和长期生态风险均有差异.玉米、大豆和小麦3种作物农田中,当超过推荐剂量施用毒死蜱,毒死蜱及TCP均具有较高短期风险和长期生态风险,相对于毒死蜱,TCP对土壤的生态风险更高.基于旱地土壤的毒死蜱及TCP的环境风险,通过模型计算农药毒死蜱在大豆田中的施用限值为0.4412 kg·hm^-2,在小麦田中的施用限值为0.5034 kg·hm^-2,在玉米田中的施用限值为0.5487 kg·hm^-2.     

两种土壤增效剂对稻田氨挥发排放的影响

硝化抑制剂和生物炭是农田土壤管理常用的土壤增效剂.其中,硝化抑制剂可以增加作物产量提高氮素利用率,而生物炭是生物质资源利用的一种新方式,且具有一定的吸附特性.以减少稻田氨挥发带来的氮素损失及环境污染问题为目的,在原状土柱模拟试验条件下,以单施化肥处理(CN)为对照,研究了生物炭(B)添加、硝化抑制剂(CP)添加及复合添加处理(BCP)对田面水p H、田面水铵态氮浓度、水稻产量及氨挥发损失的影响.结果表明,两种增效剂施用对水稻产量无显著影响,硝化抑制剂添加有增加水稻产量的趋势.两种土壤增效剂添加均显著增加了稻田氨挥发损失,损失量占施氮量的25%～35%.其中,肥期(施肥后7 d内)氨挥发损失占总损失的86%～91%,是氨挥发损失的主要时期.与CN处理相比,CP处理明显提高了田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和氨挥发损失,基肥期、穗肥期和非肥期增加效应明显,氨挥发增幅分别为138%、48%和78%,全生育期氨挥发总损失量增加59%.生物炭添加对稻田氨挥发损失也有明显的促进效应,且具有阶段性特征,前期(基肥期和蘖肥期)的增加效应高于后期(穗肥期和穗肥后),田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和p H也表现出相同的趋势.两者配施添加处理显现出了正交互作用,氨挥发损失量大于单施处理,与化肥处理差异显著.结果说明,生物炭添加不能解决硝化抑制剂添加引起的铵态氮浓度升高和氨挥发损失增加的问题,对于硝化抑制剂添加引起的氨挥发损失增加的问题需要继续研究.     

抑制剂对淹水土壤反硝化和氨挥发的影响

通过室内培养试验,设置3个硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）（氮肥用量的2.5%（DCD1）、5.0%（DCD2）、7.5%（DCD3））,3个脲酶抑制剂氢醌（HQ）（氮肥用量的0.1%（HQ1）、0.3%（HQ2）、0.5%（HQ3））和3个硝化抑制剂DCD+脲酶抑制剂HQ联合施用（氮肥用量的2.5%+0.1%（HH1）、5.0%+0.3%（HH2）、7.5%+0.5%（HH3））试验处理,探讨抑制剂联合施用对淹水土壤反硝化和氨挥发过程及其环境因子的影响,并借助通径分析探讨环境因子对反硝化和氨挥发过程的影响程度,探求抑制剂、氮素转化过程及其环境因子之间定量影响关系.结果表明,单独施用硝化抑制剂DCD能显著减少反硝化速率,但是增加氨挥发损失.单独施用脲酶抑制剂HQ能不同程度减少氨挥发损失,但对反硝化作用效果不稳定.而联合施用DCD和HQ,尤其是HH2（5.0%的DCD+0.3%的HQ）联合施用可有效地同时抑制反硝化和氨挥发损失,相比CK,其反硝化和氨挥发速率分别减少31.3%和12.5%.通径分析发现,硝化抑制剂DCD和脲酶抑制HQ主要影响土体NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度、上覆水体NH₄⁺-N和DON浓度,从而影响反硝化和氨挥发速率.     

土壤中苯向大气挥发过程的影响因素和通量特征研究

采用通量箱(30.0 cm×17.5 cm×29.0 cm)研究砂土与黑土中苯挥发过程中的影响因素和通量变化特征.通过模拟不同空气流速、不同温度,并设定土壤类型、土壤含水量、初始浓度等条件,实时监测通量箱中各层土壤气相中和土壤上方空气中苯的浓度,来分析不同条件下苯的挥发特征.结果表明,砂土和黑土中苯的挥发通量分别随着土壤含水量的增加而降低,土壤充气空隙率相近情况下,苯在砂土中的挥发通量明显高于黑土.空气流速在300~900 mL·min-1范围内,砂土中苯挥发通量随空气流速升高而加大;在20~40℃范围内对黑土的试验结果表明,苯挥发强度受温度影响显著.苯挥发通量与土壤中苯浓度呈线性相关,其可根据土壤中苯初始浓度和水溶出浓度进行预测.     

我国西南地区森林土壤中有机氯农药和多氯联苯残留的初步研究

对西南地区森林土壤中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布和剖面进行了区域尺度分析。相比较发达国家和地区,我国西南地区森林土壤中有机氯农药含量水平较高,多氯联苯则相对较低。这与我国此类持久性有机污染物历史使用情况吻合。多氯联苯和有机氯农药在腐殖质层的含量一般高于表层土壤中,说明淋溶作用导致污染物向下移动。DDTs和HCHs是土壤样品中有机氯农药的主要成分,说明我国历史上长期施用农药对森林土壤农药的组成有显著影响。环境参数（包括TOC、降雨量和海拔高度）对大多数有机氯农药的区域空间分布的作用并不显著,周边污染源是控制有机氯农药在腐殖质层土壤中分布的关键因素;尤其是DDTs,比值分析结果显示仍有新鲜的工业滴滴涕输入。多氯联苯在腐殖质层中的含量明显要高于其在表层土壤中的含量,多氯联苯在土壤中的空间分布和土层中的垂直分布主要受土壤TOC含量的控制。以大气干湿沉降来源贡献为主的多氯联苯与土壤中的有机质有效结合会降低它们的再挥发过程,表明西南地区山地森林对多氯联苯具有一定森林过滤效应。     

控释氮肥减量配施对土壤氨挥发和N2 O排放的影响

施用控释氮肥是提高氮素利用效率、减少氮素损失的重要途径.为研究聚合物包膜氮肥与普通尿素配比减量施用对旱作棕壤氨挥发和N₂O排放的影响,利用15N同位素标记技术,通过5个不同氮肥施用量处理,分析施肥后土壤的氨挥发和N₂O排放规律以及玉米的当季氮肥利用率.结果表明:①土壤氨挥发主要出现在施肥后的前2周,普通尿素氨挥发速率最大可达4.04 kg/（hm2·d）,最大值出现在施肥后第7天,施用配比包膜氮肥氨挥发峰值出现时间比普通尿素延迟2 d,且氨挥发总量明显降低,为2.15 kg/（hm2·d）.②对于各处理下的氨挥发总量,无氮处理（CK）为3.69 kg/hm2,常规尿素处理（NU）为18.64 kg/hm2,配比控释氮肥处理（PU1）为9.39 kg/hm2,减量配比控释氮肥处理（PU2）为6.44 kg/hm2,再减量配比控释氮肥处理（PU3）为5.02 kg/hm2.③N₂O排放规律呈现先平稳后升高的趋势,较高的N₂O排放通量集中在施肥后的55~91 d之间.N₂O排放峰值最高的是常规尿素处理,在施肥后第79天出现,达到0.299 mg/（m2·h）,施用配比包膜氮肥N₂O排放峰值均低于常规尿素处理.④施用配比包膜氮肥玉米产量高于普通尿素处理,减量配比包膜氮肥不会降低玉米产量.⑤土壤氨挥发总量与施氮量呈显著正相关.施用配比包膜氮肥相比于普通尿素可显著减少土壤氨挥发,减量配施氮肥相比于全量施肥可显著减少土壤氨挥发.因此,施用配比包膜氮肥,可在保证粮食产量的前提下减少氮肥投入,降低氮肥的气态损失,从而降低环境风险.      

不同施肥方式对设施土壤氨挥发特征的影响

有机肥与改良剂施入土壤是改善土壤结构、增加土壤有机质含量和培肥地力的重要措施,但也会影响土壤的氨挥发,探索不同施肥方式对土壤氨挥发的影响,对于减少氮素损失和保护生态环境具有重要意义.基于设施番茄微区试验,采用LGR915-0016超便携NH₃分析仪观测不同施肥方式[50%化肥N+50%有机肥N+改良剂组（HYG）、50%化肥N+50%有机肥N组（HY）、100%有机肥N组（Y）、100%化肥N组（H）和不施肥处理组（CK）]下土壤氨的排放特征.结果表明:在番茄生育期内,不同施肥方式下设施土壤氨挥发通量的变化趋势基本一致.在土壤氨累积挥发量方面,与CK处理相比,H和HY处理下土壤中氨累积挥发量分别增加了11.76%和12.03%;Y和HYG处理则显著降低了土壤中氨累积挥发量,分别下降了24.31%和15.20%.就单因素模型而言,不同施肥处理下土壤氨挥发通量与0~10 cm土壤温度呈线性回归关系,且各处理均达到显著水平（P均小于0.05）;不同施肥处理下土壤氨挥发通量与0~10 cm土壤含水量均呈显著二次回归关系（P均小于0.05）;与单因素相比,0~10 cm土壤含水量和土壤温度的双因素复合模型（R2为0.700 6~0.849 7）可以更好地解释土壤氨挥发通量的变化情况.相关分析显示,土壤氨累积挥发量与0~20 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、pH及土壤孔隙度均呈极显著相关（P均小于0.01）,与0~20 cm土层土壤容重呈显著相关（P < 0.05）.采用PCA分析提取的2个主成分的累积贡献率为83.09%.研究显示,不同施肥方式会影响设施土壤氨挥发通量,综合考虑土壤氨累积挥发量及其影响因素,100%有机肥N组在降低土壤氨挥发方面显著优于其他处理组.      

毒死蜱和咪草烟对土壤微生物呼吸的影响

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统中重要的组成部分,也是土壤肥力的一个重要指标。不同品种除草剂对不同土壤微生物的影响是不同的,有些除草剂在田间常用量的条件下,对土壤微生物会产生明显的影响,而选择性除草剂在常规用量下一般不会引起土壤微生物区系的改变,且有的微生物以除草剂作碳源,施用后使微生物增殖。本文采用密闭静置培养测CO2法,测定了毒死蜱和咪草烟对土壤中微生物呼吸的影响。结果表明：两种农药对土壤中微生物的影响不大,属于低毒与无实际危害级农药。     

麦秸全量还田下太湖地区两种典型水稻土稻季氨挥发特性比较

利用原状土柱在田间试验条件下,比较了麦秸还田下乌栅土和黄泥土稻季氮素氨挥发损失规律,每种试验土壤均设对照、氮肥、氮肥加麦秆这3个处理,同步测定施肥后氨挥发、田面水铵态氮浓度与pH、以及表层土壤Eh.结果表明,乌栅土氨挥发速率及其累积氨挥发量显著高于黄泥土,两种土壤的稻季平均氨挥发的氮素损失量分别为41.8 kg·hm-2和11.2kg·hm-2,分别占氮肥用量的15.2%和3.8%;在3个施肥时期中,分蘖肥期氨挥发损失率最高,乌栅土和黄泥土分别占氮肥用量的29.4%和8.3%;麦秸还田显著增加了氮肥的氨挥发损失,麦秸还田下乌栅土和黄泥土稻季氨挥发损失比单施氮肥处理分别增加了19.8%和20.6%.两种土壤氨挥发速率均与田面水NH4+-N浓度、pH呈正相关关系,但与表层土壤Eh的关系还需进一步研究.     

缓控释肥侧深施对稻田氨挥发排放的控制效果

以减少氨挥发损失为目的,以无机化肥分次施用为对照,选用树脂包膜尿素(RCU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)和掺混控释肥(RBB)3种不同类型缓控释肥料,采用一次性施肥(B)和一基一穗(BF)2种施肥方式,研究了插秧施肥一体化条件下不同类型缓控释肥侧深施及施用方式对稻田田面水氮浓度及氨挥发损失的影响.结果表明,除SCU处理基肥期田面水总氮和铵态氮质量浓度均高于常规分次施肥处理CN,RCU和RBB处理均低于CN处理.不同缓控释肥料稻田氨挥发损失差异较大,损失量占施肥量的3.84%~28.17%.与CN处理相比,不同类型缓控释肥料均有减少稻田氨挥发损失的效应,处理间氨挥发损失量表现为:CN、B-SCUBF-SCU、BF-RBB、BF-RCU、B-RBB、B-RCU.一次性基施下,B-SCU处理的氨挥发总量显著高于B-RCU和B-RBB处理,一基一穗下3种处理间氨挥发总量差异不显著.不同肥料在2种施肥方式下氨挥发损失量差异不显著,但表现不一致.BF-SCU处理的氨挥发损失量低于B-SCU处理,BF-RCU和BF-RBB处理的氨挥发损失量分别高于B-RCU和B-RBB处理.阶段氨挥发损失来看,施用SCU处理的基肥-蘖肥(7.54%)和蘖肥-穗肥阶段(16.04%)的损失较高,RBB处理的基肥-蘖肥阶段氨挥发损失(2.91%)明显增加,而RCU处理的穗肥后阶段(2.75%)是氨挥发损失的集中时期.追施穗肥尿素增加了穗肥后阶段的氨挥发排放损失,穗肥后阶段氨挥发量与田面水铵态氮质量浓度在不同类型肥料间无明显相关关系.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.